Njengoba ukufudumala kushintsha isimo sezulu nendlala yamanzi kuhlanganisa ukuhlangana kwezindawo ezilawula imithombo yazo ebaluleke kakhulu. Inqubo yesimo sezulu iye yavela njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokuqondisa nokulawula imithombo yamanzi. Njengoba amazinga okushisa eshintsha izindlela zemvula, enza ukuba iqhwa linciphe, futhi ibangela isomiso nemvula ukuba isomiso, ohulumeni baphoqeleke ukuba baklame izakhiwo ezilawula ukuvinjelwa okuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwamanzi. Ukuhlanganiswa kokukhishwa kwecarbon ex, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, nemijikelezo yamanzi kusho ukuthi inqubo yesimo sezulu esiphumelelayo ayisasebenzi ngokunyeliswa kwesimiso sokuphatha amanzi. Lesi sihloko sihlola ithonya elikhulu lenqubo yesimo sezulu emithonjeni yamanzi, izinselele eziqhubekayo, izinselele eziqhubekayo, namathuba okuvelayo ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokusebenza kwamanzi.

Indima Yokulawulwa Kwesimo Sezulu

Izimiso zesimo sezulu zimisa izimemezelo ezingokomthetho neziwumthetho zokuhlela ukuhlelwa kwamanzi ngaphansi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo. Ngezinga lomhlaba wonke, izivumelwano ezinjenge-Paris Aunivement ne-Sustainable Development Zomgomo 6 emanzini ahlanzekile nenhlanzeko zikhuthaza izimemezelo zokuhlela isimo sezulu ukuba zihambisane namapulani angokomhlaba. Amanzi [izinga lomhlaba] agcizelela ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kumelwe kube amanzi aphakathi, njengoba amanzi eyindawo engcono ethinta imimoya ekhona.

Amanzi asebenzayo alawulwa ngaphansi kwesimiso sezulu adinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zezenhlala - kahle. Amanzi awalawulwa ngokuhlukaniswa . Ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo zokulima, amandla, ukuhlela idolobha, nokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile. I-policies egunyaza ukuhlanganiswa kokuphatha imithombo yamanzi (IWRM) isiza ekuhlanganiseni la mangxenye, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamanzi kufaka izinqumo zesimo sezulu sesikhathi esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-European’s Water Framediodive Directive imisa izisulu ezibophayo zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi nesimo sendawo ezungezile, kuyilapho ukuthuthukisa kwayo isimo sezulu kudinga ukuba amalungu ahlanganise ukuhleleka kwezindawo zokuphatha imvula ezisemfuleni. Izimiso ezinjalo ziguqula ukuphatha amanzi aphumela ezimweni zengozi, ezihambisana nengozi.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Ezithinteka Isimiso Sezulu

Izimiso zesimo sezulu zithinta cishe zonke izici zokulawula umcebo wamanzi. Lezi zindawo ezilandelayo zimelela izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokungenela, lapho ukulawulwa nokutshala imali kungaveza khona inzuzo engenakulungiseka ekulondekeni kwamanzi.

Ukulondolozwa Kwamanzi Nokulawulwa Kwawo

Izimiso ezihloselwe ukunciphisa imfuno yamanzi ziphakathi kwezinyathelo ezibiza kakhulu zokuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu. Kwezolimo cishe amaphesenti angu-70 okukhishwa kwamanzi angenayo embulungeni yonke − ukulawulwa kungagunyaza ukunisela ngenkasa, imizwa yomswakama wenhlabathi, nezindlela zesomiso zezitshalo ezisetshenziswayo. Izinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwezindawo zase Uganda zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuqoqa amanzi angenayo, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezinga eliphezulu, kanye nemithetho esemthethweni yamapayipicter. Ngokwesibonelo, .S. i-EPA’s Watersenses izinhlelo zohlelo ezisebenza kahle eziye zasindisa amalithayo kusukela ekumisweni kwayo. Izimiso zezulu zithuthukisa ukuqamba kwabantu ngemikhampatho phakathi nemithetho enciphekayo.

