Ukuqonda Ukulandisa Kwezombangazwe: Isisekelo Sokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Ukulandisa kwezombangazwe kuyikhondla lokubusa kwentando yeningi okuphumelelayo. Kubhekisela ezindleleni, ezimisweni, nasezinhlanganweni izikhulu zomphakathi ezinikezwa kuzo impendulo ngezenzo zazo, izinqumo, nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yomphakathi. Ngaphandle kokulandisa okukhulu, izakhamuzi zilahlekelwa ukholo lokuthi abaholi bazo benza ngokuvumelana nesithakazelo somphakathi kunangenxa yenzuzo yazo siqu. Lombono wesisekelo ubonakala ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukene, ngayinye ineqhaza elikhulu ekwakheni isayensi yemvelo efuna ukulandisa.

Ukulandisa ngecala mhlawumbe kuyisimo esiqashelwa kakhulu. Amavoter anesijeziso sokugcina − ukususa izikhulu ehhovisi ngokhetho. Nokho, ukuze zikwazi ukulandisa umsebenzi wokhetho, kumelwe zikhululeke, zikhethe kahle, futhi zincintisane. Uma izakhamuzi zingavota ngokusekelwe emibhalweni ecacile nemiphumela yezimiso, zivuza noma zijezise izijeziso ngokufanele. Nokho ukhetho lulodwa alwanele; zenzeka njalo futhi ngokuvamile zihluleka ukusingatha izindaba zosuku lwezindaba ezibusayo.

Imithwalo yemfanelo yezisebenzi zombuso isebenza phakathi kwenhlangano. Izisebenzi zomphakathi nezinhlangano kumelwe zilandele imithetho emisiwe, izinqubo, nezindinganiso zomsebenzi. Izindikimba ezilawulayo, ojenene, nokuhlolwa kwangaphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zikahulumeni zinikeza izinkonzo ngokunenzuzo nangezimiso. Loluhlobo lokulandisa lubalulekile ngoba ukubusa okuningi kwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqashelwa.

Izikhulu zinecala ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho ezibheka izinkantolo zezenkantolo nezizimele. Izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zingabekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula imithetho noma amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ukubukeza kokwahlulela, ukuqulwa kwamacala okumelene nokonakala, nezinkantolo zokuphatha zinikeza iziqondiso ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Ukuziphendulela ngokwasemthethweni kudinga ukuba ikomiti ezimele ingabi nento ephazamisayo kwezombangazwe.

Ukulandisa kwezenhlalo kuhilela izakhamuzi nomphakathi ofuna ukulandisa ngokuqondile. Imishini ihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, umbiko wamakhadi ezakhamuzi, ukuhlelwa kwemali yokusetshenziswa kwezindawo, nokuhlolwa kwemithombo yezindaba. Uma abaqondisi bomphakathi bekhathalela indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo namazwi, kubangela ukucindezela kokusabela. Ukulandisa komphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni lapho izinhlangano ezihleliwe zibuthakathaka khona.

Lezi zilinganiso ezine zenza ukuba kuvele ukulandisa okukhulu. Amandla ohlangothi ngalunye ayahluka emazweni, kodwa ndawonye anquma izinga izikhulu ezibhekana ngalo nemiphumela yezenzo zazo. Ukucwaninga njalo kubonisa ukuthi [[FLT: 0] ukwethemba okungazenzisi kuhlangene kakhulu [ ukulandisa okucatshangelwayo kuyo yonke lezindawo.

Indima Yokuthembela Kubantu Bezakhamuzi: Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ngokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukwethemba izakhamuzi kuyi glue ehlanganisa imiphakathi yentando yeningi. Ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, nezinqubo zomphakathi kwenza kube nokubambisana, ukuthobela imithetho, nokuhlanganyela ngokuzithandela ekuphileni komphakathi. Uma ukwethembana kuphakeme, izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekukhokheni izintela, zilalele imithetho, zithobeke, futhi zihileleke ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Ngokuphambene, ukwethemba okuphansi kubangela ukungakhathaleli, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuphikisa ngokuqondile igunya likahulumeni.

Ukwethembana kusebenza emazingeni amaningi. Izinhlangano zezinhlangano zibhekisela ekuthembeni izinhlangano ezingaqondakali njenge-partiam, i-jadiary, noma amaphoyisa. Ukuthemba kwezombangazwe kucacile kakhulu [1] Ukukholwa kubaholi abathile noma amaqembu. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zibalulekile ukuze kube ngokomthetho wentando yeningi. Ukuhlolwa kwezimiso zemvelo zezwe lonke[ kuye kwafuna ukuncipha kokuthemba kwezombangazwe kuhulumeni wentando yeningi phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ukuphakamisa izixwayiso ngempilo yalezi zimiso.

