Iminyango yamaphoyisa kahulumeni isebenza njengesango eliyinhloko lokuhlola isizinda nemisebenzi eminingi esekela ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi, nokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi. Igunya lokuqoqa, ukugcina, nokuhlanganyela ibhayoloji nokwaziswa okuphathelene nesayensi yomzimba akuyona ishekethiwe engasho lutho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezimiso zezwe nezimiso zikahulumeni, imithetho yokuqondisa, nezimiso zomthetho. Ukuqonda izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezilawula lemisebenzi elawulayo, ibalulekile kuziphathimandla eziphethe umthetho, ochwepheshe bezezimali, iziqondiso zezomthetho, nabantu abahlola isizinda. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezimiso zomthetho, iziteshishi, izintambo zomthetho, izikhungo zomuntu, nezenzo ezichaza kahle indlela amaphoyisa ahlola ngayo isizinda neminwe.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Sezinhlokwana Zesizinda Nesinhlamvu Somnwe

Igunya Likahulumeni Lokumisa Imithetho

Isimiso ngasinye sombuso simisa imithetho eqondile enikeza amaphoyisa angokomthetho igunya lokwenza itshekisi lesizinda kanye nokufakwa kweminwe. Lemithetho ivame ukuveza izinhlobo zetshekisi elivunyelwe (jengesibonelo, umlando wobugebengu, ukushayela amarekhodi, isizinda semisebenzi), abantu noma izinhlangano ezingabacela (izisebenzi, amabhodi ezisebenzi zokuzithandela, izinhlangano zokuzithandela), nokusetshenziswa okuvunyelwe kwemininingwane eqoqiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi amise imithetho efuna isizinda somnwe wesigxisho kubantu abangasebenzi kahle njengabantwana, abantu abadala, noma abakhubazekile. [[FLT: 0] Inhlangano yezentengiselwano zomthetho yokuzithandela (NASSLDL) inikeza izindinganiso zezehlakalo ezithiyo ezithiyo ezithiyo ezithiyo.[FLDLDL]

Ukungenela Komthetho Ohlangene

Isizinda samaphoyisa samaphoyisa asebenza endaweni engenalutho. IFederal Creator Information Services (CJIS) Ukwehlulwa igcina i-memodual yomlando wobugebengu wezwe lonke. Ukufinyelela amarekhodi e-FBI, amanxusa kahulumeni kumelwe angene esivumelwaneni esingokomthetho futhi avumelane [[FLT:] ne-National Crime Prevention and Compacy Commentation Service (NCPC)[FFF:3] ka-1998. Ngaphansi kwe-PT, amaphoyisa angase acele amarekhodi omlando obugebengu ngenxa yezemthetho njengomsebenzi nokugobeka imvume yokusebenza kwezindawo, kodwa uma umeluleki wemvume egunyazwe yimvume yemvume yeze yemvume yemvume yezemisebenzi. [FFFFFRA] [FFT]] Izivumelwano zezenterst Actives, noma izinhlangano zezezezezezezezezezezezezenqamu yezomthetho zezezenqamu ye

Iziyalezo Zomthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. Nakuba ukuqoqwa kweminwe kuye kwabhekwa ngokomlando njengokungenela okuncane (bona Davis v. Mississippi, 394 U.S. 721 [1969]), ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane ye-biomime mayelana nomthetho we-oral projectal ezimweni ezingekho-bucholity. Imithetho enjengenzuzo kahulumeni uma ihambisana negunya nemvume yomthetho. Nokho, indawo engokomthetho ihlanganiswa, ikakhulukazi ngokuphakama kwemitabheyoloji nokukhathalela kumelwe ukuba ibekelwe ngokweziqu zomuntu siqu. [FLT]] imithetho enjalo i-Illinomeomet BTreationstions Intectives Implinet (IKT) ihlelwe futhi i-Activementation.

