Usizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Njengomsizi Wokunakekela Indawo: Amathuba Nezigigaba

Usizo lwamazwe angaphandle luye lwaba isisekelo sentuthuko yomhlaba wonke amashumi eminyaka. Ohulumeni, izinhlangano zezindawo eziningi njenge World Bank ne International Monetary Fund, kanye nezinhlangano ezingakhokhi zenza uhulumeni zithumela amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke emazweni asathuthuka. Nakuba izinhloso ezicacile zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuncipha kobumpofu, intuthuko yezempilo, nezakhiwo zezezisekelo zezakhiwo zemvelo, imiphumela yosizo esheshayo ekwakheni iphakeme kakhulu (neminingi) futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. Uma iklanywe futhi isetshenziswa ngokunengqondo, usizo lwangaphandle lunganikeza inhloko - dolobha, ukuqeqeshwa, nokuxhumana okuthi imicronegrade (MS) okuncane, ne-microscovessss kudinga ukuchuma. Ngokungaphezulu, izinhlelo ezikhiqiniwe kakhulu zingathuthukisa ukuncitshiswa kwezindawo zendawo zendawo, futhi zibhuntshise umoya womphakathi wezwe kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola imiphumela emishaneni yezindawo nezindawo zezindawo zezentengo ezindaweni zangaphandle.

Ukuqonda ubukhulu bayo yonke ingqikithi kudinga ukubheka ngalé kwezibalo zosizo ezizimele. Ngokwe- OECD Development Affect Committee [[FL:1], usizo olungokomthetho lokuthuthukisa (ODA) ingqikithi yezigidi ezingu-2022. Ingxenye enkulu ihamba ngezinhlelo ezithuthukisa amaqoqo azimele, ukusekela okuncane kwezebhizinisi, nokuqeqeshelwa ezohwebo. Kodwa ukuphumelela kwale zinhlelo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwengxenye, ingxenye, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Ingxenye elandelayo ihlola imishini eyinhloko ethinta ngayo imishini yosizo lwakwamanye amazwe, kanye nemiphumela ehloselwe ukuthuthukisa amabhizinisi angaphandle.

Imiphumela Emihle Yosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Emabhizinisini Amancane

Ukuphakanyiswa Kwemali Nendlela Yokuyithola

Enye yezinzuzo eziqondile zosizo lwakwamanye amazwe ukujovwa kwenhloko - dolobha kwezomnotho zendawo. Amabhizinisi amancane amaningi emazweni angenayo asebenza “phakathi” kwemali: makhulu kakhulu ukuba angathola i-crocredit kodwa antula umlando wezimali ezisemthethweni ukuba afanelekele imali ebolekiswayo. Izinhlelo zezentengiselwano zingavala leligebe ngezindlela eziningi:

  • - Imali ekhokhelwayo yezidingo ezithile zebhizinisi njengempahla ethengwayo, ukwanda kohlu, noma ukukhula komkhiqizo.
  • [ Imali ebolekwayo ephansi kakhulu kanye nemali ebolekiwe – izinhlangano eziningi zosizo nezinhlangano zezezimali zendawo ukuboleka imali encane ebhalwe intela engcono kubathengisi abangeke bakhutshwe.
  • [ Inhloko- dolobha yemali kanye nezimali zokulingana[ - Ezinye izinhlelo zimisa inzuzo yokutshala imali ethatha izigxobo ezilinganayo ekuthembiseni ukuqala kwendawo, inikeza iziqondiso ezisemqoka.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Agency ye-International Development (USAID) yenza intuthuko yezohwebo eye yasusa imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - R1 ezibolekwayo futhi yanikezela emabhizinisini amancane e-Afrika, okuphumela ekusungulweni kwemisebenzi nasekukhuleni kwemali. Ukuhlolwa koMnyango we-USAID ku-Aspecineter Entrepreneurship (PACE) kwathola ukuthi ukuthatha izimali ezikontini ngo-40% futhi kwandisa umsebenzi wawo ngesilinganiso se-25% ngeminyaka emibili.

Ukwakha Namakhono Okuqeqesha

Usizo lwangaphandle luvame ukudlulela ngalé kwezimali ukuze lufake imali enhloko - dolobha yabantu. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ukuphatha amabhizinisi, ukufunda nokubhala, ukuthengisa, namakhono obuchwepheshe ziyingxenye evamile yamaphakethe osizo. Lezi zinhlelo zingashintsha ikakhulukazi kubathengisi bokuqala abangenazo imfundo engokomthetho yezebhizinisi.

