Ilungelo lemfundo libekwe emthethweni wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke njengelungelo eliyisisekelo elinika abantu amandla futhi liguqule izinhlangano. Iqashelwa eSiphakameni 26 soBufakazi Besizwe Bamalungelo Abantu futhi ichazwe eSivumelwaneni seZizwe Zonke se-Economical, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), ilungelo lemfundo liphoqelela izibopho ezikhona kumazwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundo eyisisekelo engokomthetho nemfundo ephezulu efinyelelekayo kuzo zonke. Kodwa ukuqaphela leli lungelo kuxhomeke kakhulu ekutheni izindinganiso zomhlaba zihunyushelwa kanjani emthethweni wezenteko yesizwe. Umqondo [[FLT.:0]] [ig.] inqubo esho ukuthi izivumelwano zezizwe zonke zingena ezizweni ezingokomthetho.[FLT]

Ukuqonda Ukuhlobana Kwamalungelo Abantu

Ukuhlangana kuyinqubo engokomthetho eguqula izibopho ezivunyelwe ukuba zibe yimithetho ebotshelelwe emhlabeni wonke phakathi kwesimiso somthetho wezwe. Indlela iyahlukahluka emasikweni angokomthetho. ezimisweni, njengeFrance noma i-Netherlands, izivumelwano ezigunyaziwe ziba ingxenye yomthetho wesizwe futhi zinganxuswa ngokuqondile enkantolo. izinqubo zomthetho, ezinjenge-United Kingdom noma i-Australia, izivumelwano zidinga isenzo esicacile sokumiswa kwemithetho yesivumelwano zokwenza inqubo yezomthetho (empelesigement). Ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa, izivumelwano zingagcinwa kuphela ezingeni eliphakathi kwezizwe, zishiya abantu ngabanye ngaphandle kwezemfundo engokomthetho uma zingekho ezifundweni ezingokomthetho.

Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke sobuzwe esiphathelene nezezomnotho, iSocial and Cultural Rights , ngokwesibonelo, ibopha amaqembu ezifunda ukuba kancane kancane aqaphele ilungelo lemfundo ngazo zonke izindlela ezifanelekile, kuhlanganise nezinyathelo zomthetho. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kuguqula lo msebenzi ongabonakali ube indinganiso eqinile. Inika izinkantolo amandla okubukeza imithetho kahulumeni, ukuqeda imithetho yomthetho wobukhazikhazikhazi, nokuhlela lapho izikole zingatholakali, zingafinyeleli, noma zingenamali.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho Selungelo Lemfundo EMthethweni Wezizwe Zonke

Ilungelo lemfundo alikho kanye, ilungelo elifanayo. Umthetho wezizwe zonke uchaza ubukhulu bayo ngemishini eminingi ebophayo. I-ICECR, esiGungwini 13, iveza uhlelo olubanzi: imfundo yokuqala kumelwe ibe yisibopho futhi ibe khululekile kubo bonke; imfundo yasemaphethelweni, kuhlanganise nemfundo yobuchwepheshe nemisebenzi, kumelwe ibe khona futhi ikhululeke ngokuqhubekayo; le zivumelwano kumelwe zibe zifinyeleleke ngokulinganayo ngesisekelo sobukhulu. I-Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRCC) iqinisa lezi zibopho, inezela izimiso zemfundo ezingcono kakhulu zomntwana, nezithakazelo zengane, kanye nelungelo lomntwana lokuthola. Zizwa, zonke lezi zivumelwano ziveza isimo esiqinile esilindelekile ukuba zisetshenziswe.

USikhulu se-UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights inikeza isiqondiso esigunyaziwe sokufakwa kwelungelo lemfundo, ikhomba izici ezine ezibalulekile: ukwenzeka, ukutholakala, ukwamukela, nokuvumelana nezimo[. Ukuvumelana kuqinisekisa ukuthi lezindinganiso zifaneleka.

Indlela Ukubopha Okuqinisa Ngayo Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Emfundo

Uma amalungelo emfundo emhlabeni wonke ehlanganisiwe, abantu ngabanye namaqembu bazuza ithuluzi elinamandla lokubeka ohulumeni babo icala. Umfundi onqatshelwa ukulaliswa ngenxa yobuzwe, noma ingane ekhubazekile engakhishwe esikoleni esivamile, ingaletha ukumangalela ngokuqondile phambi kwenkantolo yesizwe. Inkantolo ingasebenzisa indinganiso yesivumelwano esihlangene, ngisho noma umthetho wasekhaya uthule noma uphikisa.

eNingizimu Afrika, uMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa ngokuqondile ilungelo elifanele lemfundo eyisisekelo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwahlulelweni okunezimpawu ezinjengo uMaziko v noDolobha laseGoli[ futhi ngokuqonde kakhulu [[FLT:] u-Equalial Education of Education [[FLT:]] uNSTIOM], lapho izinkantolo zayala khona uhulumeni ukuba anikeze izakhiwo zesikole nezincwadi ezifanele. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseNingizimu Afrika kubonisa ukuthi ukuguqula isithembiso esinemizwayo sibe yisilinganiso esingasebenza nge-judia.