Izindlela Zokuziphatha Isizinda

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwemininingwane Nokuvumelana Okuthakazelisayo

Ngaphambi kokuba aqale ukuhlola isizinda, amaphoyisa kahulumeni kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi ubani ocelayo kanye nendaba ye-cheke. Ukuze kuhlolwe umsebenzi kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-incheck, indaba kumelwe inikeze ukwaziswa okusemthethweni kukahulumeni-okanye i-passport. Ngokujwayelekile i-layisense yomshayeli noma i-pass/ne sayina ifomu yemvume ebhaliwe. Imvume kumelwe isho ngokucacile injongo yokuhlola, izinhlobo zamarekhodi okuzoseshwa (umsebenzi, imfundo), kanye nezinhlangano ezizothola ukwaziswa. Izindlela eziningi zifuna ukuba ifomu lingabhaliswa noma lifakazelwe. [[FLT:[FL:] FLD [FLD]] [FLD] [FOLD] [1]] inikeza isiqondiso esisemgangatho ngaphansi kwemvume ye-FRA, futhi zigwema izinhlangano zezokukhompatho.

Ukukhetha Idatabheyzi Efanele

Akuyona yonke imihlolo yesizinda enziwa ilingana. Amaphoyisa kahulumeni avame ukufinyelela ku-odamu oluningi:

  • Isimo somlando wobugebengu – silondolozwe amaphoyisa kahulumeni ngokwawo, siqukethe amarekhodi okubopha, izinkolelo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ulwazi olungahlangani.
  • FBI Criminal Justice Information Services [CJIS] – indawo egciniwe yesizwe yamarekhodi omlando wobugebengu enikelwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nezendawo.
  • Izwe Sex Desender Public Registerry [NSOPR] - - ifuna isimo sokwenza okubi ngokobulili.
  • Izisekelo-zimo eziqondile zesizinda – umz., ukusetshenziswa kabi kwabantwana ngokusemthethweni, uhlu lokunakekela olukhishwayo.

Umthetho woMbuso unquma ukuthi yiyiphi i-metary (i-Dalogue) okumelwe ihlolwe ngenjongo ekhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kwesizinda somshayeli webhasi lesikole kungadinga kokubili itshekezo elisekelwe kuhulumeni ne-FBI yomnwe, kuyilapho umqeqeshi wezisebenzi zokuzithandela angadinga kuphela ukuhlola okusekelwe kugama likahulumeni. U.S. umnyango weJaji[ unikeze imithetho eningiliselwe ukufinyelela kumarekhodi e-FBI (28 C.F.R.R.). Ingxenye 20 yoMbuso kumelwe ilandele lezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa okungokomthetho kanye nokwethembeka kolwazi.

Ukusesha

Uma imvume isitholakele futhi kutholakale izinhlelo ezifanele, ochwepheshe bamaphoyisa basebenza ukusesha. Isimiso sihambisana nemininingwane esekelwe engosini yokuphila kwezwe (igama, usuku lokuzalwa, inani lokuphepha kwezenhlalo . Ngokumelene nemibhalo yomthetho wobugebengu. Amatshekisi asekelwe kumnwe, ama-alphamenti ayabanjwa ngemishini futhi athunyelwe esimisweni sokuveza iminwe ezenzekelayo (AFIS), kokubili esilinganisweni sezwe nase-FBI’s Intematited Automedifitting System Sy (IFIFIS), ukuhlola izinhlelo zomfunda-munwe kudinga izinhlelo ze-minwe, eziphinda zihlolwe yizi eziqedwe okuhlolwayo ukuze ziqinisekise ukulingana. [[FLT:] i-National Devition Protection Act [FF]], isho yomthetho ye-Genential Act [FF]

Ukubika Imiphumela

Amaphoyisa kahulumeni abophekile ukuba abike imiphumela ngokunembile nangesikhathi esisheshayo. Izinkathi ezilandelanayo zisukela emahoreni angu-24 kuya emasontweni ambalwa, kuye ngobukhulu nobunzima. Imibiko idluliselwa kakhulu entweni ecelayo (umz., ibhodi lesikole, i-ainsensing, umqashi) ngokubhala noma iziphi izincwadi zobugebengu ezifunyenweyo. Izizwe eziningi zinikeza ilungelo lokwamukela ikhophi yombiko [, futhi azikhokhisi lutho, futhi azifuni ukuphoxeka ngokuhlola noma ukuvala inqubo yobugebengu. [FLT:] Izivumelwano eziningi zinikeza nomthetho ka-19795] futhi zisebenza ekulondolozeni amarekhodi esimiso sokuzibotshwa kwabantu, futhi zisebenza ekunikezeni imvume yokuzinikeza imvume nemvume yokuzi. [FLT:]

