Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Zobubusi Ezithuthukisiwe Nezithuthukisiwe

Ohulumeni bahlela igunya labo nokwenza izinqumo kanye nezinqubo ezilandelana nezici eziphakathi kakhulu. Izimiso eziphakathi zigxilisa amandla enhloko - dolobha yesizwe, neziphathimandla zendawo ezisebenza ngokuyinhloko njengamathuluzi eziqondiso eziyinhloko. Izimiso ezigunyaziwe zisakaza igunya ezizweni ezihlukene − izifundazwe, izifundazwe, noma amamasipala − eziwanikeza inkululeko ephawulekayo yokuzimela umklamo wezimiso, imithombo yemali, nokuthunyelwa kwenkonzo. Ukukhetha phakathi kwalezizimo zemvelo kuthuthukisa ikhono lezwe ngokuyinhloko lokusabela ezinkingeni, kusukela ezinhlekeleleni ezingokwemvelo nasemiphumeleni entebeni entengiza ezomnotho.

Ukusabela okunzima kudinga ukuhlolwa okusheshayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezenzo, nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo. Ohulumeni abaphakathi nabahloniphekile baletha izinzuzo ezihlukene nezingalawuleki kulezi zinselele. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, izenzakalo ezinkulu njenge-Indiyan Ocean ka-2009, ukuzamazama komhlaba kwe-Haiti ngo-2014, ukuqubuka kwe-Ebola, kanye nomqedazwe we-COVOVID ulungiselele amagumbi okucwaninga angempela omhlaba ukuze aqhathanise lezindlela ezimbili.

Ukubusa Okusemqoka: Incazelo Nezimfanelo

Kuhulumeni ophethe, umphathi wezwe unegunya eliyinhloko lokwenza izinqumo. Izifundazwe, izifundazwe, noma izifundazwe, zenza umsebenzi ngaphansi kwemithetho ebekwayo futhi kumelwe zilandele izinqubo ezisenkabeni, imithetho, kanye nezinqumo ezisemthethweni. Lesi sakhiwo siveza ubunye obuboshelwe kumthetho, izinqubo ezihlelekile, kanye nephuzu elilodwa lokulandisa phezulu. Amazwe anjengeFrance, iChina, neJapane amisa imibuso ephakeme kakhulu.

Ukwenziwa kwezenhlalakahle kunikeza izinzuzo ezicacile zempendulo enzima: umenzi wesinqumo oyedwa angakhipha iziqondiso kulo lonke izwe, aqoqe imithombo futhi amise izindinganiso ezifanayo kuzo zonke izifunda. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, uhulumeni waseChina ophethe wamisa imingcele eqinile, imingcele yokuhamba, nemithetho yokuhlola abantu eyasetshenziswa ngokulinganayo ezifundeni zonke. Ngokufanayo, isimiso sokulawula inhlekelele eJapane sivumela uhulumeni wesizwe ukuba uxhumanise ukunyakaza kwezulu ne-tsunami ngokuphumelelayo phakathi kwezindawo zokuphatha.

Ukubusa Okuhlanekezelwe: Incazelo Nezimfanelo

Ohulumeni abancishisiwe baphathisa izindikimba zesifunda noma zendawo igunya eliqinile. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izifunda zikahulumeni, izifunda ezizimele, noma omasipala abanamandla avikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho. Ukukhuliswa kungathatha izindlela zokuveza inzuzo (ukuphakamisa nokusebenzisa inzuzo yendawo), izindlela zokuphatha (ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zesizwe ngokwekhono), noma izindlela zezombangazwe (izikhulu ezikhethwe ngokwendawo ukuklama izimiso). IJalimane, i-United States, kanye ne-Indiya zingamahlelo avelele angokomthetho.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezwe kuletha isinqumo eduze kwenani labantu abathintekile. Izikhulu zendawo zivame ukuba nolwazi olungenalusizo lwezindawo zomphakathi, ukunqanda izakhiwo, nezimiso zezemvelo. Lokhu kuqonda kwendawo kungaveza ukusabela okuvumelanayo nokuphumelelayo kweziphepho. Phakathi nezenzakalo zesiphepho eUnited States, isifundazwe nezinhlangano zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo ziqondisa abasuki, zisakaza izimpahla, futhi zisebenzise amasu okufihla asekelwe emfucupheni yomphakathi omphakathi. Phakathi nemfucucu ye - CHOVIID-19, iziphethi zamaJalimane (Länder) ngazinye ezithuthukisa ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwemisebe nokugoma okuhlolwa okuvumelana nezimiso zezempilo.