I-indiya, nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ekuqaleni wawubheka imfundo njengesimiso sokuqondisa, ukuchazwa kokwahlulela kuhlangene nokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kwazenza zaba nelungelo lemfundo eyisisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme ikhiphe iziyalo ezifuna izinhlelo zokudla kwesikole, ukuvinjelwa kwesijeziso, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuvuma yayisekhona. Lemiphumela yakwazi kuphela ngoba isibopho sezizwe zonke sasisekelwe emthethweni wemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo wasekhaya.

Nokho, ukuhlanganisa akuzixazululi ngokuzenzekelayo zonke izithiyo. Amazwe amaningi angenayo aphansi aswele imithombo yokwakha izikole, othisha, nokuqeda izindleko. Kodwa ngisho nokuvimbela izimali akuzikhululi izibopho zawo zokubonisa izinyathelo zamabomu, zikakhonkolo zokuqaphela ngokugcwele. Isimiso se [ sokuthuthukiswa [ sifuna ohulumeni ukuba basebenzise imithombo esele kakhulu ekhona futhi bangazamukeli ngamabomu izinyathelo zokulwa.

Izinselele Zokuhlobana Okuphumelelayo Kwamalungelo Emfundo

Ukugcwalisa Okuguquguqukayo Ngalé Kwezinsolo

Ukuhlobanisa ngokuvamile akulingani, kunezici ezihlukene, noma kunemibandela. Ezinye zihlanganisa i-ICECR kodwa zingawafaki amalungiselelo emfundo ekubukezweni kokwahlulela. Ezinye zihlanganisa imithetho yeCRC kodwa zigcine imithetho evumela ukushada kwezingane noma ukusebenza kwezingane, ilulaza ngokuphumelelayo ukufinyelela kwemfundo. Ukunqanda imithombo yemali, intando yezombangazwe, nokuphikisana kwezinto eziza kuqala kungakhubaza ngisho nesimiso somthetho esiqinile. Izinkantolo ngokwazo zinganqikaza ukuphoqelela amalungelo ezenhlalo nezomnotho, ziveze ukwahlukana kwemibuso noma ukuswela kwemfundo.

Impikiswano Yokulunga

Ukugxekwa okuphikelelayo kokuhlanganisa amalungelo ezenhlalo nezomnotho, − kuhlanganisa nemfundo ngokwemvelo engalunganga. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo azinawo amandla okuhlela imithombo yezezimali, amaprojekthi, noma amahlelo ezikole. Nokho umphakathi wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke uye wawenqaba kakhulu lombono. Izinkantolo zisekela ngokuqhubekayo amalungelo emfundo ngokusebenzisa isilinganiso esinengqondo: aziyilawuli imithetho kodwa zigcizelela ukuthi ohulumeni banawo amandla anengqondo, akhanyayo, futhi baqhubeke benohlelo lokuqaphela okulungile. Inkulumo egcwele ka-impereverse. [13 ] isekela ukugcinwa okusemthethweni okusemthethweni, igcizelela ukuthi kumelwe inikeze imishangulo ephumelelayo yezenzo zokwephula umthetho.

Igebe Phakathi Kwesithembiso Esingokomthetho Nesasikhona Ngempela

Ngisho noma izinkantolo zikhipha imithetho eqhubekayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho kuseyinselele enkulu. Emazweni amaningi, amagatsha aphethe ashalazela noma abambezele. Imingcele yezakhiwo enjengokuba ubumpofu, ukucwasana kwabesifazane, ukuzihlukanisa ngokwezimo, nezimpi zezikhali iyaqhubeka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphi imibhalo engokomthetho. Ukuqashelwa kumelwe kuhambisane nezimiso eziqinile, ukugada komphakathi okusebenzayo, nokusekela ukugcinwa komphakathi ukuze kuvimbele igebe phakathi komthetho nomthetho.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukufinyelela Imfundo Ngokungavumelani

Enye yeziluleko eziyinhloko zokuthethelela ukulingana kwezimiso. Umthetho wemfundo yomhlaba wonke uwenqabela ngokucacile ubandlululo ngezizathu zohlanga, ibala, ubulili, ulimi, inkolo, umbono wezombangazwe, imvelaphi yobuzwe noma yezenhlalo, impahla, ukuzalwa, noma ukukhubazeka. Uma amazwe ehlanganisa la malungiselelo angewona amaphutha, athembisa ukususa imingcele eye yasusa yonke imiphakathi ngokomlando.