Uhlelo lwe-International Labour Organization (ILO) Isiqalo noKhuthazwa kwezebhizinisi Lakho (SIYB), oluxhaswe ohulumeni abaningi abanikelayo, luqeqeshe izigidi zabathengisi emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu. Ukuhlola kubonisa njalo ukuthi abathathi nxaxheba bangama-2040% cishe bagcina amabhizinisi abo ehamba ngemva kweminyaka emibili uma kuqhathaniswa nezisebenzi ezingathathi ngxenye, futhi babika futhi baveza inzuzo ephakeme nemisebenzi engcono yokuphatha ngokwezimali. Ngokufanayo, i-World Bank’s Entreneurship kanye nohlelo lwe-Involution lunikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe kukuqala kwesigaba se-69, futhi basiza ukuba bathuthukise imisebenzi esebenzayo yezebhizinisi kanye nemisebenzi yezentengiso yomhlaba yomhlaba.

Intuthuko Yezakhiwo Nokutholakala Kwayo

Izakhiwo ziwumgogodla wanoma isiphi izomnotho. Usizo lwangaphandle lunemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi ebucayi exhaswe ngokomlando enjengemigwaqo, amatheku, i-roads, imishini kagesi, imishini yokuxhumana nezimiso zokunisela nge-meta. Izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zizuzisa amabhizinisi amancane ngokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza, ukunciphisa amaketanga, nokuvula imikhondo emisha yokusakaza.

Ngokwesibonelo, “Izinhlelo ze-Infrapublicre Development ye-Africa” ye-Africa“ Inqubo ye-Infrablicture Development (PIDA) ihlela amaphasishi okuthutha angena emaceleni asiza abalimi abancane nababazi ukuba bafinyelele ezimakethe zendawo. Intuthuko yomgwaqo eyaxhaswe iEurope Union esemaphandleni asemaphandleni yanciphisa izindleko zokuhamba cishe ngo 50% futhi yandisa isikhungo sabathengi babo emadolobhaneni ngaphambili esasibhekwa njengokukude kakhulu. Ukufinyelela kugesi okunokwethenjelwa kubaluleke ngokufanayo: ukuhlola eTanzania kwathola ukuthi amafemu amancane ahlangene ne-drive ebone ukwanda kwemali emali ehholi emali enziwa minyaka yonke elingana neyawo yonke elingana neyasemayini engenamandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yosizo cishe njengezindawo ze-inthanethi zomphakathi noma imininingwane ehambayo ephansi yama-inthanethi (*) ukuze bathole amathuluzi emishini ekhokhayo, abaphathi bemisebenzi, ne-eʽcommerce. ERwanda, ubudlelwane phakathi kukahulumeni nenhlangano yezentuthuko ye-SNV yasiza abadayisi abancane ukuba bathole izimiso zemali ezihambayo, bethuthukisa ukuthengiswa kwabo kwansuku zonke ngo-15% futhi benciphisa ukwebiwa okuhlobene.

Ukudluliselwa Kobuchwepheshe Nokusekelwa Kokusungulwa Kwezimo

Izinhlelo eziningi zosizo zakwamanye amazwe zihlanganisa ukudluliswa kwemishini yezobuchwepheshe, ukwenza imishini ephambili, i-software, noma izindlela zokukhiqiza ezitholakalayo ezisetshenziswa amafemu endawo. Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu amabhizinisi, ukukhiqiza, nokuvuselela amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Japan International Cooperation Agency (JA) iye yanikeza ubuchwepheshe obungenamdlandla obusebenza ngokuthula kumaqembu amancane asebenza ngobisi eMpuma Afrika, okuwenza akwazi ukuthuthukisa nokuthengisa ubisi ngaphandle kokuphanga.

Izikhungo zokususa izimali kanye nezikhungo zezezobuchwepheshe, ngokuvamile ezasungulwa ngezimali zangaphandle, ziqala ekuqaleni kwe-stage. I- “iHub” eNairobi, eKenya, yathola izimali zembewu ezivela kubantu abanikela ngezizwe zonke kuhlanganise neRockefeller Foundation futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yasekela amakhulukhulu ezisebenzi zezobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlolwa komphumela wamashumi amabili abonisa ukuthi iHubûincoincocubated yakha imisebenzi emisha engaphezu kuka-1 500 futhi yakhuphuka iyizigidi ezingu-50 (ansoundation) ngokulandela izimali ezivela kubantu abacensela ngokulandela i-Roclatean Foundationssstyy Foundation kuchaza indlela yosizo oluyimficial syntal (ieaetic systlosityology).