Umlando Nezibonelo

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezakhiwo zokubusa kubonisa indlela engokomlando 93. Izimiso ezibekwe phakathi ngokuvamile zavela emasikweni ahlangene, ekwakhiweni kwesizwe sangemva kwezwe lamakhosi, noma imibuso yempoqo eyagcizelela ukulawulwa kwezwe okuphezulu. Izimiso ezilawulwayo zavela kuma-compactive, izifunda, noma imizamo yamabomu yokuthuthukisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iFederal Republic of Pressporand World War II yasakaza ngamabomu amandla okuvimbela ukulawulwa kwe-adenticadentine. Ngokuphambene, ifa lika-Napoléonspoleon laseFrance lagcizelela ukuphatha ngesisekelo sesikhathi esizayo.

Izinhlekelele zanamuhla ziye zahlola zombili izimpawu. Ubhadane lwe-H1N1 lwadalula ukuhluleka kwezimiso zomphakathi phakathi naphakathi. Muva nje, i-COVID-19 ibangele ubhadane olukhulu lokucwaninga. Ucwaningo lwama-2022 lwe-OECD luye lwahlola imiphumela yendawo kanye nokusabela kokulawula [, luphetha ukuthi akukho sibonelo esisodwa esiye saphumelela ngokuqhubekayo kunesinye; ukuphumelela kuncikelwe ekucwaningeni kwangaphambi kwamandla, ukuhlangana kwe-intergane, nezindlela zokuxhumana.

Ohulumeni Abasezingeni Eliphakathi Nokusabela Ezinkingeni: Amandla Nobuthakathaka

Lapho isimo esibucayi sifuna ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo, izakhiwo ezisenkabeni yezwe lonke zingaphumelela kakhulu.

Amandla: Ijubane, ukuvumelana, Nokuvumelana

Ohulumeni abaphakathi bangadlula izinqumo zendawo ezisemqoka futhi ezisheshisiwe. Phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo, ikomiti ephethe inhlekelele ingamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo, ishukumise izinqolobane zesizwe, nempahla yezempi eqondiswe ezindaweni ezithintekile phakathi namahora ambalwa. Lesivinini sabonakala ekusabeleni kokuqala kwe-CHOVID eChina, lapho uhulumeni ophethe wamisa khona isimiso sokuhlola somhlaba wonke futhi wathumela amaqembu ezokwelapha avela ezifundazweni ezingathinteki kakhulu eWuhan ngezinsuku ezimbalwa.

Ukufana kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zithola imiyalezo engapheli, ukufinyelela imithombo yemali, nesivikelo esingokomthetho. Ezimisweni eziphakathi, isikhulu esisodwa sezempilo simisa iziqondiso zokuhlola, ukwelashwa, nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwendawo, ukunciphisa ukudideka. Ngokwesibonelo, inkonzo yezempilo eyinhloko yaseFrance yaqondisa imithetho yezikhathi zezikhathi nezokufihla ifihla izimpawu zezwe lonke eyayifana eParis nezindawo zasemaphandleni, yenza kube lula ukugcinwa nokuvunyelwa komphakathi.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo ezisezingxenyeni ze-(ukuphilisa, ezokuthutha, ezokuthutha, ezomthetho, ezokuphepha − kungahlelwa kwenye isikhungo sokulawula. Inhlangano yezenhlekelele yaseJapane ihlanganisa ukwaziswa okuvela ezinhlanganweni zezezulu, ohulumeni bendawo, kanye neMikhosi yezentengiselwano, okwenza ukuba kutholakale amaqembu okutakulayo namathuluzi ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba ne-tsunami.

