Isingeniso: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwenqubo Engaqondakali

Inqubo efanelekile engathi ingenye yezimfundiso ezinamandla kakhulu kodwa eziphikiswana kakhulu emthethweni-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ngaphakathi, lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo agxiliswe kakhulu emlandweni wesizwe namasiko kangangokuthi uhulumeni akanakuwagxambukela, kungakhathaliseki izinqubo ezilandelayo. Ngokungafani nenqubo elandelwayo, egxile ekulinganiseni izinqubo zikahulumeni uma unciphisa umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, inqubo eyisisekelo ehlola [ ikhona, noma ilandela umthetho ngokwawo. Ibuza ukuthi umthetho uphula yini ilungelo elibhekwa njengelingabalulekile kangangokuthi akukho nqubo yawo eyisisekelo yokuzithethelela.

Lomqondo uye waguqula izinqumo eziphawulekayo ngokuphathelene nezindaba zomuntu siqu, umshado, umkhaya, kanye nozimele ngokomzimba, uwenza isisekelo esiyinhloko somthetho wanamuhla. Nokho, uye wadala futhi impikiswano enkulu ngendima efanelekile yejaji emphakathini wentando yeningi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo eyisisekelo ekhethekile yenza amajaji avumele ukubeka inqubo ekhethekile yomuntu siqu, kuyilapho abavikeli baphikisa ukuthi ibalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kumthetho womthetho wanamuhla ophakeme. Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukusebenza, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ezihlobene nenqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo yentando yeningi kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda amandla omthetho wezwe wamanje.

Isisekelo Somlando: Kusuka Entweni Esunguliwe Kuya Esisekelweni

Isisekelo sombhalo esiyisisekelo senqubo efanelekile ye-Act Clausstion of the Findrost of the 1450 References. Isichibiyelo sesihlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1791, sinikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu ozolahlekelwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. ISivumelwano se 1450, esamukelwa ngo-1868, sidlulisela imingcele efanayo kohulumeni. Ngekhulu leshumi elinesine leminyaka, lezizinkantolo zachaza ngokuyinhloko lezi ziphakamiso njengeziqinisekisiwe ngokulunga okungoko kwaziswa kweprocedio, ukuzwa, inkantolo engakhethi, nokunye okufanayo. Ukushintshela ekufundeni iSigqi sokufunda kwaqala kwaqala kancane kancane futhi ngokuphikisana.

Icala lendlu yokuhlenga kanye namalungelo noma ama-inmtunitunie Claus

Isihluthulelo safika kudala nge [FLT] Icala Lendlu-mgewu [1873], lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yawachaza khona kancane amalungelo noma i-Immunitunis Clause yeSichibiyelo se-Grandment ye 1450, ngokuphumelela ikwenza kube yize ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ngokumelene nezenzo zikahulumeni. Lesinqumo sashiya i-ATCY Processme njengemoto eyinhloko yokuhlanganisa i-Bill of Rights nezifundazwe (*a intuthuko eyayingahlangana nenqubo engafanele. Nokho, amashumi eminyaka iNkandlu yezenqabela ukusebenzisa inqubo eshaya imithetho yezomnotho.

Inkathi nenqubo elindelekile yezomnotho

Isiqephu esiphikisana kakhulu emlandweni wenqubo yokufakelwa kwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka [[FLT]] [FLT]] Lochner v. New York [[0]] [isinqumo esiwumsuka]. [[FLT:] [[FLT:] [1] [1] [i-Cot:4]]] [[FLT] [[5]] [iNkakhulu] [iNkakhulu] [iNkakhulu] [iNkakhulukazi] [iNkakhulu] iNkantolo] ihla yemithetho evimbela ukusebenza kwamabhakayela, ikhokhela isilinganiso samahora ayishumi ngosuku, iphethe isilinganiso semithetho egciniweyo, [F] igweba igweba isilinganiso se-Foctive.[5] iqoqo le-ston yeze, ngokuculo liyikho, ingunda kakhulu i-Foctive. [eduss.[edus. ngokucustop i-'inkulu

Naphezu kokulahlwa kwayo, inkathi yethunzi elide. Yafundisa izinkantolo ezalandela ukuba ziqaphele ukuqaphela amalungelo angangeniswe, kodwa futhi yamisa uhlelo lwemfundiso olwaluzovuselelwa ngenxa yenkululeko engaveli kwezomnotho ("igama layo, umqondo wokuthi i-Grast Processor Claus e-"Fractive" amalungelo athile angaphezulu kwalawo asohliswe ngokuqondile eMthethweni."