  • Ukulingana okusemthethweni: I-Ivolution idinga izimo zokuqeda imikhuba evimbela amantombazane ukuba aye esikoleni, njengomshado wasekuqaleni, ubudlova obusekelwe ebulilini, nokucwasa kwabesifazane. Emazweni lapho amalungelo emfundo ebekwe khona ngokwemithetho esemthethweni, izinkantolo ziye zabulala imithetho evimbela amantombazane akhulelwe esikoleni.
  • Abantwana abakhubazekile: i-Convention on the Rights of Personal of Disease, ehlanganisa amalungiselelo emfundo, ifuna izimiso zemfundo ezihlanganisa zonke. I-corporation ibopha ohulumeni ukuba banikeze indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe, izisekelo ezifinyelekayo, kanye nokusekela kokufunda okulungiselwe.
  • [ Imfundo nezindawo zomdabu: Kumelwe ifaneleke ngokwesiko futhi itholakale ngezilimi ezimbalwa uma kudingekile. Ukuhlelwa kwe-ICESCR kanye neSimemezelo samalungelo abantu abadabukayo sisekela ukusho okunjalo.
  • Imingcele yezemali: Ukungavumelani kungasetshenziselwa ukubekela izindleko zesikole inselele, izindleko ezifihliwe, kanye nezimiso zokuvula umlomo ezithinta imikhaya empofu ngokungenakulinganiswa.

Isimiso se esilinganayo [ asikhona nje ukuvuleka kweminyango; kudinga izinyathelo eziqinisekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu angaphansi kwesigaba ahlanganyela ngempela futhi aphumelele. Ukuqamba kunikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokufuna izindlela zokuvuma, kuhlanganise nezifundo, ezokuhamba, izinhlelo zokupha ukudla, kanye nezindawo zesikole zamahhala.

Ukucwasa Nokugwenywa Kobandlululo Emfundweni

I-no-dicriniation iyisimiso esiyinhloko esikhona kuzo zonke izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu. I-UNESCO Convention emelene nobandlululo kwimfundo (1960) ivimbela ngokuqondile ukukhishwa noma ukulinganiselwa kwamathuba emfundo ezisekelweni zobuhlanga. Lapho kubekwa imingcele yalomhlangano, baqala ukuthatha imithetho yokuguqula isikole, baqede imfundo ethathelwe imingcele, futhi bakhuthaze ukuhlangana. Lokhu kuye kwasiza ikakhulukazi kumaqembu esizwe afana namaRom eYurophu, amaDalit e-South Asia, nabantwana bomdabuzwe e-Melika.

Izikhulu eziningana, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkantolo kuye kwasiza ukuba kumiswe imithetho ekhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, ikhomba i-European Convention on Human Rights (ehlanganisa amalungelo emfundo nge-Protocol 1, ISiphakamiso 2), ithole ukwephulwa kwamacala lapho izingane zamaRom zazibekwe ezikoleni ezikhethekile ngaphandle kokuthethelelwa. INkantolo ifuna ukuba ohulumeni basuse imikhuba enjalo futhi baqinisekise ukufinyelela imfundo ephambili.

Ukuqashwa futhi kuvikela ekucwaseni ngokungaqondile − izikhulu ezibonakala zingathathi hlangothi kodwa zinemiphumela enzima kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sokuvuma isikole esifuna isitifiketi sokuzala singakhipha izingane ezingabhaliwe noma labo abazalelwa ezindaweni ezikude ngaphandle kokubhaliswa ngomphakathi. Izinkantolo ezifaka imithetho engaxubene nemithetho engekhona ukucwasa zingayehlisa imithetho enjalo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukuhlobana Kwezenzo

EUnited Kingdom: UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka - 1998

I-UK ihlanganisa i-European Convention on Human Rights ngoMthetho we-Human Rights 1998. Nakuba i-Convention ingaphethe nelungelo elicacile lemfundo ngomniningwane ofana ne-ICECR, iSiphakamiso 1, iSiphakamiso 2 sinikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu ozophucwa ilungelo lokufunda. Izinkantolo ze-UK ziye zasebenzisa leli lungiselelo emacaleni ahilela ukukhishwa kwesikole, ukunqatshelwa kwelungiselelo elikhethekile lemfundo, kanye nokucwaswa kwezemfundo engokwenkolo. I-Act iye yaphoqelela ushintsho lwemithetho, kuhlanganise nesibopho sokuvuma izingane ezikhubazekile nokuhlalisa izinhlanga ezingokwenkolo.