Ubuthakathaka: I - Bureastracy, Ukuntuleka Kokuzivumelanisa Nezimo Kwendawo

Naphezu kwalamandla, ukusabela okuphakathi ngokuvamile kubangelwa yi-interpium. Izinqubo zokusebenza ezivamile zingaba eziqinile, eziklanyelwe izimo ezivamile kunezimo eziphuthumayo. Izingqimba ezenza izinqumo zinganciphisa ukuvunyelwa kwezindawo ezingaphandle zendawo. Phakathi neSiphepho uKatrina ngo-2005, uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe (osebenza ukusabela okusemqoka ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso soMthetho weStafford soMthende wezinhlekelele ezinkulu) ubhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu ngenxa yokungabekwa kwempahla nokuhluleka ukujwayelanisa i-mpahla nenani eliyingqayizivele le-New Orleans.

Ukuntuleka kokuzivumelanisa nendawo kungaba nokubulala. Inqubo eyodwa-yonke ingashalazela ukwehluka kwenani labantu ngokwezimo zesifunda, isimo sezomnotho, izakhiwo zempilo, noma imikhuba yamasiko. Kubhadane lwe-COVID-19, amazwe afake iyunifomu efanayo ngokuvamile abhekana nokulimala okungenakulinganiswa okungokomnotho ezindaweni ezinenani eliphansi, kuyilapho izikhungo zasemadolobheni eziphezulu zingatholanga zinele izilinganiso. Umbiko weBhange lezwe awuzange ulwele leyo misebenzi engokwengxenye ephakathi elwayo ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zendawo ezikhona , ikakhulukazi emazweni anenani eliphansi kakhulu lokuphatha.

Ukutadisha Icala: Ukusabela Kwe - covid - 19 EChina

Ukusabela kwe-China kubonisa kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka bokubekwa kwezakhiwo. Uhulumeni omkhulu wamisa ngokushesha i-offree esifundazweni saseHubei nasedolobheni lase-Muhan, wakha izibhedlela zesikhashana ngesikhathi esibhaliwe, futhi wathumela amaqembu ezempilo yomphakathi ezweni lonke. Lezi zenzo cishe zabangela ukuqubuka kokuqala. Nokho, iziqondiso eziyinhloko zaholela ekubekeni iziqondiso ezinonya nemibiko yezikhulu zendawo ezivimbela ukwaziswa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucushwa. Lo mfanekiso wasebenza kahle ekuqoqeni imithombo kodwa wamuva ekulondolozeni ukwethembana nokuvumelana nezimo.

Ukutadisha Icala: Ukuzamazama Komhlaba KwaseJapane Nokuphekwa Kwe - tsunami

Isimiso sokulawula inhlekelele ephakathi eJapane siphakathi kwesimiso esithuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni. Uhulumeni wezwe umisa imithetho yokwakha, ukuhlola izimali, futhi uhlela izimiso zokuxwayisa zakudala. Phakathi nokuzamazama komhlaba ne-tsunami kwango-2011, uhulumeni ophethe umshini osheshayo wokulawula inhlekelele nowokuthunyelwa kwamabutho e-Uself-Defense usindise ukuphila okungenakulinganiswa. Nokho, isimiso esiphakathi sabhekana nokugxekwa ngenxa yokungalinganiseli kwengozi ye-tsunami nokuhluleka ukwabelana ngokufanele ukwaziswa okuyingozi kwe-probabilist nezindawo zendawo zendawo.