Ukwethemba isakhamuzi esiphakeme kuveza izinzuzo ezingenakulinganiswa:

  • Izakhamuzi ezithemba isimiso zikholelwa izindaba zazo zokuvota futhi zithambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni. Amazwe athemba kakhulu abheka isithembiso sokhetho ngokuqhubekayo.
  • Ukuthembana okukhulu kakhulu: kukhuthaza abantu ukuba bajoyine izinhlangano zomphakathi, babe khona emihlanganweni yasobala, futhi bazinikele ngokuzithandela emisebenzini yomphakathi. Lokhu kuqinisa indwangu yomphakathi futhi kuthuthukise isimiso sokulungisa izinqubo.
  • [ ukubambisana okuhlangene namanyathelo kahulumeni: Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufeza izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi noma imisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi, ohulumeni bathembela ekuthobeleni ngokuzithandela. Ukuthemba kunciphisa izindleko zokugcinwa kwamandla omthetho futhi kuthuthukise imiphumela.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwethembana kudala umjikelezo onzima. Izakhamuzi ezingathembekile zilahla izinqumo zesimiso kubantu abaphezulu. Lokhu kudideka kunciphisa ukulandisa, okuqeda ukwethembana. Ukuphula lo mjikelezo kudinga imizamo yamabomu ukuqinisa inqubo yokulandisa ebonwa yizakhamuzi nokuhlangenwe nakho.

Indlela Ithonya Eliqondile Elasezombangazwe Elithonya Ngayo Izakhamuzi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokulandisa nokwethembana abuzenzakaleli, kodwa buxhomeke ekutheni izinqubo zokulandisa ziklanywe futhi zibonwe kanjani. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi izikhulu zinecala lokungenzi kahle noma ukuziphatha okubi, zivuselela izinkolelo zazo ngokufanele.

Ukubona Okucace Kakhulu Njengesisekelo Sokwethenjwa

Ukubona gcalulo kusho ukwenza ukwaziswa kukahulumeni kutholakale, kuqondakale, futhi kufike ngesikhathi. Ukuvula amarekhodi emithetho, ukuhlelwa kwemali yomphakathi, kanye nezikhawu ezihleliwe zemithetho kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi bani abaholi bazo abakwenzayo. Uma izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa, zingaziqinisekisa ngokuzimele iziphakamiso zikahulumeni futhi zigcine izikhulu zinecala. Ukubheka okucace gcaba kunciphisa amathuba enkohlakalo nezimpawu zokuthi izikhulu azinalutho ezingafihla. Amazwe anemithetho eqinile yokubona ukukhanya, njenge-Finland ne-Norway, njalo izikhundla phakathi kwezesakhamuzi ezithenjwa.

Ukukhathalela Izakhamuzi

Ukuzwa izakhamuzi kusho ukulalela futhi benze ngokuvumelana nezakhamuzi. Lokhu kungathatha izindlela eziningi: ukusabela ezincwadini nakuma-imeyili, ukulungisa izimiso ezisekelwe ekuhloleni komphakathi, noma ekusingatheni izikhalo zendawo ngokushesha. Uma izakhamuzi zizwa, ziqala ukuzwa ukuphumelela − inkolelo yokuthi izindaba zazo zokuhlanganyela. Ukungasabeli kwakha ukwethembana ngokubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni akawona amandla angaphandle kodwa ungumsizi okhonza nomphakathi. Izikhulu eziholi eziphethe amahholo edolobha, zisebenzise imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze zingenele, futhi zilandelele izindaba zomphakathi ukuze zibone ukuthenjelwa kwazo.

Ukungaguquguquki Kwesimiso Nokuziphatha

Ukungaguquguquki kuveza ukubikezela, okubalulekile ukuze umuntu athembeke. Uma ohulumeni beshintshashintsha njalo , benza izinqumo ngaphandle kokuqonda okucacile, noma benza ngokuzenzisa − abazenzisi baba abangaqiniseki futhi abangaqiniseki. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho okungaguquguquki, ukunamathela enqubweni efanele, nokuvumelana phakathi kwamagama nezenzo ezibonisa ukuthembeka. Ukugcinwa kwemithetho okuguquguqukayo, njengokusebenzisa izijeziso ezihlukene kubantu abaphezulu nezakhamuzi ezivamile, kuqeda ukwethemba ngokushesha.

