Ukwakheka Komthetho Wamaphoyisa Asekugcineni KukaHulumeni

E-United States, ukulandisa kwamaphoyisa sekuye kwamiswa kakhulu izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kunayimithetho kahulumeni. Nakuba i-Congress yase-U.S. iye yadlulisa imithetho elawula amalungelo abantu futhi i-Department of Justice ingahlola ukuphulwa kwezimiso ezilandelanayo, imithetho yosuku nosuku elawula indlela izinhlangano eziphoqelela umthetho ezibika ngayo ukungalungi, ukusebenzisa amandla, nokusebenzelana nomphakathi kuchazwa ngokungenakukhohlakazeka ezingeni lombuso. Phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, igagagasi lomsebenzi womthetho lishintshe indlela amaphoyisa asebenza ngayo, kanye nemithetho esebenza njengezindawo zokuhlalisa inguquko. Ukuqonda lemithetho, imiphumela yazo ehloselwe ukugcinwa yimithetho, nemiphumela yayo yangempela engokomthetho, imithetho yomthetho, nemfundo yomphakathi.

Okwenza Imithetho Kahulumeni Ilandise Amaphoyisa

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhulu lokugcinwa komthetho ngoba amandla amaphoyisa ngokuyinhloko agcinelwe izifundazwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Seshumi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni inquma yonke into kusukela ekubhalweni kwephepha-mvume nasekushicilelweni kwezikhulu ukuya ekuqululeni kwemibhalo egciniwe. Imithetho ye-Federal inikeza isisekelo esiyisisekelo (ngokwesibonelo, ] ukulawulwa koCrime noMthetho we-Enkforcement Act ka-1994[ igunyaza i-DOJ ukuba iphenye izinhlangano zamaphoyisa ` kodwa ayivamile ukunikeza izimfuneko ezithile noma izakhiwo zokwengamela.

Izici eziyinhloko lapho umthetho kahulumeni ubeka khona lamagama zihlanganisa:

  • Umbiko ophoqelelayo wezenzakalo ezisetshenziswayo, kuhlanganise nokudubula okuhilelekile kwesikhulu kanye nokufa okungalawuleki.
  • Izimiso ezishintsha umzimba zekhamera, kuhlanganise nalapho amakhamera kumelwe asebenze futhi kugcinwe futhi kukhululwe khona.
  • Ukumiswa negunya lamabhodi okubukeza avamile noma izimemezelo zokuqondisa ezizimele.
  • Ukuguqulwa kokuzivikela okufanelekayo njengesivikelo ekumangalelweni kwezikhulu.
  • Ukutholakala komphakathi emarekhodini amaphoyisa okuyala, ukucwaninga ngezindaba zangaphakathi, nezindawo zokugcina ukwaziswa ezingalungile.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokushaya Imithetho Nethonya Lazo Ekubikeni

Sebenzisa-ukubika izimfuneko

Enye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ukusunduzwa kokusetshenziswa kwezenzakalo ezibanzi, ezihlelekile. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2015, amazwe amaningi ayengenamthetho ofuna ukuba izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zibike ngisho nezenzakalo ezibulalayo egunyeni likahulumeni ophakathi. Okushintshwe ngemva kwezenzakalo eziphakeme zadonsa ukunakekela kwesizwe. Namuhla, kushiwo njengo i-Callois[FLD:1] (ngaphansi kwe-AB 71 ne-SB 1421], [[FLT]]]]] izimpawu ezithiwa kakhulu zezezezokufa zisetshenziswe ngemiphumela yonke yemiphumela engathi sína, [ [unic B B, kanye [iii] ne [FLT] izigwebo ezigwebeni [FFF:5] [zisekeli] [ect:] [eze-SAFF]]] [ective Active Activesssssssssss, [iright, imibiko engathi imibiko yezentente, noma yezikhali, noma yezikhali, noma yeze

Ithonya ekubikeni okungokoqobo liye laba likhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, eCalifornia, inani lokudubula kwesikhulu okuhilelekile okuye kwabikwa kuMnyango wobulungisa wezwe lanyuka ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-60 eminyakeni emibili yokuqala ngemva kokubikwa kwesibopho. Lokhu kugadla akusho ukuthi ukudubula okwengeziwe kwenzeka /rather, kubonisa ukuqedwa kokubikwa okungasho lutho. Kubafundi nabafundisi, lokhu kugcizelela isifundo esibucayi: imithetho yokubona ngale zindawo kuphela ayenzeliyo ngaphandle kokuba igunyaze ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yemininingwane nokwethuthwa komphakathi.