Ohulumeni Abanezimo Ezingafanele Nokusabela Ezibucayi: Amandla Nobuthakathaka

Ukubusa okulawulwa ngokungemthetho kunikeza amandla nokubaluleka kwendawo, kodwa futhi kungabangela ukuhlukana nomzamo wokulingisa.

Amandla: Ukuvumelana Nezimo, Ulwazi Lwendawo, Nokuphazanyiswa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Iziphathimandla zendawo ezihlelwe kahle zingavumelanisa iziqondiso zesizwe ne-mouse yazo eqondile. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, izifunda zaseJalimane zasebenzisa izimiso zokuvala ezihlukene zesikole, zivula kabusha izimiso, futhi zihlola izindlela ezisekelwe emazingeni ezifo ezingokwezifunda nasezikoleni zesikole. Lokhu kushintsha kwavumela izindawo ezinezimo eziphansi ukuba zigweme ukuphazamiseka okungadingekile kuyilapho amachashaza ashisa imingcele.

Ulwazi lwendawo luthuthukisa ukuqapha izimo. Abaphathi bedolobha, izikhulu zezempilo, nabaholi bomphakathi baqonda izinhlangano zezenhlalo, izindawo zokuthutha, kanye nabantu abasengozini ezisezindaweni zabo. Ezimisweni ezihloniphekile, bangasungula ngokushesha izindawo zokuhlola zomphakathi, bahambisane namabhizinisi endawo ngeminikelo ye-PPE, futhi basebenzise umsakazo womphakathi ukusakaza imiyalezo yempilo ngezilimi zendawo.

Imishini yokuqoqa imithombo yezemisebenzi ishesha kakhulu endaweni. Ohulumeni bakaMasipala bangahlela kabusha imali yendawo, bameme izisebenzi zokuzithandela zendawo, futhi basebenzise izinkampani zendawo ezisebenzisa imishini ngaphandle kokulinda imvume ephakathi. Phakathi neSiphepho uSandy ngo-2012, ohulumeni bezwe laseNew York City neNew Jersey basungula izikhungo zabo siqu zemisebenzi ephuthumayo, izinto ezibekwe ezindaweni eziseceleni, futhi bathuthelwe emaphethelweni amabhishi ngaphambi kokuba kufike usizo lukahulumeni.

Ubuthakathaka: Izinselele Zokungaguquguquki Nokuvumelana

Izimiso ezishintsha-shintshayo ezisezindaweni zonke zingadala ukudideka nokungalingani. Uma izifunda ezingomakhelwane zithatha imithetho engqubuzanayo yokuhlukanisa abantu noma izifihla - buso, izakhamuzi zingahamba zinqamule imingcele ukuze zigweme imingcele, zinciphise imizamo yempilo yomphakathi. Phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala ze-COVID ye-U.S., ukusabela ngokwezimo ezihlukene zezwe ekuhlolweni kokutholakala nokuhlala ekhaya kwabangela ukudideka komphakathi futhi ngokunokwenzeka kwabangela ukusakazeka kwamagciwane.

Ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni kungaba nzima. Izimiso ezincishisiwe ngokuvamile azinagunya elilodwa lokuyala; ukusebenzelana okuthe ngqo phakathi kwezifundazwe noma ukulinganisa kungase kube okungokokuzithandela noma okubuthakathaka. I-United States yabhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ekusakazeni izinto zokwelapha kanye nemijovo phakathi nobhadane ngoba uhulumeni wezwe wancike emikhakheni yombuso esakaza izinhlelo ezihlukene ezisebenzisa izimiso zokwabiwa kwezindawo kanye nezimiso zokulwa.