Izimiso Zokubuyisela Imali Nezokutshala Imali

Isimiso sesimo sezulu siqhubekisela phambili izakhiwo eziqinile ezingamelana nezenzakalo ezinkulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa amapayipi agugile ukuze anciphise ukuvuza, ukwakha izimiso zokuthatha amanzi anesiphepho, nokwakha izitshalo ezisusa imvelo ezisebenza ngamandla avuselelwe. Ohulumeni baqinisa izimali ezisekela izimali ezimbonini zesimo sezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. i-Infraclactive Invementation Invementation kunye ne-Jobs Acts zenzelect ukuze kuvikelwe izakhiwo zezakhiwo ezikwazi ukuvuselela isimo sezulu esilula (ukuvuseza imvula).

Ukulawula Ukungcola Kuyashintsha

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela ukungcola kwamanzi ngokukhuphuka kwezimvula ezinkulu, izinto ezigxilisa ingqondo phakathi nesomiso, nokushintsha ukushisa kwamachibi nemifula. Izimiso zesimo sezulu ziqinisa imingcele yokukhipha isilinganiso esiqinile kukungcola kwezezimboni nakwezolimo, kuyilapho kuthuthukisa izixazulu ezisekelwe imvelo ezifana nezinga lokususa izinto ezinomsoco. I-European’s Nitrateds Directiveiveivevect, ngokwesibonelo, iye yashintshwa ukuveza ukuhla kwemvula enkulu ehlanziwa amaza amanzi emanzini. Ngokufanayo, i-Cean Water Act eU.S. idinga ukuveza ingqikithi yemithwalo yemvelo yansuku zonke ebangela izinguquko ezimweni zezulu ezinyakazayo. Ngokuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kokungcoliswa kwesimo sezulu, lezimiso zokungcolisa kwezindawo zamanzi ezincikelelwa emiphakathini yamanzi ezincike kakhulu ezimweni zezindawo ezicindezelayo.

Isivikelo Sesimiso Semvelo Nokubuyiselwa Kwamanzi

Izindawo ezinempilo zemvelo − izindawo ezinamaxhaphozi, izikhukhula, izikhungo zemisebenzi njengezakhiwo zamanzi angokwemvelo, ukuqondisa, ukuhluza, nokubuyisela amanzi angcolile. Izimiso zesimo sezulu zithuthukisa ukulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwalezi zimiso. Izinhlelo zezemvelo, ezivamile eCosta Rica naseChina, zikhokhela abanikazi bezindawo ezivikeleka amahlathi. E-United States, i- i-Muspect Program evikela amanzi isiza imiphakathi ukuba kuvikelelwe imikhuba yokuphuza amanzi evikela imithombo esendaweni eshisayo eyingozi yezulu nencithaka. Isimo sezulu sezwe, njenge-Green Climate, ukusekela inqubo yezemisebenzi ehlangene yezesimo se-octive.

Ukufuya Amanzi Nezikhali Zezomnotho

Isimiso sokuma kwezulu sivame ukusungula amathuluzi ezomnotho okuhlela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokutholakala kwemithombo yamandla. I-pricing yamanzi egcwele ibonisa izindleko zangempela zokwelashwa, ukuzalwa, nokukhuliswa kwendawo ezungezile, ibangela ukuba kulondolozwe futhi kukwazi ukutshala izakhiwo eziqinile. Izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezingokomlando ezikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okusaphazanyiswayo − njengalawo asetshenziswayo ezitshalweni ezigcwele amanzi.⁠ Ziyawasekela ekusekeleni ubuchwepheshe obuphumelelayo. Izimakethengiso zamanzi, ezisebenza e-Murrow Basin nasengxenyeni yentshona ye-United States, zinikeza abasebenzisi amalungelo amanzi ngokunenzuzo, zivumela ukuba bahwebe phakathi nokuswe kwendlala. Lezi zindlela zemakethengizimu, lapho zihlangene nokuqondisa okunamandla, ziveza izisusa zemali ukuze zisebenzise izinga eliphezulu kakhulu, kokubili isayensi yezomnotho.