Ukuhogela Ikhamera Yomzimba Nokukhulula Izinyawo

Amakhamera omzimba anconywa njenge-orn-panern-menu i-HB 150rry yecala lamaphoyisa, kodwa ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomeke ngokuphelele ekutheni asetshenziswa nini futhi kanjani. Umthetho woMbuso uye wakhanya ekubekeni izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, Virginia[ (HB1]] izikhulu zomthetho zifuna ukuba imishini eqondisa asebenze amakhamera phakathi nawo wonke ama-Acrytemply max, kanti i-Colado[] [HB 212]]) i-INTYUMALI) imvume yokuba izinyawo zigcinwe okungenani ngezinsuku ezingu-90 zezenzakalo ezincane futhi zithathe isikhathi eside kakhulu kubantu abangathi sína.

Nokho, impikiswano enkulu kakhulu iwukutholakala komphakathi ekhamerani. Amazwe ayahlukahluka kakhulu: ezinye, njengaye .FLT , cabanga ukuthi izinyawo zingaphansi komthetho womphakathi kodwa zivumela ukukhululeka okukhulu ngenxa yezindaba zomthetho wecala; ezinye, njenga ] izinga eliphansi [, livinjelwe ngaphandle kokuhleleka kwenkantolo. Inhlangano yesizwe yemithetho yeJaji [[ iqaphele ukuthi ukufinyelela okuvimbela kakhulu ukufinyelela kwemali kungalulaza amakhamera endikimba ethenjwa kakhulu. Ngokungafani, ukukhululwa kokuzigobekisa izisulu. Umthetho ozenzakalelayo kumelwe ulinganisele ukulinganisa ngokulinganisela kwezehlohlo, noma ukuvuma izingozi, lapho ivuma ukulimala.

Amabhodi Okubukeza Okubukwa Kwabantu Nokuzimela

Enye indawo lapho umthetho kahulumeni uye waba nethonya eliqondile khona ukusungulwa nokugunyazwa kwamabhodi okubukeza okungabunjwa abantu abavamile (CRBs). Ngokomlando, amaphoyisa amaningi ayengaphakathi, eqondiswa umnyango ngokwawo. Manje, okungenani amazwe angu-20 anemithetho egunyaza noma egunyaza ukuba aqondise izinhlangano ezithile zesizwe. i-New York’s Law’s Mis Extenstigative Integionative Office (LEMIO) yamiswa ngumbuso njengendikimba ephakathi ukuba yamukele futhi ihlole izikhalo nganoma yimuphi umnyango wamaphoyisa ezweni. [[FLT] I-New York] Law’stonmentmentivementive Integionativement Office (LEUM)

Ukuphumelela kwe-CRB kuyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe egunyeni labo. Amabhodi angawahlukanisa ngokwawo ofakazi namarekhodi, njengalawo asema Los Angeles[ kanye ne[FLT] San Francisco [[ (ukusebenzisa ngaphansi kwegunya lombuso ukwenza imithetho). [Umthetho ohlolela ukuphenya okuphelele]. Amabhodi abukeza izindaba zangaphakathi kuphela, ngokuphikisana, angasebenza njengefasitela. Umthetho kahulumeni onikeza amandla aqotho, kunokuba nje udwebe zenzakalela, uye wabonisa imiphumela ekwazi: [[FLT:] ukutadisha [FL:] [FF:] [FF] [5] [5]

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: ICalifornia NeNew York Njengabaholi Benguquko

Isimiso Somthetho SaseCalifornia

ICalifornia ibiphambili ekwakheni umthetho wamaphoyisa wokulandisa. Iphakethe lihlanganisa imithetho emibili ephawulayo: SB 142 (208) noSB [ [2021]. I-SB 1421 yavula imibhalo egciniwe egciniwe eyimfihlo yamaphoyisa afihlayo ngaphambili, (8]) ihlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwempoqo ukuze kukhululeke. Umthetho waqeda ngokuphumelelayo ukufihla okwakuvikelwe isikhathi eside ekuhlolweni obala. i-SB 16 yandisa lokho kuveza zonke izikhalo eziqhubekayo, hhayi nje ezobukhali kakhulu, futhi wagunyaza izinhlangano zeposi ezisebenza kuyi-intanethi.

Imiphumela iye yaba mikhulu. Amaphephandaba namaqembu aqaphayo aye asebenzisa le mibhalo ukuze adalule izindlela zokuziphatha okubi, okuholela ekususweni kwezincwadi ezisemthethweni nezinguquko ezingokweziqu. Nokho, umthetho futhi wabangela ukukhishwa kwezinyunyana zamaphoyisa, uveza ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kokubonana nokufihla izikhulu. Kubafundisi, okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseCalifornia kunikeza ukuhlola okucacile kwendlela umthetho ongabuyisela ngayo ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwezinhlangano zomphakathi nezomthetho.