Ukwehluka phakathi kwemithombo yengcebo nempofu. Izimiso ezikhuliswe kakhulu lapho ohulumeni bendawo bethembele kakhulu enkokhelweni yabo siqu ngokuvamile babona izifunda ezicebile zisabela ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho abampofu belwa. Ucwaningo lwama 2020 olwakhishwa i-Lancet [i-FLT]] [i-FLT:2] ikhanyiselwe kakhulu indlela i-figrance ehlonipheke ngayo e-Italy engcono kakhulu enzisahlukani engoko kwezindawo eziphansi [[] ekutholeni inzuzo yezempilo, eyathinta imiphumela yemiqeda yobhadaka.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: Ukusabela Okuvamile KwaseJalimane

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseJalimane sinikeza izikhundla ezingu-16 eziqinile eziphethe isilinganiso sempilo yomphakathi. Ohulumeni boMbuso bamisa izingosi ezivalekile, izinqubo zesikole, nemikhankaso yokugoma. Lokhu kwavumela uBayern ukuba abeke ukuvalwa okuqinile emngceleni ngesikhathi iSchlesiwig-Holstein isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okukhulu. Indlela ehloniphekile yokusebenzisa ulwazi lwendawo futhi yagcina ukwamukelwa komphakathi ezindaweni lapho imingcele yayibonakala ilingana khona. Nokho, ukubambisana kwakuphazamisa: abaholi bakahulumeni baxoxa nomphathi-kahulumeni ezingqungqutheleni zamavidiyo ezivame ukuphikisana, futhi imigaqo eguquguqukayo yaholela ekuqhutyweni kwezimiso zomthetho ezingokwenani elikhulu ngomthetho ngohlelo lwesizwe lwe-Pandemic Council.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukuphathwa Kwenhlekelele Engokwemvelo Elase - United States

IU.S. isondela ezinhlekeleleni ezingokwemvelo ngesimiso sikahulumeni: ohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bahola ukusabela kokuqala, ngosizo lukahulumeni (FEMA) benezela imizamo yabo lapho imithombo kahulumeni isinqobile. Lesibonelo sisebenza kahle ngezenzakalo zendawo: iminyango yomlilo yasendaweni kanye nabaphathi besifunda besimo esiphuthumayo bayayazi imiphakathi yabo. Nokho, phakathi nezenzakalo eziyinhlekelele njengeSiphepho uMaria ePuerto Rico (2017), isimiso esihloniphekile sazama. I-Puerto Rico esibuthakathaka nesisekelo esiphansi sayosishiya sithembele ekunikezeleni usizo oluphansi, kuyilapho izinkinga zokuhlela phakathi kwezindawo ezisesiqhingini, ukudla, kanye nezindawo zokwelapha ezisiza amaqembu esiqhingini.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: Lapho Isimiso Ngasinye Sisebenza Kangcono

Azikho izilinganiso zokulawula ezingcono kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ukuze kuthathwe inhlekelele. Isakhiwo esingcono kakhulu sixhomeke ohlotsheni lwenhlekelele, isikali, ijubane, nakumandla angaphambili.

Ukuvumelana nezimo

Izimiso eziphakathi ziphumelela ukusabela ngokushesha kwezwe. Isikhulu esisodwa singamemezela izimo eziphuthumayo, zivuselele izimali zempi, futhi zikhiphe izinqubo ezweni lonke ngamahora ambalwa. Lesivinini sibalulekile ezinkingeni ezinkulu, ezisheshayo njengokuchitheka kwamakhemikhali, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, noma imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokungafani, izimiso zokuzamazama komhlaba zingadinga ukuxoxa nabaholi bendawo abaningi ngaphambi kokufinyelela ukuvumelana, ukunqikaza kwesizwe.

Nokho, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuba okubalulekile ezinkingeni ezithatha isikhathi eside njengezifo eziwumqedazwe noma izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu lapho izimo zishintsha khona amasonto nezinyanga. Izimiso ezihlangene zingalungisa izindlela zendawo ngaphandle kokulinda izinguquko eziyinhloko. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenkinga ye-opioid eUnited States, izifunda-zifunda futhi zibalwa ezizanywe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene . "izindawo zokugoma eziphephile, ukuhlola ukugunyazwa komthetho" ngaphandle kokudinga ukuvunyelwa nguhulumeni, okwenza ukuba kufundwe ngokushesha futhi kuhlolwe ukungenela.