Izinselele Nezingozi Zosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Kwabacindezeli Bendawo

Ukwethembela ‘ Nogibe Oluyi - Amid ’”

Enye yezinsolo eziphikelela kakhulu zosizo lwakwamanye amazwe ukuthi idala umjikelezo wokuncika, ikakhulukazi lapho izilinganiso ezinkulu zemali zigeleza ngokuqondile emabhizinisini amancane ngaphandle kwamasu okuphuma acacile. Abahlaziyi bangase benze imisebenzi yabo ibe engcono ukuze banelise izimfuneko zokusiza kunokuvumelana nezimo ezingokoqobo zezimakethe. Lapho imali iphela, la mabhizinisi avame ukuwa.

Ukuhlolwa kwamabhizinisi amancane ezolimo eMalawi kwathola ukuthi amafemu athola izimali eziphindwayo ezivela ku-NGOs yamazwe ngamazwe cishe ayengenayo inzuzo ekwakheni ibhizinisi noma afake imali emfutho elingana nezindawo ezingezakho ezingakaze zithole usizo. Kunalokho, abela izimali zokuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zomsebenzi nokulondoloza ubuhlobo. “lesisicupho” singavimbela ukusungulwa kwemisebe yemvelo kanye nokuzifaka engozini leyo nzuzo engenisa ibhizinisi elinempilo.

Ukulahlekelwa Izidingo Zendawo Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe zivame ukuklanywa abantu abangase bangaqondi ngokugcwele inqubo yamasiko endawo, amandla, noma ukuziphatha kwabathengi. Indlela yokwethula ipropatigrafi iholela ekungahambelani. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezakhelwe abadwebi bebhizinisi baseNtshonalanga zingagcizelela izivumelwano ezingokomthetho namasipala aphakathi, kuyilapho amabhizinisi amancane amaningi asebenza ngemifelandawo kanye nokuthengwa okungahleliwe. Abathengikazi bangase balahle noma basebenzise lamathuluzi, bachithe imithombo enikelayo futhi bancike ngokuthandabuza ukungenela komsebenzi wangaphandle.

Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi yosizo esunduza ubuchwepheshe obuthile − njengezimiso eziphambili zokunisela ngenkasa ezisezindaweni ezinezingxenye ezilinganiselwe namakhono okulungisa, iphumela ekusebenziseni izinto ezibizayo ezingekho. Ukubukeza ngo-2019 [2019] Center ye-Global Development[[[FL:1] yathola ukuthi amathuluzi okulima alinganiselwa ku-35% anikezwa yizinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe e-Australia engaphansi kwe-saharan ayengasebenzi iminyaka emibili ngemva kokufakwa, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuqeqeshwa nokugcinwa nokugcinwa kwezingxenye ezigciniwe.

Ukuminyana Kwezamabhizinisi Nemincintiswano

Usizo olukhulu lwakwamanye amazwe lungaminyanisa abahwebi bendawo ngezinye izikhathi. Uma izinhlangano zosizo zingenisa izimpahla ngokuqondile noma zisungula iziphuzo ezithengiselweyo, zinganciphisa abakhiqizi nabahwebi bendawo. Ekuqaleni kwawo- 2000, ukuthunyelwa kokudla emazweni amaningana aseNtshonalanga Afrika okucwebezela kakhulu imali yentengo yamazwe endawo kangangokuba abalimi abancane bangancintisana; abaningi bashiya amapulazi abo. Amandla afanayo ayenzeka engxenyeni yezinkonzo: lapho amazwe amaningi enikeza i-NJOO amacebo amabhizinisi amancane noma aphansi kakhulu, abeluleki bezamabhizinisi bendawo bangalahlekelwa abalimi abambalwa.

Usizo lwangaphandle lungasiza futhi ezimbonini ezinkulu ezihlangene nezombangazwe. Izivumelwano zezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi eminingi zivame ukunikwa izinkampani zokwakha zomhlaba wonke kunokuba zinikwe abakhi bendawo ngenxa yemithetho efuna ukuncintisana okukhulu kakhulu. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuhlukanisa abathengisi bendawo nethonya lezomnotho kodwa kufaka futhi isibindi esikhona.

Ukonakala, Ukungaqondisi Izindaba Ezinhle, Nokubanjwa Kwezombangazwe

Umthamo omkhulu wemali yokusiza uveza amathuba okonakala, ikakhulukazi emazweni anokubusa okubuthakathaka. Izimali ezihloselwe ukusekela amabhizinisi amancane zingayiswa kubantu abaphezulu noma zisetshenziswe ekusekeleni. Ngisho nalapho inkohlakalo ingamili, ukucwaninga okulawulayo kungabambezela ukususwa kwemisebenzi yokulawula futhi kubeke imithwalo enzima embonini ephansi embonini ezincane. Izimali eziningi zibika ukuthi zichitha isikhathi esiningi zigcwalisa amafomu anikelayo kunasekusebenzeni amabhizinisi azo. [[FLT: 0] Ukucwaninga okuvamile kuhlangene ne International kuhlolele ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba usizo olungahleleki kahle luye luye lungene ekwandiseni ukonakala kwabantu abamukela inzuzo, okulimaza abantu abaningi abangena amandla abakwazi ukuhlanganisa amabhizinisi abangakwazi ukuthatha izinqubo zokuhamba.