IRepeal yaseNew York engu - 50-a

Uhambo lwaseNew York lwaluphawuleka ngendlela efanayo. Emashumini eminyaka, ukuhlelwa kuka 50-a koMthetho kahulumeni Wamalungelo Omphakathi Asesizweni wagcina amarekhodi amaphoyisa eyimfihlo, enikeza isihlangu esiphelele semibhalo egciniwe engalungile. Ngemva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo 2020, isishaya-mthetho sezwe savota ngokunamandla ukubuyisela 50-a ngoJune 2020. Irekhodi lezinkulungwane zemibhalo yemithetho yembubhishobhi yecala lihlanganisa nezikhulu zezikhulu ezikhononda kaningi ngokuziphatha okubi. Umthetho kaNew York’s Contractivemental Invectiveives Invectiveal Invective Office [FOct3] manje uveza isimo sokuhlola izibalo ezingonakalisiwe kwemivulo.

I-Repeal iye yavumela abameli nababhali-zindaba bavumela abameli bamalungelo omphakathi ukuba baphawule izikhulu ezisemilandweni yethonya elinamandla ephakeme, okuholela ekuhlaziyweni kwemithetho ebanzi enolwazi oluthe xaxa nokucindezela komphakathi. Nokho ukufezeka bekungalingani: amanye amanxusa ayenqaba ukuvumelana okuphelele, futhi 201]1 ukubusa kwenkantolo [ kunciphisa izinga lalokho amarekhodi akubhekwa “encwadi abhekwa njengeyamukelekile.” Lezi zinselele zibonisa ukuthi ngisho nomthetho oqinile ufuna ukuqondiswa okuqinile ukuze ufeze imigomo yawo.

Ukushintsha Okufanelekayo Esikhungweni SikaHulumeni

Isimiso sokuvikeleka esifanelekile siyimfundiso engokomthetho evikela izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinecala lomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba zeqe “umthetho osungulwe ngokusobala”. Nakuba lemfundiso yasungulwa yiNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S., isho ukuthi inamandla okumisa izindinganiso zazo siqu zomthetho kahulumeni. Eminyakeni yamuva, imibuso eminingi iye yamisa umthetho wokulinganisela noma ukususa ukuvikela okufanelekayo ekuvimbeleni komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma isithiwa.

Colado [SB 21-199] ulwelo olufanele lwezikhulu zokuthula enkantolo yokuzibanga ngokulimaza, okwenza kube lula ngabaphathi ukuba bagcine izikhulu zinecala ngempoqo edlulileyo. [ New Mexico ilandela ne-HB 4 ngo-2023. [i-actut [[FLT:]] i-panectist [ i-panelced station] idlulise umthetho ofanayo ngo-2020. Lezinyathelo azichaphazamisi iziphazamiso ezingoko zikahulumeni, kodwa zidala isilinganiso esifanayo sokulandisa. Ubufakazi bakuqala bekhomba ezindaweni zokuhlala nakwehlulelwa, nakuba iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa ikhokha izikhululela izibalo ze-insurensile. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ze-tomu yemithetho, izikhulu zezezezezezezezezezeze izikhulu zikahulumeni, zezezeze izikhulu

Izinselele Nemiphumela Engalindelekile

Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni uye waqhubekisela phambili intuthuko ephawulekayo, futhi uye wabhekana nezithiyo. Eminye imithetho iye yagxekwa ngokuphambana, okwaholela ekunqamuleni kwenyunyana yamaphoyisa noma ngisho “ukuncipha kwemikhuhlane. Ezinye zibhekene nezikhala ezimisiwe: umbiko wama 2023 we-Prolice Guide Research Profectical Forum [[FLT]]] wathola ukuthi ezizweni ngokubika okusemthethweni, cishe amaphesenti angu-30 ezinhlangano ezincane ahluleka ukuhambisana ngokugcwele nezimfuneko zokuzithoba kokwaziswa. Ngaphandle kokusekela izimali noma izijeziso ezifanele ze-ootamjinga, ukubika imithetho esele intengovuzo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa okukhulu kwezinombolo zomshoshaphansi emithethweni ethile, okuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuvikela izisulu ukuba zifihlekile, ("ziye zasetshenziswa yizinhlangano zokuvimbela amarekhodi okufanele abe obala). Ngokwesibonelo, ama 2022 ACLU[ ukuhlaziya kokufihla ukuthi [i-Indiyana [[[[FLT]]] umthetho womphakathi], kuyilapho uvumela ukufinyelela kumarekhodi omthetho omthetho, unikeza isilinganiso esikhulu sokuhlukanisa izinto njengemfihlo, ukuguqula ububanzi obungalawuleki. Ukulungisa inguquko engokokudingidayo. Ukulungisa imicimbi, amaqembu e-advockition itusa ukuba umthetho uhlanganise ukuvinjwa komthetho, kanye nokungadingi ukukhokhwazwa.