Ukubambisana okuphikisanayo. Ukugunyazwa kwendawo

Ohulumeni abanezimo eziphakathi baphumelela kakhulu ekuqondiseni ukusabela ezifundeni eziningi nezingxenye. Izakhiwo ezihlangene zokuyala ziqinisekisa ukuthi impilo, ezokuthutha, kanye nokulondeka zisebenza ngencwadi efanayo. Ezimisweni ezihloniphekile, ukubambisana kudinga izivumelwano zokuzithandela, imikhandlu yezezikhungo yezohulumeni, noma i-actrandada yokuqonda engadamba ngaphansi kokucindezeleka. Inqubo ye-OECD i-2024 i-oLD i-emphasethi i-semsced okungasilele ukuthi inhlekelele ephumelelayo idinga kokubili ukubambisana okuphakathi nokugunyazwa kwezindawo zendawo, ukuphikisa kokuthi ukubekwa kwenkampane noma ukutho okumsulwa ngokuvamile kuholela ekuphumeni kwemiphumela engcono kakhulu.

Nokho, amandla endawo angandisa ukwethembana nokuthobeka komphakathi. Izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekulandeleni iziqondiso zempilo zomphakathi ezikhishwa abaholi bendawo abadumile kunabaphathi besizwe abangaziwa. Ezimisweni ezihloniphekile, ohulumeni bendawo bangahlanganisa ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ukuze babhekane nezinkathazo ezithile, banciphise ukwenqaba.

Indima Yokuba Nesikhundla Sokuphatha

Ukuphumelela kwanoma yisiphi isifanekiso kuxhomeke kakhulu ekwazini kwezindawo ezithatha isinyathelo. Izinqubo eziphakathi zidinga i-compative commistry efanelekayo yesizwe enezimiso zokwaziswa ezithembekile nezokusebenza. Izimiso ezilawulayo zidinga ohulumeni bendawo ukuba babe nezisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe, imithombo yezimali, nesisekelo sesisekelo sezakhiwo. Emazweni lapho amandla esizwe abuthakathaka, ukuhleleka kwezindawo zingaholela enziweni. Ngokuphambene, lapho amandla ezwe enziwayo, ukuwohloka kwezimiso zezwe, ukubekwa kwengxenye ephakathi kungaveza amaphuzu ahlukene. Ukuhlolwa kwe - World Bank kuthole ukuthi impumelelo yezinguquko ezihloniphekileyo emongweni zezehlelayo ezindaweni ezibucayi izingozi ixhomeke ekwakheni amandla okwakha ngaphambi kokuba kugadle izinhlekelele.

Izimonyo Ezisahwaqaba: Yiliphi Izwe Elingcono Kuwo Womabili?

Amazwe amaningi aphendukela ezifanekisweni ezixubene phakathi kwezici eziphakathi nendawo nokusetshenziswa kwendawo.

Izibonelo Zezimiso Ezixubile

Izindawo zaseSpain ezizimele (izifunda) zinamandla aphawulekayo mayelana nempilo, imfundo, nesivikelo somphakathi, kodwa uhulumeni ophethe unegunya elikhethekile ezimweni eziphuthumayo zesizwe nasekusebenzelaneni. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, i-Spain yaqala ukuthatha izinqumo ngaphansi kwe-appler, kamuva yavumela izifunda ukuba zifake imingcele. Lendlela exubile yavumela ukusabela okusheshayo ezweni lonke lapho kamuva ikwazi ukujwayela izifo zesifunda.