Izinyathelo Zokunciphisa Ithonya Elihle Losizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Ezokusetshenziswa Kwendawo

Ukuba Umnikazi Wasendaweni Nokuklanywa Kwesimiso Esinengxenye

Izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe eziphumelela kakhulu ziphatha abantu bendawo hhayi njengabazuzisi abagculisekile kodwa njengabasebenzayo. Izinqubo zokuklama zokwenza imishini − ezisiza abanikazi bamabhizinisi abancane, amabhizinisi, kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni bendawo ukuba bahlele izinto eziza kuqala kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo − ukungenela okufanelekile nokuvumelana nezidingo zangempela zezentengiselwano. Abanikazi bathatha ngokuqhubekayo izimpawu “zemali ezisekelwe ekutholeni inzuzo esekelwe emphakathini okhohliweyo.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo ze-World Bank “Izigunyazo ne-Liveliods” e-South Asia zihlanganisa amakomiti asekelwe emphakathini afaka i-compatective microprojects. La makomiti anomthwalo wokukhetha ukuthi imaphi amabhizinisi amancane athola iminikelo nayimiphumela yokuhlola. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezinjalo zinesilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu sempumelelo uma kuziwa ekuqhubekeni kwebhizinisi nasekwa empumelelweni uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezingcono ezigunyaziwe.

Ukungenela Kwezinkonzo Zemali Ezinemitapo Nezokuthweswa Iziqu

Kunokuba kunikezelwe imali noma imali ebolekwayo, izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe ezinamandla kakhulu zihlanganisa izinkonzo zezimali kanye nokusekela okungezona i-635fenic okunjengokuqeqesha, ukunikeza umxhumanisi wezentengiselwano. “I-BRAC” isondela, iphayone ne-BRAC eBangladesh futhi manje ithathiwe kakhulu yizinhlangano ezifana i-Consultractive Groult yokusiza abampofu (CGAP), inikeza iphakethe elandelanayo: ukusekela imfuno yesidingo esiyisisekelo, imali elondolo, ukuqeqeshwa, ukudluliswa kwempahla, nokuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo, futhi ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-1824, abaningi abathatha ingqhinga ekuzini ngaphandle kokuzinziswa kwezinga ezingeni eziyisithupha. [inani elivamile]

Izindawo Zokukhangisa Ezisekelwe Endleleni Nezihlangene Ngasese

Usizo lwangaphandle lungaphumelela kakhulu uma lusebenza nge-"rather kunasezindleni ._masheya. Kunokuba zixhase amabhizinisi ngokwezimali, izinhlangano zosizo zingakhuthaza ukutshala imali ngamabhizinisi ngokuhlanganisa imali: ukuboleka imali ehlukene, ukuboleka imali elinganiselwe, noma usizo lwezobuchwepheshe kumabhange entengiselwano kanye nabatshali bezimali abakhonza abahwebi bendawo. Lokhu kusiza okulinganiselwe kumadollar alinganiselwe ukuze kuminyaniswe enhloko-nkampane futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi amabhizinisi akhethwe ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwemali, kunokuba akhethelwe ukunikela.

I-USAID’s Development Credit Authority (DCA) iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo. Ngokunikeza iziqinisekiso zemali ebolekiswayo enziwa yizinhlangano zezezimali zendawo, i-DCA iye yaqoqa imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6) ngokubolekisa ngamabhizinisi amancane emazweni angaphezu kuka-70. Isiqinisekiso sinciphisa ingozi emabhange, siwavumela ukuba atsheleke abathengisi ababengabhekwa njengabayingozi kakhulu. Izingakhokhwama zemali eDCAÍguante ezibolekayo ziye zahlala ziphansi (ngaphansi kwe-5%), kubonisa ukuthi intengozo ezincane zebhizinisi zingalondolozwa futhi zikhokhwa uma zihlelwe kahle.