Imishini Ephumelelayo

Ngaphandle kokubonana nokusabela, izinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezivunayo zifeza indima eqondile. Ikhomishane ezimele yokulwa nokonakala, amahhovisi okuhlola umphakathi, amanxusa e-ombusts, namakomiti aqondisayo ahlola ukuziphatha okubi futhi atuse amakhambi. Uma lezi zindikimba zigunyaziwe futhi ziveza imiphumela, izakhamuzi ziyabona ukuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Corruption Perceptions Index[ esuka ku-Transparency International ibonisa ukuthi amazwe azimele anezingalo eziqinile anokwethenjwa okukhulu. Ngokuphambene, lapho izimiso ezinjalo zibuthakathaka noma zikhokhwa, ukuthemba.

Kuyatuseka ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zifuna ukulandisa. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqaphele ukuthi zikhona futhi ziyasebenza. Ukusakaza uphenyo, ukunyathelisa imibiko yokuhlola izindleko zokulandisa, nokulandisa ngezenzo zokulandisa emithonjeni yezindaba kubalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe ukwethembana.

Ukuhlola Kwecala Okuqhathanisayo: Ukulandisa Ekwenzeni

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela ukulandisa kwezombangazwe okuthonya ngayo isakhamuzi ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene zezombangazwe.

Amazwe AseScandinavia: Ukwethemba Okukhulu Ngenxa Yamandla Ezinhlangano

ISweden, iDenmark, iNorway, neFinland zikhona ngokungaguquki izakhiwo eziphezulu zokwethenjwa kwembulunga yonke. Lamazwe anamasiko amade okubona kude, ukonakala okuphansi, nokulawula okunamandla. Izimiso zokulandisa zihlanganisa izinhlangano ze-ombudsman (izinsuku ze-Ombudsman yase-Palamente yaseSweden ku-1809), imithetho kahulumeni evulekile (Inkululeko ka-Sweden’s of the Press Act ka-17666 ingeyokuqala emhlabeni), kanye nezinga eliphakeme zokuhlanganyela kwezezezentengiselwano zomphakathi. Izakhamuzi zithemba ohulumeni bazo ngoba zibona ukuthi izikhulu zinecala lezezenzwe ngesihle, izikhulu ze-bireaualcuacracs zisebenza, futhi inkohlakalo ayivamile. Ukuthemba kuqiniswa yimpucuko yezimiso zomthetho kanye nezenhlalo.

E - United States: Ukwethembana Kubangelwa Ukwehluleka Kokulandisa

Ukuthembela kuhulumeni kahulumeni wase-U.S. kuye kwehla ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ku-75% kusuka ku-1960 kuya ku-20% emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Uchungechunge lwezehluleko ezinkulu zeMpi yaseVietnam, i-Watergate, i-Iran-Contate, i-Iraq War yangamanga, futhi inhlekelele yezezimali ka-2009 yabangela ukuwohloka okuya ngokuya ngokuya phambili. Izenzakalo zamuva, ezifana nokwehla kwecala kwangoJanuwari-6 kanye nokungathembi, ziye zaqeda ukuhla kwezwe nokungathemba. Nakuba i-U.S. i-Iraq. inesibopho esiqinile sokulandisa nokulawula imithombo yezindaba, i-transking nokweqiza i-transtive. Abafondssss ngokuqhubekayo babona isimiso sezentethele, futhi ihlala iphansi.

INew Zealand: Ukuthembana Okusobala Ngokuqhubekayo

I-New Zealand inikeza isibonelo esihle sendlela inguquko engavuselela ngayo ukwethembana. I-Official Information Act (1982) ekhuliswe kakhulu uhulumeni, ilandelwa yi-Local Government Accounts and Mistial Act (1987). Lemithetho yanika izakhamuzi amalungelo avulekile okuthola izincwadi zikahulumeni. Ihlangene nezinyathelo ezinamandla zokulwa nokonakala kanye nenkonzo kahulumeni engochwepheshe, i-New Zealand yabona amazinga okuthenjelwa ngokuqhubekayo. Izwe lilokhu lihamba phambili phakathi kwabantu abonakele kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, futhi amazinga alo ezakhamuzi zalo aphakathi kwenani eliphakeme kakhulu ngaphandle kweScandinavia. Izinhlekelele zamuva nje, njengendlela ukuzamazama komhlaba okunyaka ka-CHOVAD okusabela okunamandla kanye nokwanda komshayabhuqo , kwabonisa ukusabela komthetho kanye nokuthemba kwe-activalreinrcting.