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseNdiya sihlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kukahulumeni wenhlangano nezifundazwe. I-National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) imisa izimiso futhi inikeze imali, kuyilapho iziphathimandla zezwe ezilawula inhlekelele zifeza ukusabela kwesiphepho. Phakathi nokusabela kwesiphepho, izikhulu zikaMnyango weMeteorological we-Indian ziveza izibikezelo eziyinhloko, izifunda zilawula abathuthi, futhi i-pankats yendawo isingatha imisebenzi yokukhosela. Lesimiso esinezinhlokwana siye sathuthukisa kakhulu inani lokufa kwesiphepho phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule.

Ukulinganisa Isiqondiso Esiphakathi Nezinqubo Zendawo

Izibonelo eziphumelelayo ze-produkthi eziveza imithetho ecacile yokuthembisana: uhulumeni omkhulu umisa imigomo ebanzi, izindinganiso, kanye nezindawo ezinikezwayo, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo belondoloza ukuqondisa okusebenzayo. Izindlela zokuxhumana kumelwe ziqine futhi ziqondiswe. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokuqubuka kwe-Ebola yaseNtshonalanga Afrika ka-2014, izinhlangano zomhlaba zacindezela amazwe ukuba asebenzise ukubambisana okuphakathi. ELiberia, i-Incident Managent Management Management Sy yathuthukisa izimo zomphakathi, kodwa imiphakathi yendawo yasungula ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo nokuxhumana, ivimbela ukuhlangana kwesizwe.

Esinye isici esiyinhloko ukuvumelana nenqubo. Izimiso ze-hybrid kufanele zinikeze ukusekela okuyinhloko kokusekela ukuthi iziphathimandla zendawo zingazinakekela izidingo eziphuthumayo zendawo ngaphandle kwemvume yabaphathi bemisebenzi. Imali esekelwe kakhulu nemali ehlelekile ephuthumayo inganika amandla izindawo kuyilapho zilondoloza ukulandisa.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezishukumisa Ukuphumelela

Ngaphandle kwalokhu kukhethwa, izici eziningana zinquma ukuthi uhulumeni angazisingatha ngokuphumelelayo yini izinhlekelele kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinjani.

Ikhono lokusungula elikhona ngaphambili

Ukubekwa kwezezikhundla noma ukuhlaziywa komthetho kukodwa akunakubuyisela izinhlangano ezibuthakathaka. Uhulumeni ophethe kahle osebenza ngomphakathi noma ongasebenzi kakhulu ngeke usebenzise ngisho namasu angcono kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, iziphathimandla ezihloniphekile ezingenabaphathi abaqeqeshiwe besimo esiphuthumayo, izimiso zokuphatha imali, noma izindawo zokucwaninga zezempilo zomphakathi zizolwa kanzima. Ukutshala izimali ezisemqoka kuyimfuneko nganoma yisiphi isigebelo esilawulayo ukuze ziphumelele ezinkingeni.

Ukukhulumisana Nokwaziswa

Imininingwane yangempela ehlanganyelwayo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni inzima. Izimiso eziphakathi zidinga ukwaziswa kwendawo ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo zolwazi; izimiso ezilungelelanisiweyo zidinga ulwazi olusemqoka ukuze zivumelane. Uma ukwaziswa kugeleza ngokukhululekile ngamaplatifomu asebenzayo, zombili lezi zimo ziyathuthuka. Ukwehluleka ukuhlanganisa imininingwane ewumqedazwe phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifunda ezingu-2020 ezibambezela ukubonakala kwamachashaza ashisayo. Ngokungafani, isimiso sokwaziswa saseNingizimu yeKorea esiphakathi kodwa esibonisayo sivumela ukuxhumana okusheshayo kuyilapho kuyimfihlo.