Izinselele Namathuba Okusetshenziswa Kwamathuba

Ukushintshela isimiso sezulu ekuqondiseni amanzi ngokuphumelelayo kugcwele izithiyo, kodwa inselele ngayinye futhi inikeza ithuba lokusungula nokulungisa.

Izinkinga Zemali Nezikhala Zokutshala Imali

Ukunyusela amanzi asesimweni sezulu akhulela ezindinganisweni eziqinile kudinga inhloko- dolobha. I- World Bank [ ilinganisela ukuthi izindleko zokuguqula isimo sezulu emkhakheni wamanzi ziyodlula ama-500 000 000 000 000 ngonyaka ngo-2050. Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka antula ukukwazi ukufinyelela imali engathelekiyo, kuyilapho ngisho nezifunda ezicebile zilwa nokumelana nezombangazwe ukuze zikhule. Ithuba lisezingenisweni zezezimali ezihlangene, izibopho eziluhlaza, kanye nezinhlangothi zomphakathi ezidayisa intengo yezentengo yemali. Ubuchwepheshe bunciphisa futhi izindleko ezincithakazekayo zemali ezincishisiwe kanye nokuthuthukisa izindleko zokusebenza nokuthuthukisa inzuzo, ukwenza ukuzimela okungabizi.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nokuhlukaniswa Kwemithetho

Ukubusa kwamanzi kuvame ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi ezinemithetho ehlukene noma engqubuzanayo. Izimiso zesimo sezulu zingancitshiswa yimijikelezo emifushane yezombangazwe, ithathelwa izimboni zamanzi, futhi ingafuni ukubeka imingcele engathandeki. Ukunqoba lokhu kudinga izisekelo eziqinile zomthetho nezindikimba ezizimele. Impumelelo ye-Ater Act yase-Australia, eyadala intengiso yamanzi futhi yanika i-Murray Basin Authority amandla, ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ushintsho olubanzi uma ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe kwakha usongo olungathi sína lwesomiso somphakathi. Isivumelwano somphakathi nokwaziswa okukhanyayo kuyasiza ekusekeleni umphakathi ngenxa yezinguquko ezinzima.

Izithiyo Zokwaziswa Nokungaqiniseki

Izimo zezulu ezibonisa isimo sezulu ziveza izinhlobonhlobo zekusasa, okwenza kube nzima ukuklama izimiso ezisebenza kuzo zonke izimo. Izifunda eziningi azinazo iziteshi zokuhlola ezidingekayo ukuze kulandelwe amazinga amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukugeleza kwemifudlana, nezingamanzi ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngakho i-Policies kumelwe ibe yizici ezivumelanayo zezizathu zokubukeza nokulungisa izimo njengokushintsha. Ukungeniswa kwemikhankaso yemvula kanye namapulatifomu avulekile kuyithuba eliphezulu lokuhle. Ngokwesibonelo, iCopernicurical Climate Change Service yaseYurophu inikeza iziqhaza zesihle, eziphezulu ezisebenzisa izikhulu ezisebenza ekulungiseni izicwangciso zesomiso.

Ukungakhethi Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Izimiso zesimo sezulu zingafaka umthwalo ophansi ngokungenhloso emiphakathini etholakele namaqembu aphansi. Amanani amanzi aphakeme, nakuba ephumelela, angaholela ezinkingeni ezimalini. Ukutshala izimali ngokuvamile kuhlela izindawo ezicebile, kushiya abanye besengozini. Ukusingatha lokhu, izinqubo kufanele zihlanganise amazinga okusindisa ukuphila, izivumelwano zomphakathi, nezivumelwano zokuhlukanisa. Ilungelo lomuntu lokuthatha izinqumo. IZizwe ezihlangene, kumelwe zifakelwe emacebweni okuzimela isimo sezulu.

Ukubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Namanzi Ahambayo

Izigodi ezingaphezu kuka 260 zemifula enqamula imingcele yezwe, futhi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunezela ukuqina emalungiselelweni ayinkimbinkimbi kakade. Izimiso zesimo sezulu ezikhuthaza ukubambisana − njengokuhlola amaqembu, ukusizakala, kanye nokulungisa izinqumo eziphikisanayo, kunciphisa izingozi zengxabano. Ngokwesibonelo, iMekong River Commission isebenzisa izithombe zesimo sezulu ukuhlanganisa amadamu emazweni amane. I-UNECE Water Convention inikeza iqophelo eliphezulu elingokomthetho lokushintsha isimo sezulu.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Emthethweni Wamanzi Owehlayo

ECalifornia: Ukuphothula Ukuphathwa Kwesomiso

Okuhlangenwe nakho kweCalifornia kwesomiso saminyaka eminingi kuye kwayenza yaba yisikhungo sokuhlola ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi aneziphepho zezulu. Isimiso sombuso sokusekela i-Sustainable Groundwater Management (SGMA) idinga izinhlangano zendawo ukuze zikwazi ukusekela amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngo-2040, ziqeda amashumi eminyaka okuwanciphisa. Isimiso sesimo sezulu sisekela ukugcinwa kwamanzi ancishisiwe, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi, nokuncitshiswa kwamanzi okubangelwa amandla elanga. Inqubo ye-202222 yamanzi aseCalifornia Resince Portolio ihlela izindlela zokulungiselela ukuncitshiswa kwamanzi alinganiselwa ku-10% ngeminyaka engu-2070. Nakuba izinselele zihlala zikhona ezindaweni zokulima ezijulileyo kanye namalungelo amanzi ajulile angaphakathi.

I - murray - Darling Basin Plan yase - Australia

Ngemva kweMinyaka Eyinkulungwane ye-Dornot, i-Australia yamisa enye yezinqubo ezibanzi zokuguqula isimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke. I-Murray-Darling Basin Plan ihlela ukuhamba kwamanzi okuhamba okuvikela indawo ezungezile, futhi imisa imboni yamanzi. Inqubo iveza ngokucacile ushintsho lwesimo sezulu ngokunciphisa imingcele yokukhushulwa kwezindawo. Ukuhlolwa kwezindawo zokuhlola isimo sezulu nokuhlola okuvamile kuqinisekisa ukuthi icebo liyaqhubeka lisebenza. Nakuba izimpi zezombangazwe ezisezingenisweni zamanzi zikhona, isayensi yezemvelo ibonise izimpawu zokuthuthuka, futhi abasebenzisi bamanzi baye bashintsha isimo sezulu esiguquguqukayo ngokuhwebelana nokuphumelela.

ISingapore: Ukuvala Imbobo Ngesimiso

ISingapore, naphezu kokuntula imithombo yamanzi engokwemvelo, iye yafinyelela ukulondeka kwamanzi ngenqubo yesimo sezulu engokombono. I-National Water Agency, PUB, isebenzisa icebo lokuthatha “impompi zamazwe”: ukudotshwa kwendawo, amanzi athengwayo, ukubuyiselwa kwamanzi, ukukhohliswa, nokuncishiswa kwamanzi. Inqubo yesimo sezulu inciphisa ukulondolozwa kwamanzi ngokususa nokulawula ukuvuleka kwamanzi. I-Newater, yakhiqiza ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bolwelwesi, manje ihlangana namashumi amane% esidingo sesizwe. Indlela yeSingapore ibonisa ukuthi isimiso sokusebenza kwezesayensi yezemvelo singabangela ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwendawo ezungezile ezungezile ehamba amanzi, inciphisa ukuvalela ukuvuleka komoya.