Ukuvuselelwa Kwanamuhla: Ukusuka Ekubeni Wedwa Kuya Ekuzifuneleni Kwakho

Ngemva kwe-New Deal, inqubo efanelekile yokuzimela yahlala ingasebenzi cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. INkantolo yahlala ilalela izahlulelo zemithetho ezindabeni zezomnotho. Nokho, amacala amasha ahilela ukuzifihla komuntu siqu nobuhlobo obuseduze aqala ukuvela ngawo-1960, iphefumulela ukuphila okusha kule mfundiso.

[[UMTH:0] Griswold v.Connecticut (1965): Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo

Griswold v.Connecticut [[FLT]], iNkantolo yabheka umthetho weConnecticut owaphula umthetho wokusebenzisa izinqanda zokuvimbela inzalo, ngisho nayimibhangqwana eshadile. UDouglas waphikisa ngokuthi umthetho woMthetho-Connecticut uqukethe "umbras" no"emanments" owakha "indawo eyimfihlo". Nakuba iNkantolo ayithembelanga ngokuqondile kwinqubo efanelekile edingayo, ewufaka ecaleni eliyifaneleyo, William O. Umthetho u-O. U-Douglah waphikisa isinqumo sawo engxenyeni yesithathu, eyesithathu, eyesihlanu, neye-Night, e-Nightaterna.[FL.][5] [FLT]

[[UMTL:0] Roe v. Ukuhanjwa (1973): Ilungelo lokukhetha

ROE v. [FLT]] yandisa ukuqonda [[FLT:]] Griswold[ ukukhipha isisu. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo, elisuselwa enqubeni engaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile, lihlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa kwakhe. UJaji Harry Blackmun's wadala icebo elilinganiselwe kakhulu elilungelele inkululeko yowesifazane ezithakazelweni zikahulumeni empilweni kamama kanye nasekuphileni okungakho. [FLT:] [5] [i-Reose'''impikiswano yezombangazwe iyaqhubeka naleyo nqubo yezempi. I-omstuast , kodwa ivikela icebo lomuntu siqu, kodwa iveza ukukho okuhle kakhulu.] [FLT:] [FF:] [FF] [5] i-seklm] iyaqhubeka kulokhu.

LAWREnce v. Texas (2003): Ukuhlukanisa ukusondelana okufanayo nokweshede

Lawrence v. Texas [[FLT]], iNkantolo yalawula isinqumo sayo sangaphambili [[FLT:]] Bowers v. Harlwick[[[FLT:] [1986]] futhi yabulala umthetho wase-Texas owephula umthetho ofanayo. Umehluleli uAnthony Kennedy wagcizelela ukuthi inkululeko evikelwe yi-Mbuthombo ka-Claus ihlanganisa ilungelo labantu abadala lokuhlanganyela ebulilini ngasese ngaphandle kokungenamthetho. [FLT:][FLT]]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ukulingana komshado

. . . Hodges mhlawumbe kungumsebenzi omkhulu wenqubo efunekayo ekhulwini leminyaka lama-20 lokuqala. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo-ama-sexnex inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada, elivikelwe yiyo yomibili i-Movement Clause kanye neSikhuseli sika-Claus. Umbono kaKennedy waphikisa ukuthi umshado usekelwe kakhulu emlandweni namasiko esizwe, futhi ususa imibhangqwana efanayo yezentengiselwano elulaza isithunzi sayo ne-Equaliction. [FLT] 0]

I-Doctrinal Framework: Glucksberg vs. Casey[ nokucindezeleka ngezindlela

Naphezu kwalezi zinqumo ezinamandla, iNkantolo Ephakeme ayizange ibe nenqubo eyodwa evumelanayo yokuthola amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ukuhlolwa Glucksberg: I-Nar ne-history

UYahington v. Glucksberg[FLT] [1997], iNkantolo yalahla inqubo efunekayo ethi ifuna ilungelo lokusiza ukuzibulala. Umthetho omkhulu uWilliam Rehnquist' washo uvivinyo oluvimbelayo: ukufaneleka njengelungelo eliyisisekelo, inkululeko ethiwe kumelwe isekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni nasemkhubeni wesizwe nakwemidalweni" futhi "iwumgomo owe-odonsekile wenkululeko." [[FLT] IJajist William Rehnquiston] [[FLT]] idinga ukuhlolwa kwencazelo eqinileyo" yesokudla nemfutho somlando.

I-'i-' kanye i-LT'Imponence ukufinyelela: Inkululeko ebanzi

Ngokuphambene, imibono eminingi ku . Umthetho wobuntwana owenziwe ngecala. [FLT]] [1992] kanye ne[FLT]] ichaza inhliziyo yenkululeko njenge "ilungelo lokuchaza indlela ekhona, injongo yendawo yonke, nemfihlo yokuphila kwabantu." Lolulimi lusikisela ukuthi inqubo engaphansi kwe-FLT:6] ivikela amalungelo abalulekile kodwa futhi ayibalulekile ngemfanelo yobuhlobo bomkhaya, futhi iyavumelana nale nkinga ecacile futhi ayisho ukuthi inzuzo engokwenani elivamile.

