Isingeniso: Inselele Yokudela Uhulumeni Ngenxa Yokwephulwa Komthetho Wabathengi

Ukuzivikela kombuso kuyimfundiso engokomthetho eyisisekelo evikela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zingamangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yazo ecacile. Lesi simiso, esisekelwe emthethweni wesiNgisi wasendulo, sinemiphumela ejulile ekuhlaziyweni kwemithetho yanamuhla yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi lapho abathengi befuna ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho yokuvikela abathengi. Nakuba lemithetho iklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu emikhubeni engalungile, ekhohlisayo, noma ekhohlisayo yezebhizinisi, ngokuvamile bangena shí emngceleni wokuzivikela kobukhosi uma lowo okuthiwa uwephula kuyinhlangano kahulumeni, inhlangano yesizwe, noma indikimba yezembutho yezwe.

Ukuqonda indlela ukuvikela kokuzivikela komzimba okuthinta ngayo ukuthengwa kudingekile kubameli, abakhi bezimiso, nabathengi ngokufanayo. Lemfundiso ayizivaleli zonke iziphakamiso; kunalokho, idala izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, izithiyo ze-procedrometics, kanye nokuzivumelanisa. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuvikela kobukhosi endabeni yokuvikela abathengi, sihlola ukuhlukanisa okuvumela ukumangalelwa, futhi sixoxe ngezinselele ezisebenzayo nemizamo yokulungisa ehlela lendawo yomthetho.

Umsuka Womlando Nendlela Yanamuhla Yokungahlangani KoMbusi

Umqondo wokuzivikela kobukhosi usuka e-Greek ye-octive-line womthetho wesiNgisi usho ukuthi "iNkosi ayinakwenza okungalungile" ngezikhathi zobufandane, inkosi yayibhekwa njengomthombo wakho konke ukulunga futhi yayingenakuyiswa ezinkantolo zayo. Lokhu kugonyelwa kwafakwa emakoloni aseMelika futhi kamuva kwathathwa i-United States, nakuba ishintshwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U. iqinisekisa lemfundiso iqhubeke, iphethe ukuthi uhulumeni kazwelonke awusoze waqulwa ngaphandle kwemvume yawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imvume yasuka ezinkantolo yasuka ezinkantoloni zayo: ukuvikela amagugu omphakathi, ukuvikela uhulumeni, ukuvikela uhulumeni, nokuvimbela ukungenela komthetho womphakathi.

Namuhla, ukuvikela kombuso kusebenza kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni, nemithetho ehlukene esebenza kulelo nalelo-. Imfundiso ayiphelele; izishaya-mthetho ziye zadala iziphakamiso eziningi, futhi izinkantolo ziye zaveza ngaphandle. Nokho, inqubo engahleliwe iyaqhubeka yokuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zigonyiwe esunzweni ngaphandle kokuba umthetho othile owenzelwe ukuvikela igciwane.

Izinhlobo Zokubusa Okuphakeme: Umbuso, Umbuso, Nesizwe

E-United States, ukuzivikela kokuzivikela kobuso bezwe kunezimo ezintathu eziyinhloko. [[FLT:] [FLT]] ivikela uhulumeni wase-United States nezinhlangano zakhe emacaleni ngaphandle kokuba uKhongolo luye lwasiphula ukuzivikela. ulwelo olusemthethweni , oluvikelwe yiSiphendulo se-Foleth, isambate ngokumelene nezindawo ezisenkantolo ehlangene, futhi ngokuvamile ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni ulwelwelwe ulwelo oluzimele. [[FLTLT]] [[FLTLT:]]] luvikela ngokufanayo izizwe zaseMelika ezifaneleyodwa ngaphandle kwemvume yazo. Uhlobo ngalunye lusebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene, ukwenza umsebenzi wemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho edinga ukubusweni. [FLT:]

Ukungezwani Kwemithetho Yobukhosi Neyokuvikela Abathengi

Imithetho yokuvikela yethengiselwano − njengoMthetho we-Federal Trade Commission (FTC), isho izenzo ezingalungile nezikhohlisayo nemikhuba (UDAP), neQiniso kuMthetho we-Lnding , kuklanyelwe ukuba ibhizinisi liyodukisa, likhohlise, noma liziphathe kabi. Uma inhlangano kahulumeni ihlanganyela emisebenzini eyophula lemithetho uma yenziwe ngumdlali wangasese, umbuzo uba ukuthi umthengi angawumangalela yini uhulumeni. Impendulo ixhomeke ekutheni uhulumeni uye wawaphula yini ukuzivikela kwakhe ngenxa yalolo hlobo lokuzisho.

Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani kahulumeni ephethe isitolo ingathengisa imikhiqizo ekhubazekile noma ihileleke ekukhangiseni okungamanga. Inkampani ezimele ingabhekana nokumangalelwa kwesigaba ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni ye-UDAP, kodwa inxusa likahulumeni lingase lizimise isivikelo esizimele. Ezimweni eziningi, umthengi ushiywa ngaphandle kwelungelo lomuntu lokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe isikhala. Legebe linciphisa iziphakamiso nembuyiselo zomthetho wesivikelo wabathengi.

Abahlukile: Lapho Uhulumeni Ungadukiswa

Iqaphela ukungalingani kokuzivikela okuphelele, izishaya - mthetho ziye zamisa abaxoxi bemisebenzi ethile. Abavelele kakhulu yi- Federal Tort Peaces Act (FTCA), ephazamisa ukuvikelwa uhulumeni usebenza ngezisebenzi ezisebenza ngesilinganiso somsebenzi wazo. I-FTCA ivumela amasudi okunganaki, kodwa iqukethe amasudi amaningi ahlukile, njengalokho okuthi kuvela emisebenzini ewumthetho noma efuna ukuthatha ama-tort. Ukuvikelwa kweze. Ukuvikelwa kwekhono okungathi i-FTCA kunganikeza indlela, kodwa ngokuvamile kuncane.

Kulelozinga lombuso, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa zisho ukuthi ukuzivikela komthetho othile kuphazamisa ukuvinjelwa, ngokuvamile kunezikhonkwane ezibolelweyo nezimiso ezifushanisiwe. Ezinye izigodlo zinemithetho ekhethekile evimbela ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho yokuvikela abathengi. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kaHulumeni waseCalifornia uvumela amasudu ngokumelene nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngokwephula imithetho ebeka isibopho, esingahlanganisa izibopho zabathengi. Nokho, lezi zimpofu zivame ukulinganiselwa futhi zichazwe ngokuqinile.

Ukukhululwa Kwebutho Nobukhosi

Olunye ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbi luphakama lapho umthetho kahulumeni udedela ukuvikela kwabathengi kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inhlangano kahulumeni ihlanganyela ekubolekeni imikhuba ephula imithetho ewumthetho, inxusa lingaphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela uhulumeni kuvimbela umthetho kahulumeni ukuba usebenzise. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zathi izinhlangano zikahulumeni azivikelekile emithethweni evikelayo yabathengi ngaphandle kokuba uHulumeni umbekele ngokuqondile ukuvikela. Le mishini ingashiya abathengi ngaphandle kwekhambi ngisho nalapho ukuziphatha kukahulumeni kuyingozi ngokusobala.

Ithonya Ekwakhekeni Kwezakhamuzi: Izinselele Ezingokwemvelo Neziyizicathulo

Imfundiso yokuvikela uhulumeni ibangela izithiyo eziphawulekayo kubantu abavikelayo ezimweni zabathengi. Ngisho noma kukhona okuhlukile, inqubo yokuzimelela igcwele izithiyo ezingasebenzi ekubhekaneni nabamangalelwa bomuntu siqu.

Izimfuneko Eziqinile Zokuchaza Imvelo

Izenzo zetort eziningi zidinga izenzo ezicacile ukuze zibhalise ukugunyaza kokuphatha phakathi nenkathi emfushane", ngokuvamile izinyanga eziyisithupha kuya ngonyaka owodwa ."ngaphambi kokufaka icala. Ukuhluleka ukwenza ngokuvumelana nalezimfuneko zesaziso kuvala isibopho ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzisholo kumelwe kunikezwe inxusa elithile elihilelekile, futhi inhlangano ingase ibe nezinyanga eziyisithupha zokusabela. Lemfuneko yokulawula ingaba ugibe kwabangaqaphile, futhi abathengi abaphuthelwa ukuphelelwa isikhathi ngenxa yokuswela ulwazi olungokomthetho balahlekelwe ilungelo labo lokukhokha.

Izingozi Ezilinganiselwe Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Ngisho noma abamangalelwa bephumelela ukumangalela inhlangano kahulumeni, amakhambi akhona ngokuvamile ayalinganiselwa. Izinxeba eziningi ze-comppensis, zikhipha isijeziso, futhi zilinganisela izindleko zommeli. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FTCA ivimbela ukujeziswa kwe-frectal ekumangalelweni kwe-United States. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nokuziphethe kabi okungahleleki kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni kungase kuphumele ekukhokheleni okunesizo esilinganiselwe, ukunciphisa umphumela ovimbelayo womthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo zesigaba ngokumelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kunzima ukuzigcina ngenxa yemithetho enqanda ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho ethile nemithetho yemithetho yezosizo zezindawo ezithile zosizo, njengemiyalo yokuziphatha kwesikhathi esidlule.