INetherlands: Ukuhlala Namanzi

AmaDashi anesikhathi eside ehlangene nesimiso sokushintsha isimo sezulu. I-Delta Programme, ithuthukiswa njalo eminyakeni eyisithupha ngesayensi yesimo sezulu samuva, ilawula isivikelo sesikhukhula, ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile, nokuhlelwa kwe-pastrilla. I-Pricies ifuna ukuba zonke izakhiwo ezintsha zivikeleke kusikhukhula futhi ukuba ukuphatha kwamanzi kube “kuvikelwa okungangeni-" ngo-2050. Izimali zohlelo zigcinwa nge-Deltal Fund enikezelwe, iqinisekisa ukutshala isikhathi eside kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imijikelezo yezombangazwe. I-Netherlands ibonisa ukubaluleka kokuzinzika kwezentengiselwano, isayensi eqinile, nokuthengwa kwamanzi athengwa umphakathi.

Izindlela Zokulawula Isimo Sezulu Namanzi Esikhathini Esizayo

Ukuthambekela kokushintsha isimo sezulu kuyoqhubeka nokulawula amanzi ampontshelwayo. Okokuqala, i-nexus yamanzi yamanzi ithola ukunakekela: izimiso ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi zinciphisa futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, zidala izinqubo phakathi kokukhubazeka nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Okwesibili, izixazulu ezisekelwe emvelweni ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kokulungisa imvelo ngokulungisa kokubili ikharbon steary nemithetho yamanzi. Imishini yezezinombolo (yesithathu) ifakwa emapulanini ezwe. I-IPCCC'smentstions yeSix Aving [ iqokomisa ukubaluleka kokulungisa imvelo ngenxa yombili i-carbourcest ne-tection. Izibalo ze-tecture, ukuvamater, kanye ne-ccutting, i-kayinkingcka, futhi yenza isinqumo sangempela sawodwa kakhulu. Lokhu kusekela kulolu lwezimo lwezi lwesambuku

Okwesine, umqondo “wokusetshenziswa kwemali yamanzi” uyanda ukuhlanganiswa kwamazinga endawo nakwezesifunda. Lezimiso zibeka imingcele eqiniswa ngokomthetho ekuphumeni kwamanzi aphelele endaweni ecwengiwe, zilungiseka minyaka yonke ngokwezimo zezulu. Lendlela, kakade esetshenziswayo ezingxenyeni ze-New Zealand nentshona ye-United States, iphoqelela abasebenzisi ukuba bahlele ukuswela. Okokugcina, izinhlelo zesimo sezulu zihlanganisa amalungelo amanzi nolondolozolondolozo: ngokubizwa ngokuthi “ukuwasebenzisa noma ukulahlekelwa yikho” imithetho iyakushintshwa ukuvumela abalimi ukuba bashiye amanzi emifuleni ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ilungelo labo, kanjalo basekele imvelo yabo phakathi nesomiso.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sesimo sezulu asiwona nje umdlali osekelayo ekuqondiseni amanzi asetshenziswayo, kodwa singumshayeli oyinhloko woshintsho. Ngokumisa izindinganiso zokulondolozwa kwemvelo, ukulawula ukungcola ngaphansi kwezindawo ezishintshayo, ukuvikela izikhawu zemvelo, nokusebenzisa amathuluzi ezomnotho ngokuhlakanipha, ohulumeni bangaqondisa izimiso zamanzi ekulondolozeni. Izinselele zezimali, ukukhuhlana kwezombangazwe, ukulinganiselwa kokwaziswa, kodwa ukuhleleka komthetho kuyinto engokoqobo, kodwa akunakweqiseka. Izifundo ezivela eCalifornia, e-Australia, eSingapore, naseNetherlands zifakazela ukuthi inqubo elawulayo, ingaveza imiphumela ephathekayo. Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlangana kwezindawo zezigidi nezimiso zezesayensi. Ukuhlangana okuqhubekayo, ukuhlangana kweminyango, nokuhlangana kwezizwe ezihlangeneyo kuyoba nokuvikela imithombo yamanzi esikhathini esizayo.