Ukungezwani phakathi kwalezi zinqumo ezimbili akukaphenywa. Inkantolo ivame ukukhetha indlela yokusebenzisa isisekelo somongo, okuholela ekumangalelweni kokuguquguquka. Izazi ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka ziphikisana ngokuthi isiphi isisekelo esivumelana kahle nencazelo yokuqala yeSimo seNkathi ka Claus kanye nezimiso zentando yeningi.

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nezimpikiswano

Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ukushintsha kwezisebenzi zokwahlulela, nezimiso ezishintshayo zezenhlalo kuye kwayihlola kakhulu le mfundiso.

Isisu Ngemva Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization

NgoJune 2022, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo sokuzamazama komhlaba [FLT]] ```````FLT''''''v'.' , ikhipha isinqumo esingaphezu kwecala [ Roev. [[FLT:] [[FLT] [[FLT]] ne [[FLT] [[FLT]][FLT]. . Jastiary Alto's , ikholelwa ukuthi umthetho-ofelemeawugunyazelingene [imibandela yokukhipha isisulo ngenxa yokuthi ukukhipha isisu, futhi ayigunyaziswe ngokufanele, futhi imvume eyaziwa kakhulu yemithetho egciniweyo.[FF] futhi i-fullston, futhi iveza imvume enzima kakhulu yemithetho egciniweyokuwokukhipha izisu.[10]

UClarence Thomas, evumelwaneni yakhe kumaDobts, wacela ngokuqondile eNkantolo ukuba iphinde ithathe unyawo Griswold[, [[[FLT]], [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] l’AM, ne [[FLT]] yawisa [. Umbono, nakuba ususa noma isiphi inhloso yokuphazamisa lezo zehlakalo, ugcizelela ukuthi ukukhishwa kwesisu kuhilela ukuphila okungangoko. Noma kunjalo, umqondo [[FLT:] Doct: [FLT][9][FLT] uknight nownaloright on providelogist providecs providial providial providiationsmentsmentssssssmentmentmentmentment (ediation) i-ediementmentmentment

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo nekusasa Obergefell

Umshado ofanayo uhlala usemthethweni ezweni lonke, kodwa amaDobbs abuye avuse abaphikisi ukuba baphikise ukucatshazelwa . Amaqembu amaningi asemthethweni abambelele ngokusemthethweni abeke izivumelwano ezinkantolo ezifuna ukuqeda ukulingana komshado, aphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo aligxilile emlandweni. [2022], [[FLT:] iscrect yabekwa umthetho wokunikeza isisekelo somshado ofanayo, kodwa ayiwufuni umthetho owe kwesokudla. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [5] [5] ngokuhlola okuqinile] [ngendlela elungile] [FFT]]

Okwamanje, iNkantolo iyaqhubeka iqaphela ezinye izivikelo zeLGBT+ ngokuxubanisa imithetho nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. [FLT]]Bostock v. Clayton County[FLT]] [2020]), iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi iSihlomo VII samaLungelo e-Ovile Act somthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho we-Onic awukuvumeli ukucwaswa kwenkathiwe ngenkambiso noma ngowesifazane. Isinqumo sincike encazelweni ye-station, hhayi enqubeni efanelekile, ngakho ingaba seyayayaya enhlabathini. Nokho, izimpi eziqhubekayo zandandabhlwini lwezempilo, indawo yokugeza, ukugeza, ukugeza, nokuhlanganyela kwemidlalo cishe kubangele ukuveza ukubheka okulandelayo.

Amalungelo Ezibhamu NeSichibiyelo Sesibili

Inqubo efanelekile ihlangene futhi neSichibiyelo Sesibili. [FLT]] i-divosi yase-Columbia v. Heller[FLT]][2008] ne[[FLT][FLT][FLT][5]] [MFLD [5]]. [[FLT]] iDolobha laseChicago [[[[[FLT]][[6][20]] [20], iNkanto yaqaphela umuntu ukuba anelungelo lokuzigcina nokuthwala izikhali zokuzivikela.[FFFLT] [FFT:] [F8] izinqakathi] [ebuko] [ngendlela enzima, i-Foffance] idinga ukunyukela kwemiyambubhiyo.[12] [12] i-Fose.N.[12] i-fullssionsions, iziseke ezisezisekeni zezezinye i-ofu, izibonelo:[12][12

Izihloko Eziwubuciko Nezivikelayo

Impikiswano ngenqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo iveza ukungavumelani okukhulu mayelana nokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo, amandla okwahlulela, nesimo senkululeko.