Izimpawu Zokulinganiselwa Nemisebenzi Yokuhlakanipha Eziyingqayizivele

Enye into enzima ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwezenzo zikahulumeni ezihilela izahlulelo zezimiso noma izinqumo. Ezimweni zabathengi, lokhu kuvame ukuvikela izinhlangano ezilawulayo ekubekeni imingcele yokugcinwa kwemithetho okuthiwa ayinaki noma ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuxwayisa abathengi ngezingozi ezaziwayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ichaza umsebenzi ohlukile, okwenza kube nzima ngabaqondisi ukuba bahluleke.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukubhekana Ngezenzo Kwababusi

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 1: I - Federal Agency Linding

Cabangela i-Federal Honfation Administration (FHA), eboleka izikweleti zezikweleti futhi eboleka ngokuqondile abantu abathile ababolekwayo. Uma i-FHA ihlanganyela emikhubeni yokubolekisa ngokusemthethweni ephula umthetho i-Fair House Precediture Act, ababoleki bangaletha ishende. Nokho, ukuvikelwa kweFHA ngaphansi kwe-FTCA kungafaka imingcele yokufuna umonakalo, nakuba i-Fjuncla ekhona i-Intrative Procedict. Lokhu kwenza icebo elihlukene elilungisayo lapho imbuyiselo yemali ingatholakali kodwa inzuzo elungiselelweni.

Ukuhlolwa kwecala 2: Izindawo ezilawulwa uHulumeni

Inkampani yezenzuzo kahulumeni enikeza abathengi amanzi noma ugesi ingahlanganyela emikhubeni yokukhohlisela intela efihliwe noma izinga eliyihlazo. Uma inzuzo iyingalo kahulumeni, ingazilawula. Izifunda eziningi ziyakwazi ukunqanda iproprietary imisebenzi (imisebenzi engenziwa ngamabhizinisi azimele), kodwa umehluko phakathi kwemisebenzi kahulumeni nemisebenzi ye-propiterriary ucacile kakhulu. Abathengi kwezinye izifunda bangase bangakwazi ukuletha ukukhomba inzuzo ye-UDAP, kanti kwezinye zingaba khona.

Ukuhlola Icala 3: Izinhlanga Ezibizwa Nge - casino Nokukhwabanisa Kwabathengi

Inkinga eyingqayizivele kubathengi abasebenza namabhizinisi esizwe, njengezindawo zokugembula noma amabhizinisi e-inthanethi. Umthengi owela eqenjini lokukhohlisa lezentengiselwano yesizwe angathola ukuthi isizwe asizange siwanqande amaqhinga aso okuvikela amagciwane. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yasekela ukuvikeleka okukhulu kwesizwe, futhi amabhizinisi amaningi asebenzisa izizwe ahlanganisa izimemezelo zokudayisa amakhambi ezinemisho elinganiselwe.

Izisu Ezingokomthetho Zokulwa Nohulumeni

Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, abameli abanekhono baye basungula amasu okuphishekela izivikelo zokuvikela abathengi ezibuthweni ezizimele.

Ukufuna Amakhambi Okuphatha Kuqala

Ukukhipha amakhambi okulawula ngokuvamile kuyisidingo, kodwa kungaba futhi ithuba elibalulekile. Ukunikeza imvume yokuqondisa eningiliziwe nenhlangano kungabeka isisekelo esiyiqiniso sokunikeza ikhambi elilandelayo futhi kungase kuholele ekuxazululeni ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqulwa kwamacala. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkampani zizimisele ngokwengeziwe ukuxazulula iziphakamiso zokubusa ukuze zigweme izindleko nokusakazwa kwezindaba.

Ukusebenzisa Enye Impikiswano

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zinezinhlelo zokuvimbela noma zokukhipha izivumelwano eziphazamisayo ngenjongo elinganiselwe yesinqumo. Lezi zinhlelo zinganikeza abathengi inqubo esheshayo, engahleliwe. Nokho, ngokuvamile zibeka izikhonkwane emiklomelweni futhi zidinga ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni ezingabopheki ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutshwe inqubo.

Izinkulumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. ngo1943, abantu ngabanye bangase bamangalelwe izikhulu zendawo ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Okunye ukwephulwa kwesivikelo sabathengi, njengokuthatha ubuqili noma ukuphulwa kwenqubo okufaneleyo, kungahlelwa njengokusho komthetho-mthetho. Ingxenye 1983 inikeza ikhambi lengozi yomonakalo nokukhululeka okungathandeki kuziphathimandla kumandla azo ngamanye (nakuba kungamelene nombuso ngokwawo). Lo mzila ungadlula ekuvikeleni kobukhosi ngenjongo yokuthola usizo emfundweni yezikhulu, kodwa udinga ukubonakalisa ukwephulwa komthetho.

Izenzo Zekilasi Nesithakazelo Somphakathi

Izenzo zeqembu ezimelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ziyinselele kodwa akuyona into engenakwenzeka. Ezinye izifundazwe zinezinhlelo ezithile eziphazamisa izigaba ezithatha isigaba, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela izenzo zesigaba zithonywe izimfuneko eziqinile. Izinhlangano zomthetho zezentengiselwano zomphakathi nezinhlangano zezentengiselwano zabathengi ngezinye izikhathi ziphishekela ithonya ekubekeni inselele ukuphulwa kwezimiso, ukunaka okuphanga amaza ezombangazwe kanye nokucindezela kwezombangazwe ukuba kuphoqelele ushintsho lwemithetho.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Nekusasa Lobunye ObunguMbusi

Uma kuqalwa ukuthi ukungalungi okubangelwa ukuvikela kobushiqela, kuye kwaqhubeka kucelwa inguquko. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa ukunqanda ukuvikela kwabathengi, ziqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni akumelwe zivunyelwe ukusebenzisa kabi isikhundla sazo sobukhosi ukuze zihileleke emikhubeni engafanele. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Uniform Consumer Protection Act ihlanganisa amalungiselelo asebenza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, futhi inani elandayo lamazwe liye lalungisa imithetho yawo yamaUDAP ukuze achaze u "person" ukuze ahlanganise izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Kukahulumeni, kuye kwenziwa iziphakamiso zokulungisa i-FTCA ukuze kususwe umsebenzi owenziwe ngokukhethayo owenzelwa abathengi abathile abaxhunyiwe, noma ukudala imbangela enikezelwe yokuthatha isinyathelo sabathengi abalinyazwe yinhlangano kahulumeni engafanele. Nokho, izinguquko ezinjalo zibhekene nokuphikiswa yilabo abaphikisa ngokuthi ukukhubazeka okukhulayo kungabangela umthwalo oweqile kwabakhokhi bentela nokwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni ezibandayo.

UMnyango wobulungisa unikeza isiqondiso ku-FTCA , ebonisa ubunkimbinkimbi bokuhamba kulamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo eqondile yombuso, njenge iCalifornia's Profect Act act isifushaniso [, isiza abathengi ukuba baqonde izimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukungahlangani Nokulandisa

Ukuzivikela kombuso kuhlala kuyinkemba evikelekile empoqoza ukunqatshelwa kwezentengo zomphakathi ukuze kuvikelwe abathengi. Kuvikela amagugu kahulumeni futhi kuvumela izinhlangano ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kokwesaba ukumangalelwa njalo, kodwa futhi kushiya abathengi bengavikelekile lapho uhulumeni ngokwawo ehileleka emikhubeni yokukhohlisa noma yokungalungi. Abahlaseli abakhona banikeza ukukhululeka okulinganiselwe kuphela, futhi imingcele yemidanti inganqoba kubantu abaningi.

Njengoba ukuthengiselana kwabathengi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kuqhubeka kwanda, ngokusebenza ngomphakathi, ngezinhlelo zomshuwalense, nangezinkonzo zemfundo, kuyakhula. Inguquko yemithetho enenjongo, ihlangene nokulawula nokulawula, ingasiza ekuvaleni igebe phakathi kwamalungelo abathengi kanye nokulandisa kukahulumeni. Okwamanje, abameli nabathengi kumelwe bathathe indawo ehlukene lapho impendulo isithi "Ingalungela khona uhulumeni?" ayivamile ukuqondekahle. Ukuqonda igebe elilawulayo lokuvikela ubukhosi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekufezeni ubulungisa kulamacala.

IFederal Trade Commission inikeza imithombo ebanzi yamalungelo abathengi nendlela yokubika ukuphulwa kwemithetho, nakuba inganikezi ilungelo lokuthatha isinyathelo ngasese. Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda izivikelo zesifundazwe, iNational Consumer Law Center inikeza abaqondisi ababanzi namathuluzi okwaziswa. Lemithombo, ehambisana nomelo olusemthethweni, inganika abathengi amandla okubekela inselele ukuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni naphezu kwemfundiso esabekayo yokuzivikela kombuso.