ENingizimu Afrika: Ukumiswa Komthetho - sisekelo

I-Punitional Court yaseNingizimu Afrika ihlanganisa ngokuqondile ilungelo lemfundo engxenyeni 29, inikeza ukuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuthola imfundo eyisisekelo, kuhlanganise nemfundo eyisisekelo, futhi aqhubeke nemfundo ngezilinganiso ezinengqondo. iNkantolo yeMithetho-sisekelo iye yabambelela njalo ukuthi ilungelo lemfundo eyisisekelo liyisibopho esingokoqobo esisheshayo sokufezeka. Umphumela uhulumeni uye waphoqeleka ukuba asebenzise izindinganiso ezifanayo zemfundo yesikole, anikeze izincwadi, kanye nokuswela kwekheli lothisha. [FLT] Imparectry instry Ministry of Basicrecievery of Elective izinqumo ezibonisa ukuthi uhulumeni usebenzela kanjani umphakathi wezekelo lwezemfundo. [FLT]

ECanada: IChaza Lamalungelo Nenkululeko

ICanada ayizange ifake i-ICECR ngokuqondile emthethweni wasekhaya, kodwa Ingxenye 15 ye-Charter (amalungelo angalingani) nesigaba 7 (ukuqina komuntu) iye yasetshenziselwa ukuqhubekisela phambili ukufinyelela imfundo amaqembu ancitshisiwe, ikakhulukazi izingane zeZizwe Zokuqala. I-Canadanadi Human Rights Tribunal yathola ukuthi ukuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi yemfundo kahulumeni esemthethweni esemthethweni kulingana nokucwaswa, isinqumo esisekelwe ezindinganisweni zomhlaba wonke. Nakuba kungezona izivumelwano zemfundo eziqondile, icala libonisa indlela amalungelo abantu angathonya ngayo umthetho wasekhaya ngisho nangaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kwemithetho yezemfundo.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini Nokuqamba Amanga

Ukugawulwa komthetho kukodwa akwanele. Kumelwe kuvuswe nge-ligion, i-advocation, kanye nokugadwa yizinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, amaqembu omphakathi, kanye nezindikimba zomhlaba. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza indima ebucayi ngokubhala amaphutha, ukulungiselela izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, nokusekela ama-pactic. I-pabligic ehlelekile iye yaveza ukunqoba okuphawulekayo: ngokwesibonelo, elungeleni lemfundo yeProjekthi[[ futhi izinhlangano zendawo ziye zasebenzisa imikhosi ehlanganisa ohulumeni ukuba bafake izimali ezanele zeholo zothisha nokuqeda izindleko zesikhashana ezikoleni eziyinhloko.

Ukuhlobanisa futhi kuqinisa izimpande ezibhekene notshani ukulandisa. Uma imiphakathi yazi ukuthi ilungelo lemfundo liphoqelelwa ngokomthetho, cishe ifuna ukuba abaphathi besikole nezikhulu zendawo balandise amakomiti abaphathi besikole, abafundisi nomphakathi ngokusetshenziswa kwemfundo.

Isiphetho: Indlela Engaphambili

Ukufakwa kwezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke emthethweni wasekhaya kunethonya elikhulu elungelweni lemfundo nasekufuneni ukufinyelela okulinganayo. Kuguqula izithembiso zethemba zibe izibopho eziphoqelelwe, kunikeza abantu amakhambi angokomthetho, futhi kubeke ohulumeni icala ngezimiso zobuhlanga noma ukungagconwa. Ubufakazi obuvela emazweni aye afaka amalungelo emfundo eNingizimu Afrika ngokunamandla kuya ku-UK ukuya eNdiya.

Nokho ukuhlanganiswa akuyona inhlamvu yomlingo. Kumelwe kuhambisane nesibopho esiqinile sezombangazwe, ukutshala imali okwanele, nomphakathi oqaphile. Izinselele eziningi zikhona: ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu eliphelele, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho obuthakathaka, ukuswelakala kwempahla, nokuphikelela kobandlululo olujulile. Noma kunjalo, ukuthambekela kusobala. Njengoba imibuso eminingi ihlanganisa amalungelo emfundo futhi njengoba izinkantolo zizimisele ngokwengeziwe ukuzibekela imingcele, igebe phakathi kokuqashelwa okungokomthetho nokuphila ngokoqobo linganciphi.

Ilungelo lemfundo lingaphezu kwesithembiso esibhaliwe; liyindawo yokuthola wonke amanye amalungelo. Ithemba lokuthi zonke izingane, kungakhathaliseki ubulili, ukukhubazeka, ubuzwe, noma izinga lezomnotho, zingathola imfundo ephambili idinga ukuba izibopho zomhlaba wonke zibe umthetho wesizwe obophayo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwethuluzi elibalulekile kulolo shintsho, futhi umsebenzi wokwandisa nokujulisa kumelwe uqhubeke emhlabeni wonke. Umgomo wokugcina wezwe lapho kungekho mntwana eshiywe khona.