Estonia: Ukulandisa Ngezinombolo Nokwethenjwa

I-Estonia inikeza isibonelo sanamuhla sendlela ubuchwepheshe obungathuthukisa ngayo ukulandisa. Ngesimiso sayo sobukhompuyutha, izakhamuzi zingathola amarekhodi omphakathi, ukuvota nge-inthanethi, zihlole amarekhodi azo ezokwelapha, futhi zibone ngisho nokuthi ubani othole ukwaziswa kwazo. Lokhu kwaziswa kwamanani kwakha indlela enamandla yokuziphendulela: ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane kungabonakala ngokushesha. Iqonga le-X-Road yase-Estonia livumela ukuhwebelana okulondekile kuyilapho ligcina imikhondo yokuhlola. Umphumela uwukwethemba okukhulu kuhulumeni, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezisencane. Ukucwaninga kwe-Accoatability Lab kubonisa ukuthi ukuthatha izinyathelo zobuchwepheshe kunakho ukuqonda okukhulu kokukhulula kukahulumeni nokuncitshiswa kwenkohlakalo.

Izinselele Zokulondoloza Ukulandisa Kwezombangazwe

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo, ukulandisa kwezombangazwe kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu emazweni amaningi.

Ukonakala Nekhasimende

Ukonakala kuyisitha esiqondile sokuziphendulela. Uma izikhulu zizicebisa ngokufumbathisa, ngokuphakela, noma ngokukhetha, zithatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nesithakazelo somphakathi. Ukonakala kuqeda ukwethemba ngokubonisa ukuthi izindlela zokulandisa ziye zahluleka. Emazweni onakele kakhulu, izakhamuzi ngokuvamile zizizwa zinganamandla − zibona ukuthi abacebile nabakwaziyo ukuphunyuka. Ukucwaninga kuqinisekisa ukuthi inkohlakalo ibikezela ukukhohlakazeka okungaqinile kwezombangazwe.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlukana okukhulu kululaza ukulandisa ngokushintshashintsha kwezisusa. Abezombangazwe bamisa ukuthembeka kweqembu futhi bahlasela abaphikisi ngokulawula okusobala. Amakomiti alawulayo aba izikhundla zempi ezihlukanisayo kunokuba abe izinja ezikhethayo. Endaweni ehlukene, izakhamuzi azinakukwazi ukubeka izikhulu zeqembu lazo ezilandisayo ezibhekene nezenzo zokuziphatha okubi nge-lens ejikelezayo. Ukuzibamba kululaza futhi ukulandisa kwezindaba uma imithombo yezindaba iba amagumbi okunambitha.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nokungaqondi

Ngokwesiko imithombo yezindaba isebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko yokulandisa ngokuhlola nokubika ngokuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni. Nokho, ukuhlukana kwemithombo yezindaba, ukwehla kobuthakazelelwa bendawo, nokusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile kunciphisa lomsebenzi. Uma izakhamuzi zithola izindaba emithonjeni ehlukanisayo noma kumanani ezindaba ezingokwenhlalo, zingase zingatholi ukwaziswa okunembile mayelana nokusebenza kukahulumeni. I-Mishproject ingaqeda ukwethemba ngisho nalapho ukulandisa okungamanga kunamandla, njengoba ukulandisa kusakazeke ngokushesha kunezinguquko.

Izinqubo Ezibuthakathaka Nomthetho

Emazweni amaningi, izinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezingenazo iziqu zokulandisa ezizimele, imithombo yezimali, noma izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukuthi iziphi, zingaba neziqu ezimelene nempoqo yezombangazwe, izinkantolo zingazithoba kumphathi ophethe, futhi amahhovisi okuhlola angaveza imibiko enganakwa. Ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa okuthembekile, izimiso zokulandisa ziveza izimpawu kunokuba ziphumelele. Lokhu kubangela ukungathembani okukhulu.

Izinyathelo Zokwandisa Ukulandisa Kwezombangazwe Nokwakha Futhi Ukwethembana

Ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa kudinga amasu ahlukahlukene ahloselwe kokubili umklamo wenhlangano kanye nezakhamuzi ezithembisene.