Izinyathelo Zomnwe Nezimfuneko Ezingokomthetho

Ukwamukelwa Nesaziso

Ukuhlanganisa umnwe kuyiqoqo le-biometric elidinga ukuqongelelwa okucacile, ukuvunyelwa ngolwazi. Ukuvuma kumelwe kunikezwe ngokuzithandela, ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa, futhi umuntu kumelwe aqonde ukuthi izimpawu ziyosetshenziswa kanjani, zigcinwe futhi zihlangane kanjani. Ezizweni eziningi, ifomu lemvume kumelwe isho: “Ngigunyaza amaphoyisa kahulumeni ukuba aqoqe iminwe yami futhi ayidlulisele e-FBI ngenjongo yokuqhuba umlando wobugebengu. [[FLT: 0] I-Illinois Biote Information Act [BPA:1], enye yemithetho eqinile yezesayensi yezesayensi yezesayensi, igunyazakhono (namazwi athile, izikhungo) kumelwe ibhale ukuvuma, ukuhlukanisa isimiso, ukuvala inzuzo, nokuvimbela inzuzo emninizweni, njengemithetho efana neyase-tominye i-Texane.

Imishini Nezinto Zokuhlobisa Izinhlamvu Zenhlamvu

Amaphoyisa oMbuso asebenzisa [[FLT: 0] ochwepheshe beminwe abaqinisekisiwe abasebenzisa iink-all-full noma aphila ngezimiso zezibalo. Imishini yama-Livecan ithatha iminwe ngomshini, isusa ukucusha nokuhlanekezela okuvamile kwamakhadi e-ink. I-Federal Bureauniation ifuna ukuba yonke iminwe yeminwe engeniswe kuCJIS yesizinda sobugebengu ihlangane ne-[[FLT:] Exption Transronation Translation Translation Translation (FFTS)[FLTS] izilinganiso ezivamile. Izinhlangano zamaphoyisa zigcina ukuphila kwazo emahhovisi esifunda futhi zingavumelana nesivumelwano sobushicile. I-Morgon, i-Morgon idinga ukuqinisekisa njalo ukuthi izinkonzo ezisemthethweni zidinga ukuqeqeshwa okusemthethweni.

Ukuthunyelwa E - FBI

Uma ukuhlola iminwe kudinga ukuseshwa kukahulumeni, amaphoyisa kahulumeni kumelwe adlulisele ama-prints ngocingo kwi-FBI ku-CJIS. Ukudluliswa kwezincwadi kumelwe kubhalwe ngokuyimfihlo futhi kuqinisekiswe. Khona - ke i-FBI yenza ukuphenya ngokumelene ne-data yayo yesizwe futhi ibuyisela umlando wobugebengu enxuseni eligunyaziwe. Amaphoyisa kahulumeni anomthwalo wokusingatha ukwaziswa okubuyiselwe ngokuqinisekisiwe nokuhlanganyela kuphela nenhlangano eyacela i-evick. CJIS Security Policy [ inikeza izimfuneko eziningiliziwe zokuthi i-data yeminweba kumelwe igcinwe kanjani, idluliswe, futhi ifakwe, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokuqinisekisa okukodwayo, ukuhlola, nokuhlola i-'injini ye-CIS.

Ukugcinwa Nokugcinwa Kwemininingwane Yezinhlangothi

Uma i-minwe ye-minwe isiqoqiwe, amaphoyisa kahulumeni kumelwe alandele izimiso eziqinile zokugcinwa kweminwe. Amanye amazwe agcina unomphela imibhalo yomnwe wabantu abanyatheliswe iminwe (] abanyatheliswe isikhathi sokusebenza, sokufaka i-insette, noma sokugweba. Abanye badinga ukucinywa ngemva kokuhlola kwesizinda sezwe futhi kwenziwe isinqumo. Inhlangano ye-National of Standard of Standard and Technology [NC] [INTS] [I-FLT]] [[FLT]] inyathelise isikhathi sokuzinza imodensive emoswini ehlukene, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni ekugcineni ulawula. Isibonelo, i-Penal Codelian Program . I-Prome ye-Crectory ye-Fography ifuna ukuba igcine izithombe zeminwe ngokuhlala njalo ngenxa yemithetho yomthetho, noma inkantolo edinga ukugcinwa futhi imvume yokugcinwa futhi inkantolo.