Ukuqondisa Nokwenza Imininingwane Yomphakathi Icace

Enye yentuthuko ethembisa kakhulu imfuneko eyandayo yokuba iminyango yamaphoyisa inyathelise ukwaziswa kokuma, ukuphenya, nokusebenzisa amandla. TEXAS (ngaphansi kwe-SB 4) kanye ] ne-Shoington (ngaphaya kwe-940) igunyaze ukuqoqwa kolwazi olubanzi ngeminyango, ngokufakwa komphambathi webhodi yomphakathi. Le mininingwane ivumela abacwaningi namaqembu omphakathi ukuba baphawule izindlela zokwehlukana kwezinhlanga noma amandla adlulele. Isibonelo, [[FLT:] .Sford Opencilligics [[FLT] project [FLD:5] isebenzise isimo sokuhlola kwezwe elihlangeneyo-yo-yombango-onke] ukuvala i-onqanyulwa kwesivumelwano se-eqedroption, ukuvala i-eqeddiactivesssssss, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuvumelana kwe-provolution.

Umthetho woMbuso ogunyaza ukuhlolwa kwemininingwane yamaphoyisa ngokwawo .rather kunokubika uwedwa. I-Illinois's[ SAFE-T] Umthetho wakha i-Stateuniversal Police Profect Commission enegunya lokuhlola ukugcinwa kwemininingwane yamaphoyisa. Uma izinhlangano zihluleka ukubika, ikhomishane ingavimba ukuxhasa kwezimali zikahulumeni. Loluhlobo lwenqubo yokuphoqesha liyagxeka ngoba ngaphandle kwayo, ibika izimfuneko zokuba inqubo yephepha libe yimpumelelo.

Izimo Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekwahlulelweni Kwamaphoyisa KaHulumeni

Kuqalwa ukuthi kuseza kuqala, kunezimo eziningi ezibheke phambili. Okokuqala, izifundazwe eziningi zilandela iCalifornia neNew York lapho kuvulwa amarekhodi okuqondisa, ukubuyisela amashumi eminyaka empikiswano. I-Bpartisan i-semfantswana ezindaweni ezinjenge- Arizora[ [[FLT:] ne[FLT]] [FLT] [[FLT]] [FLTY]] [[FLTY:3] idlulise izivumelwano zalokho okusebenza. Okwesibili, ukuhamba kweze kukhutha izikhulu ezithatha i-decrective quentss [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [20:] kudlulise umthetho owe-decreactivestionsss, ne-National Association ye-Overgavicencern

Okwesithathu, umthetho ohlanganisa ukuxhaswa kwemali yamaphoyisa nezinyathelo zokulandisa, − njengokufuna iminyango ukuba ithathe amakhamera omzimba noma isebenzise ukulandelela amanani ezwe njengesimo sokuthola imvume ("FLT:0]] uhlolwa kanye [[FLT]] ne[FLT]] Minnesota[]. Ekugcineni, kunesithakazelo esikhulayo ekusebenziseni umthetho wezwe ekukhulumeni kwamaphoyisa enkathazweni yempilo, kuhlanganise nemithetho elinganisela indima yezikhulu ezihlomile futhi iqondise ukusekela kwezenhlekelele yezakhamuzi.

Isiphetho: Amandla Nemingcele Yomthetho KaHulumeni

Umthetho kahulumeni uyinto enamandla yokulandisa amaphoyisa. Ungagunyaza ukuba sobala, ukuqondisa ngamandla, futhi udale imiphumela yokuziphatha okubi. Okwenzeka eCalifornia nase-New York kubonisa ukuthi imithetho ebanzi ingaguqula ukufinyelela komphakathi elwazini kanye nokuthembana okukhuthazayo (kodwa kuphela uma ibekwe kahle, ixhaswe kahle, futhi iqiniswa ngokunamandla. Izinselele zokufeza, ukumelana nesibopho sobunye, nemiphumela engahleliwe isikhumbuza ukuthi umthetho wodwa awuyona i-pancacea.

Kubafundi nothisha abafunda lesi sihloko, isihluthulelo siwukuthi imithetho yesifundazwe iyasebenza futhi iyaphikiswa. Isimiso ngasinye sendlu yombuso sinikeza ithuba lenguquko noma ukubuyiselwa. Ngokuqonda ithonya lemithetho ekhona, izakhamuzi zingasekela izinyathelo eziphumelela ngokwengeziwe futhi zigcine izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinecala lemiphumela. Ikusasa lokulandisa kwamaphoyisa ngeke libhalwe eWashington, D.C., kodwa emaphandleni ombuso kulo lonke izwe