Ukuqalwa Kwakuqala Nokuquliswa Kwecala Lokwahlulela Ngokudlulele

Abagxeki bokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo efanelekile yokuzinza ayivunyelwe ngoba ivumela abahluleli abangakhethwanga ukuba bakhiqize amalungelo angatholakali embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo noma ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni. Ngokwendlela lomahluleli u-Antonin Scalia, umsekeli oholayo wobuKhomanisi, waphikisa ngokuthi i-Gust Procement Claus i-produce i-producation futhi awugunyazi izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho yokungaphulwanga-mthetho "impoqo". Ngokwemibono, izikhulu zedemokhrasi (*) akumelwe bahluleli abahluleli abahluzi abafuna ukukhishwa kwesisu, ukususwa komshado okufana nokwengeziwe, nokuphela kokunakekela ukuphila, ngaphandle kokuba ilungiselelo lomthetho-mgaqoko libekwe esiphaka. [[FL:]] [FLD] [FF:]]

Umbono Womthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Abameli benqubo edingayo encikelwe yi-""" inqubo yomthetho"" yabekwa ngenhloso ukuze ivumele izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo zisebenzise izimo ezintsha. UJaji William Brennan kanye nabanye abasekeli be-"umthetho ophilayo" bagomela ukuthi inkululeko idinga ukuvikelwa kuhulumeni ngisho noma amaFramenders engenakuyibona kusengaphambili impikiswano ethile. Bakhomba emacaleni anjenge Griswold futhi [[FLT:] nenqubo yokwahlulela ayifaneleki ukuvikela [[FLT:]berge] [[FLT]]

Icala lokunqanda: Ukugwema [[FLT: 0] Ugibe [[FLT: 1]

Abanye abagxeki benqubo ebanzi edinga ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo abawona amasuntswana aqalayo kodwa abaqondisi bezesaba ukuphinda amaphutha Lochner inkathi. Baphikisa ngokuthi ngesinye isikhathi izinkantolo ziqala ukuchaza "amalungelo angokwengqondo" ngaphandle kombhalo wezomthetho-sisekelo, bazifaka engozini yokubeka isahlulelo sazo siqu ngenani eliphezulu, njengoba [[FLT:] [[FLT]] iNkakhulu] inkantolo ibeka i-laissez-faires. Lokhu kuye kwaholela izazi ukuba zisekele inqubo "edemocratic system", ukusondela okudume kakhulu okuqokolwe kakhulu nguJohane [FLT:] [FLT] kuncilk kanye ne-Scrective [Flactal] inqubo yezombangazwe engcono kakhulu, futhi evimbela ukuvikela inqubo yezombangazwe engokomthetho engokomthetho.[Frantin.]

Ikusasa Lenqubo Engaqondakali Kakhulu

Imfundiso yenqubo edingayo engaphansi ayiqiniseki. INkantolo yamanje ePhakeme kakhulu, enabaningi abathatha indinganiso engu-6-3, iye yabonisa ukungabaza ngokuqaphela amalungelo amasha angazange akhona futhi iye yabuza ukucabanga ngemuva kwabaningi abakhona. Nokho, iNkantolo ayikalawuli [[[FLT:]] Griswold[, Lawnce, noma [[FLT:]]OLT]berge, futhi ezinye izahlulelo zingase zingabaza ukucasulwa kakhulu izenzakalo ezamukelwa kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezishaya-mthetho zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo ekuvikeleni amalungelo uMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke ongase ungawaqinisekisi. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zafaka ilungelo lokukhipha isisu, umshado oxubile, kanye nezinye inkululeko ezinqubeni zazo siqu noma imithetho. Lo msebenzi wezinga eliphansi ubonakalisa ukushintshwa okubanzi: njengoba ijaji lezwe liba elivinjelwa kakhulu, izimpi phezu kwamalungelo ayisisekelo zingaya ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nasezinyathelo zomkhakhakha. Umphumela kungaba yizithi lwezingxenyana zesivikelo esihluka kakhulu ngemithetho.

Inqubo eyisici edingayo eyisisekelo ilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlolwa kwezazi ezingokomthetho, odokotela, nezakhamuzi. Umlando wayo ubonisa kokubili isithembiso nengozi yokuvikelwa kokwahlulela amalungelo angagunyazwanga. Njengoba izindinganiso zomphakathi ziqhubeka ziguquka, impikiswano yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela imbulunga yokuzibusa komuntu siqu yini//futhi uma kunjalo, ukuchaza leyo mbulunga izoqhubeka. Ukuqonda inkolelo yangaphambili neyamanje kubalulekile ekuhilelekeni komthetho we-bushiqela laseMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola imibono egcwele ku [FLT]] Shaughton v. Glucksberg [[FLT:]][[FLT]][FLT][[FLT:][[FLT]][6][FLT][FLT:][FLT][FLT]] [[FLT]] [12], okubonisa izindlela ezimbili eziphikisanayo.[FOK] futhi ukucunula ikhona ku-FOT] [FLT] [FLT] [FFFLT]