Izindawo Zokwakha Ezingokomthetho Nezasefaramende

Imithetho nemithetho yokuhlela ihlela ukusabela kwenhlekelele. Ohulumeni abaphakathi badinga igunya elingokomthetho lokulawula inkululeko yendawo lapho kunezimo eziphuthumayo. Ohulumeni abangaphansi kwemithetho badinga ukucacisa okungokomthetho okunezinga elihambisana nenkinga. Izindawo ezivumela ukuboleka kwezizwe ngezikhathi eziphuthumayo noma ukudluliswa okuzenzekelayo kukahulumeni phakathi nezinhlekelele zinciphisa ukulibala. Usizo lwezimali lwezemvelo oluphuthumayo luyisibonelo sesimo esiyinhloko esisekela kokubili isenzo esiyinhloko nesendawo.

Ukutuswa Kwezimiso Zokuqondisa Izinkinga Okuthuthukisiwe

Izifundo ezitholakala ekuhlaziyweni okuqhathanisayo ziholela ekutusweni okuningana okungathathwa izinyathelo ezisebenzayo kohulumeni abafuna ukuthuthukisa ukusabela okubucayi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakhethani.

Ukuqinisa Imishini Yokubambisana

Amazwe kufanele asungule izindikimba ezihlala njalo zikahulumeni ezihlangana njalo, hhayi phakathi nezinhlekelele. Lemikhandlu ingakha ukwethembana, ivumela imigaqo elandelwayo, futhi iqeqeshe inqubo yokuzilolonga. Ngokwesibonelo, i-combul Continmentation Act ye-United Kingdom imisa ukukwazi ukumelana kwezindawo ezihlanganisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziphethe, iziphathimandla zendawo, izinkonzo eziphuthumayo, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi. Ngenkathi yezikhukhula nezomoya ezishisayo, lezi zingqubana ngokushelelana.

Ukutshala Izimali Ezicini Ezisendaweni

Ohulumeni abaphakathi kufanele banike imithombo ukuze baqinise amakhono ezizwe zonke esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kuvele izinhlekelele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqeqesha abaphathi bendawo abaphuthumayo, ukuthuthukisa izimiso zokwaziswa zendawo, kanye nokugcina izimali. “izimiso zokulawula izingozi zemali ze World Bank" zivame ukugcizelela lokhu kutshala imali okumbaxambili: izinqubo eziyinhloko kanye nemisebenzi yendawo.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezici Nemfaniso

Kokubili izimiso eziqinile nezihloniphekile zizuza ekuhleleni izenzakalo njalo ezivivinya ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo, ukuhlelwa kwempahla, nokwenza izinqumo. Ukuvivinya umzimba kufanele kuhlanganise izikhulu ezivela kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni futhi zilingisa iziphakamiso ezingokoqobo ezinjengokuwohloka kokuxhumana, ukuswelakala kwezindawo, kanye nezingcindezi zezombangazwe. Ukufunda kulezi zimo kungahlukanisa izikhala kunoma yiziphi intuthuko ehambisanayo.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lokubusa okuphakathi nokuhloniphekile ekusabeleni kwenhlekelele alikhona okuncane. Izimiso eziphakathi zingaletha ijubane nokufana kodwa zifake izingozi zokuzivumelanisa nendawo. Izimiso eziqinile zinikeza ukuvumelana nokuziphendulela kwendawo kodwa zingaba nokungaguquguquki nokuhluleka kwezimiso. Ukusabela okuphumelela kakhulu okuvela emalungiselelweni ahlangene aphakathi ahlangene nezindawo ezinamandla, ezisekelwa yizinhlangano eziqinile, ukukhulumisana okuvulekile, kanye nokungaguquguquki. Abaphathi bezimiso kumelwe bahlole ukuma kwezwe labo okuyingqayizivele, amandla okwenziwa, nomongokwamandla ezombangazwe kunokuthola isimo sokuvumelana nokuziphatha esiphakathi noma ukuhlelwa okuhloniphekile. Ngokufunda ngezinkinga zakudala nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezisezingenisweni eziphambili, ohulumeni bangathuthukisa ukuxhumana nokuziphilisa kwabantu.