Ukuqinisa Izikhungo Zokuqondisa Ngokuzimele

Amazwe kufanele afake imali emalini ekhokhwayo, ababali-mali bomphakathi, amahhovisi omphakathi, nezindikimba zokwahlulela. Lezi zikhungo zidinga ukuqinisekiswa kwemali yokuzimela(ukusetshenziswa kwemali yezenhlalakahle), ukumiswa okufanele, nokuvikelwa ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe. Ukubonisana kwemisebenzi yawo nokubika obala njalo kusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuthembeka. Umphakathi wezizwe zonke ungasekela lemizamo ngokufunda nokuxhasa imali ngontanga.

Ukuthuthukisa Imfundo Nengxenye Ehlukene

Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo nokuthi ukulandisa kusho ukuthini kuhlonyiselwe kangcono ukukufuna. Izinhlelo zemfundo ye-CBIC ezisezikoleni nasemikhankasweni yomphakathi zingandisa ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo nezinqubo ezikhona. Ukuhlanganyela ekuqondiseni amathuluzi anjengezezakhamuzi, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nokuhlelwa kwezindawo zomphakathi kwenza abantu abavamile babe nolwazi oluqondile ekubekeni izikhulu icala. Uma izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi ukuhileleka kwazo kuveza imiphumela, ukuthemba kuyakhula.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuntekenteke Bokubona Imibala

Amathuluzi amanani angathuthukisa ukulandisa okuphawulekayo. Izindawo zokwaziswa ezikhipha amasheya ohlelo lukahulumeni, izivumelwano, kanye nama-metric memone org zisiza umphakathi womphakathi nezindaba ukuba zikwazi ukuhlola. Izimiso zokulungisa inkohlakalo zinciphisa izinqubo zokuzisebenzela nokwenza izindlela zokuhlola. Izinhlelo zezimoto zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibike ukwehluleka kwenkonzo noma inkohlakalo ngokungaziwa. Nokho, ezobuchwepheshe aziyona indawo yokwahlukanisa phakathi kwezindawo nezindaba zomuntu siqu okumelwe kukhulunywe ngayo.

Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yemithombo Yezindaba Nokuvinjelwa Kweqiniso

Imithombo yezindaba ephambili, ezimele ibalulekile ukuze ivikele isibopho sokulandisa. Ohulumeni kufanele bavikele inkululeko yokucindezela, baphoqelele imithetho emelene ne-SLAP, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi abasasazi bomphakathi bazimele. Ukusekela imithombo yamaphephandaba engazuzisi nezinhlangano ezihlola iqiniso kungaphikisana nokungaqondi. Izinhlelo zezokubhala nokubhala zingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izinga lokwaziswa futhi zimelane nokusetshenziswa kwempoqo.

Ukukhuthaza Umkhuba Wobuqotho

Ukulandisa akubangelwa nje izikhungo; futhi kuphathelene nezimiso. Abaholi kuwo wonke amazinga kufanele babonise ukuziphatha okuhle futhi bakwenzele obala ukuba kube sobala. Imithetho yokuvikela ekhuthaza ukubikwa kokuziphatha okubi. Amaqembu ezombangazwe angathatha imithetho yokuziphatha futhi ayenze iqikelelwe. Izimo zomhlaba wonke njenge-UN Convention emelene noHlomelo oluhle zinikeza izindinganiso nokucindezela kontanga.

Isiphetho

Ukulandisa kwezombangazwe nokuthembana kwesakha indiva engenakushenxiswa. Uma ukulandisa kusebenza kahle ngokhetho, ukuqondisa, nokusabela, kuyabona ukuthi uhulumeni wabo uyabasebenzela. Ukuthemba kuyaphakama, kukwazi ukubusa kangcono. Uma ukulandisa kuhluleka, ukukhokha, kuqeda idemokrasi ngokwayo. Ubufakazi obuvela eScandinavia, e-Estonia, kanye namanye amazwe aphakeme abekelwe umthetho wesivumelwano bubonisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwenhlangano yesizwe nokugcinwa kwesivumelwano komphakathi kungakha futhi kulondoloze ukwethembana. Ngokuphambene, ukukhokha utho lwezinsobo lungabangela ukushiyeka okungapheliyo. Ukukhuluma ngenkohlakalo, ukukhohlakaza, ukukhohlakaza okuqinile, ukukhohlakala okubuthakathaka, nokukhuthaza ukuthembeka kwezentengiselwano. Ngokuqinisa ukuthembeka kwezenhlalo, ukubusa kwezenhlalo, ukubusa kwesizwe.