Isivikelo Sokuba Wedwa Nokulinganiselwa Okungokomthetho

Ukufinyelela okugunyaziwe nesidingo-to-Yazi

Ukufinyelela ekuhloleni isizinda somnyatheliso weminwe kulinganiselwe kakhulu ezisebenzini ezifanele “okudingeka zazi” ngokusemthethweni ukuze ziqikelelwa umthetho noma izinjongo zokuphatha. Amaphoyisa oMbuso kumelwe asebenzise ulawulo lokungena, kuhlanganise nezimvume ezisekelwe endimeni, ukuhlola ukwahlulela, nokuqeqesha kokuqapha ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngaphansi C.F.R. ingxenye 20.33(b), ukusakazwa kwamarekhodi e-FCBCPC kunqatshelwe ngaphandle kokugunyaziswa yi-NCPCPC nomthetho wezwe. Ukungena ngemvume noma ukusakaza kungaphumela ezijengweni zomthetho.

Ukugcina Imininingwane Kuyisimiso

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zidinga ukuba imibiko yesizinda kanye nemininingwane yomnyatheliso weminwe igcinwe kuphela isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Izifunda eziningi zinezikhathi eziqondile zokungazikhohlwa:

  • Iminyaka engu-3-7 yokuhlola umsebenzi ohlobene nomphumela wesizinda sesikhathi sobuhlobo bomsebenzi seqediwe.
  • Ngokungenakulungiseka [ kuphenya ubugebengu nokuquliswa.
  • [ Proging oyalezweni lwenkantolo emacaleni lapho amarekhodi ekhishwe noma evaliwe khona.

I-Federal Records Act ibeka izimfuneko ezengeziwe ezimelelweni ezithola izimali zikahulumeni. Amaphoyisa oMbuso kufanele athathe isimiso esibhaliwe sokuzigcina esikhona obala futhi sibukezwe minyaka yonke. Ukwehluleka ukunamathela ezimisweni zokuzigcina zingadalula i-acement emacaleni ngaphansi kwezenzo zobumfihlo zikahulumeni noma Imithetho efuna ukuba kukhanya.

Izimfuneko Zesaziso

Uma i-cheke yesizinda sembula ukwaziswa okungathandeki − njengasekwenzweni sobugebengu, ``inhlangano ecelayo' kumele inikeze umuntu ikhophi yombiko nencazelo yamalungelo ayo ngaphansi kwe-FCRA ngaphambi kokuba ithathe isinyathelo esibi. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi mvundla wesenzo sokuhlola [[. Amanxusa amaphoyisa afaka umbiko ngokuqondile kumuntu kumelwe anikeze umbiko futhi aqaphele uma umbiko uqukethe ukwaziswa okungekona, njengoba eminye imithetho yezwe ivimbela ukucatshangelwa komchamo okungaholeli izinkolelo. Isibonelo, [FLD:] [FLT] [FF:3] [i] umbutho owephuza ukubuza umlando wobugebengu kuze kube kamuva, njengoba lezinqubo zomthetho ezingokomthetho ze-Rhulumente ezingokomthetho manje zivimbela ukuthathwa kwalezi zimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezicacile.