Ukuqinisa Izinkampani Zendawo Nezinhlangano Zokusekela Amabhizinisi

Izimiso zezentengiselwano eziqinile zixhomeke ezinhlanganweni zendawo eziqinile: izikhungo zezohwebo, izakhiwo zokuthuthukisa amabhizinisi, amagumbi ezentengiselwano, nezikole zokuqeqeshela imisebenzi. Usizo lwangaphandle kufanele luhlele ukuhlelwa kwalezinhlangano kunokuba zidlule. Ngokwesibonelo, umnini-zo angaxhasa uhlelo lokuqeqeshela abaqondisi bebhizinisi bendawo noma ahlobise igumbi lezohwebo ngamathuluzi emishinini ukuze axhumane namalungu ezimakethengiso nasesikhwameni sezimali. Lokhu kuqinisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe nemisebenzi kuhlala kusezweni isikhathi eside ngemva kokuphela kweprojekthi ethile yosizo.

I-Netherlands’s Enterepreneurial Development Bank (FMO)[FFLT:1] isebenzisa isibonelo sokwakha samandla esinikeza ukuqeqesha, umeluleki, kanye nesiqinisekiso sabaphathi bebhizinisi bendawo e-Afrika nase-Asia. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amabhizinisi asebenzisa laba banikezeli bendawo enza kangcono kunalabo abathola usizo oluqondile: babika amazinga aphakeme kakhulu abathengi kanye nezindleko eziphansi ezingu-15%. Izisebenzi zendawo ngokwazo ziba amabhizinisi amancane aphumelelayo, zakha umphumela wokwenyusa inzuzo kuyo yonke indawo.

Ukuhlolwa, Ukuhlolwa Nokuqondiswa Kwezimo

Okokugcina, izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe kumelwe zihlanganise ukugada nokuhlola okuqinile (M&E) ngezindlela zokulawula. I-M&E evamile igxila ekukhishweni kwemali ebolekwayo (umz., inani lemali ebolekwayo iqediwe) kunokuba likhishwe imiphumela (umz., ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwezebhizinisi, ukukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi, noma ukuncishiswa kobumpofu). Abanikazi nabasebenza nabo kufanele basebenzise ukuhlola okulawulwa ngokuzenzakalela, ukuhlola okuhlukanisayo, kanye nezinqubo ezivamile ezibavumela ukuba bafake ekusebenziseni ukungenela uma kungasebenzi.

I-Ambul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (JGAPAL) iye yasekela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obuqinile ekuklanyweni kosizo. Ukucwaninga kwabo ngemicrocredit, ngokwesibonelo, kwembula ukuthi izinhlelo ezivamile ze microcreedit zinemiphumela elinganiselwe kodwa zingathuthukiswa ngokulungisa isilinganiso semali eboletwayo, ukukhokha izinhlelo, kanye nezimiso zokukhokha. Izinhlelo ezihlanganise lezinguquko ezisekelwe kubufakazi zabona amazinga ebhizinisi enyuka ngokuphindwe kabili uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo ayengawashintshangawatholanga.

Isiphetho: Ukusebenzisa Imali Eningi Engasiza Abantu Bakwamanye Amazwe

Usizo lwangaphandle aluyona ikhambi noma ishevu lohwebo lendawo. Imiphumela yalo ixhomeke kakhulu emklamweni, ekuwusebenziseni, ekuwusebenziseni, ekuwulawuleni. Uma isetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha . Ngokuhlela okukodwa, ngokuhlanganisa izimali kanye nokwehla kwe-6645nicinace, izinkonzo ezisekelwe emakethe, futhi izinhlangano zendawo eziqinile zenza amabhizinisi amancane asungulwe nangokwezomnotho, ukuphakamisa yonke imiphakathi empofu. USAID, BRAC, iWorld Bank, nabanye babonisa ukuthi usizo olunengqondo lwamazwe angaphandle lusebenza ngempela.

Kodwa izingozi zingokoqobo. Ukweqisa, ukudukisa, ukuhlanekezela, nokukhohlakala kungaguqula usizo lube yisithiyo kunokuba lube yisici. Indlela engaphambili idinga ukuthobeka kwabanikeleyo: ukuzimisela ukulalela abahwebi, ukujwayela izinto ezingokoqobo zendawo, futhi unciphe njengoba amabhizinisi eqala ukuzinakekela. Ohulumeni, abenzi bamabhizinisi abazimele, nomphakathi kumelwe basebenzelane nokuklama izinhlelo zosizo ezihambisana nokuthatha isinyathelo sendawo. Ekugcineni, impumelelo yokusiza kwamanye amazwe ekuthuthukiseni ukukhula kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ezindaweni ezisakazekile, kodwa ngeke ilinganiswe ngamandla emalini, kodwa ngamandla nokuzinziswa kwemisebenzi echumayo ekhona isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba imali isetshenziswe.