Ukubambisana Nemithetho Yezindaba Eziyimfihlo Kahulumeni

  • Fair Curting Reporting Act (FCRA) - - ibusa ukusetshenziswa kwemibiko yesithathu yesizinda; amaphoyisa ombuso ngokuvamile akhululwa uma ehamba ngokuqondile, kodwa uma evumelana nenhlangano ebika ngabathengi, i-FCRA iyasebenza.
  • Amalungelo omkhaya emfundo ne-aspen Act (FERPA) - - kulinganisela ukwabelana amarekhodi okufundisa abafundi ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Ukuvuselelwa komshuwalense wePorthability ne-Acconosuty Act (HIPAA) – kuvikela amarekhodi ezokwelapha; kuyafaneleka uma ukuhlola kwesizinda kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwemilaliso noma umlando wezokwelapha.
  • Isimo semithetho ye-biometric eyimfihlo[ – umz., BIPA, Texas Capture noma Usebenzise we-Biometric Act, Washington Biometric Infiction Law.
  • Imithetho yomlando womthetho womthetho womthetho wezemthetho -Izwe livimbela ukwambulwa kwemininingwane engagunyazi noma amarekhodi abekwe uphawu.

Ukukhanga Nezingxabano

Abantu abakholelwa inqubo yokuhlola isizinda sabo ayinembile ukuba baphikise ngokwaziswa. Amaphoyisa oMbuso kumelwe anikeze indlela engokomthetho yokubekela amarekhodi omlando wobugebengu inselele. Ngaphansi kwe- FBI’s National Crime Information Center (NCIC) inqubo yokudlulisa inqubo ye-[, umuntu angacela ikhophi yerekhodi labo le-FBI futhi, uma bethola amaphutha, abhalise i-FBI noma i-octive eyafaka umbhalo. Amaphoyisa kahulumeni kumelwe aphinde akhiphe umbhalo futhi alungise uma ukuphikisana kulungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi bathi banebhodi elizimele noma i-ambudman (isibonelo, [FLD:] State New York Division of Crimialism Servicers).[3] Inqubo egcwele ukugweba okuthiwena, futhi i-erighttiose.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuncintisana Ngokomthetho

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinqubo zamaphoyisa kahulumeni zihlala zingokomthetho futhi ziphumelela, izinhlangano kufanele zamukele imikhuba engcono kakhulu elandelayo:

  • Ukuqeqesha okuqhubekayo[ - zonke izisebenzi ezihilelekile ekuhloleni isizinda kanye nokunika iminwe kumelwe zithole ukuqeqeshwa kwaminyaka yonke efunyanisweni engokomthetho kahulumeni nakuhulumeni, izibopho zemfihlo, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemininingwane.
  • Izindlela ezi-Audit - - isebenzisa unqamulo oluzenzekelayo lokuseshwa, ukudluliswa, nesenzakalo sokungena ukuze kutholwe ukusetshenziswa okungagunyaziwe futhi kwanelise izimfuneko zobubonisi.
  • Umehluko - - ushicilela iziqondiso ezicacile, ezilula zolimi lwabafaka isicelo abachaza amalungelo abo, inqubo yemvume, nendlela yokubekela inselele ulwazi olunephutha.
  • [ Ukunciphisa [ - - ukuqoqa kuphela ukwaziswa okudingekayo ngenjongo ethile yokuhlola isizinda futhi ugweme ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okungangena entweni engaphula imithetho yemfihlo.
  • Ukumiswa kwemithetho yezwe - - kuya ngokuzibandakanya nabenzi bomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igunya lomthetho lihambisana nezinguquko zobuchwepheshe nokususa amathemba ezindaba zomuntu siqu.
  • umqondisi wesigaba sezohwebo – uma utholana nezinkonzo zeminwe zomuntu siqu, uqinisekisa izivumelwano zihlanganisa izinombolo zemininingwane ezivikelayo, ukuncishiswa kwengxenye yesithathu, nokukhishwa kwemininingwane.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zokuhlola isizinda nokuqondisa iminwe kwamaphoyisa akhona azinciphisanga, ziguqula ukusabela ezindinganisweni zemithetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu kuyashesha, futhi amaphoyisa angokomthetho kumelwe aqondise ngokunembe. Ngokunamathela ezimfunekweni ze-statory kanye nokuqondisa, ngokuphathelene nokuvuma nokubona kahle, futhi asebenzise izinga lokuphepha kwe-data, amaphoyisa angenza lemisebenzi enzima ngokomthetho nangendlela efanelekile. [IFFF] [2] [FFF] [f] [f2] ezindaweni ezisekwethekile [fgct.[f] [f] [f] [f]