Icala labahluleli lingenye yezici ezihluke kakhulu zesimiso somthetho esivamile, linikeza inqubo lapho izakhamuzi ezivamile zinquma khona umphumela wengxabano engokomthetho. E-United States, lenqubo ihlanganiswe eMthethweni, ibonakalisa isibopho esijulile sokuhlanganyela komphakathi ebulungisa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka okugcwele ngaphakathi enkantolo, ukuchaza yonke inqubo kusukela ekukhethweni kwejaji ukuya enqubeni, izindima zabahlanganyeli abayinhloko, izinselele zesimiso, nokuziphendukela kwaso enkathini yanamuhla. Ukuqonda indlela ukuqulwa kwecala okungadingenzeki nje kuphela kochwepheshe abangokomthetho kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezingase zisebenze njengomphathi wejaji noma eziqaphela isimiso esisebenzayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokulingwa Kwejuli

Icala labahluleli alisona nje isinyathelo esingokomthetho; liyinsika eyisisekelo esekela ukufaneleka nokulunga kwesimiso sokwahlulela. Ngokuhilela abantu abavamile, ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi edlulela ngalé kokuzimisela okuvamile kokuba necala noma ubumsulwa.

Okokuqala, ukuqulwa kwecala kuqinisekisa ukuba umphakathi uhlanganyele esimisweni sokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhilela ukuthi izinqumo zomthetho zibonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi, kunokuba kube yindawo yabahluleli nabameli kuphela. Uma ijaji likhipha isinqumo, lithwala isilinganiso sokwahlulela komphakathi, okukhulisa ukwethembela komphakathi esimisweni somthetho. Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala livame ukubhekwa njengendlela yokuhlola ukuphamba kukahulumeni, njengoba livimbela igunya elilodwa, njengejaji noma umshushisi, ekubeni lingabi namandla angagwegwegwesi ekwahluleleni ummangalelwa.

Okwesibili, ukuqulwa kwecala kunikeza ukuqulwa ngokulunga kontanga. Umqondo wokwahlulelwa ngeqembu labalinganayo uyisivikelo ekukhetheni ubandlululo nokonakala. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi ishwa lommangalelwa linqunywa abantu abangewona ingxenye yenhlangano engokomthetho futhi abangaletha imibono ehlukene ebubufakazini. Lokhu kuhlola kontanga kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni lapho ukucindezela komphakathi noma kwezombangazwe kungathonya umahluleli onguchwepheshe.

Okwesithathu, ukuqulwa kwecala kufundisa umphakathi ngesimiso somthetho. Abasizi bathola okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu ngezinqubo zenkantolo, ubufakazi, nokucabangela okungokomthetho. Lokhulwazi ngokuvamile kuholela ekuthembiseni umphakathi kakhulu nasekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ababengabaphathi bejaji ngokuvamile banemibono emihle yesimiso senkantolo, ngisho noma beyithola inselele. Ukuvela kwamacala ejaji kuvumela abezindaba nomphakathi ukuba baqaphele indlela ubulungisa obusetshenziswa ngayo, bakhuthaze ukulandisa.

Imvelaphi engokomlando yecala labahluleli ijulile, isukela emuva eNgilandi enkathini ephakathi. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, yasuka eqenjini lofakazi yaya eqenjini labafinyele abangombanga iqiniso. IMagna Carta ka 1215 yayinezimiso ezathonya ukusungulwa kwamalungelo abahluleli, futhi lelisiko ladluliselwa ezindaweni zaseMelika. ISivumelwano seSihlanu seSiphakamiso se-U.S. siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha nomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi enkantolo, kuyilapho iZiphetho zeNguqulo zeNkathiso zeminyaka efanayo zidlulisela isivikelo esifanayo emicimbini ehilela impahla noma izindleko. Lesi sisekelo sigcizelela ukubaluleka okukhulu okubekwa emacaleni enkantolo enkantolo evuna inkululeko nobulungisa.

Isakhiwo Secala LaseJury

Icala labahluleli liyisenzakalo esihlelwe kahle esinezigaba ezithile eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile futhi kuyenzeka. Isigaba ngasinye sinenjongo ehlukile, futhi ukulandelana kwenqubo kulandelwa ngokunembile ukuze kuvinjelwe ubandlululo futhi kuvunyelwe ukuba zombili izinhlangothi zikhulume ngecala lazo. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kuyisihluthulelo sokwazisa ubunkimbinkimbi nenqubo yokulingwa.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ukukhetha uJury, okwaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-voir [igama lesiFulentshi elisho "ukukhuluma iqiniso"], kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiyinhloko. Kuhlanganisa ukungabaza abameleli abangase babe yijaji ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bangakhetha futhi banqume icala elisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwa enkantolo kuphela. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni ijaji elilungile.

Abameleli bejaji abangase bakhethwe ngokuzenzekelayo kumarekhodi okuvota noma kumarekhodi ocingo noma amafomu ocingo futhi babizwe enkantolo. Iqembu elikhulu lezakhamuzi libizwa, ngoba abaningi bazothethelelwa ngenxa yobunzima noma ukulahlwa. Enkantolo, abahluleli nabameli bazo zombili izinhlangothi bangabaza leli chibi. Umgomo ukudalula noma yiziphi izimfa, ubandlululo, noma imibono ecatshangelwayo engathinta isinqumo somgcini-jaji. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ijaji elingase libe nemibono eqinile ngohlobo oluthile lobugebengu noma lolwazi lweqembu elithile elihilelekile, bangaxoshwa.

Ama-attorney anezinhlobo ezimbili zezinselele zokususa izinselele ezingase zibe yijaguar. i-Challengens ngenxa yesizathu ayinamkhawulo futhi isekelwe esizathwini esiqondile, njengokukhetha noma ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokungakhethi. [ Inselele ilinganiselwe enanini (ngokuvamile phakathi kwezintathu neshumi, kuye ngokuthi ingaphandle) futhi ayidingi sizathu esishiwoyo. Nokho, izinselele azinakusetshenziswa ukucwasa ngokwezinhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, noma ubuzwe, njengoba kusungulwe yize [FLT:] BBson. v[FFFFFF:5]. Ukukhetha kungathatha nomaphi inqubo engcono kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emahoreni ambalwa, lapho kungenakusetshenziswa khona ukucwa ngokungakhethi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Uma ijaji selikhethiwe futhi lifungela, icala liqala ngezinkulumo zokuqala. Lokhu akuzona izimpikiswano kodwa kunalokho kucatshangelwe lokho uhlangothi ngalunye olulindele ukukubonisa. Umshushisi (noma umshushisi ezicaleni zomphakathi) uhamba kuqala ngoba uthwele umthwalo wobufakazi. Ukuvikela kunganikeza inkulumo yabo yokuvula ngokushesha ngemva noma kuyigcine kuze kube seqalweni lobufakazi babo.

Inkulumo yokuvula ephumelelayo ilandisa indaba eshukumisayo. Umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi ngokumelene nommangalelwa, echaza ubufakazi, izincwadi, nemifanekiso engokoqobo ezonikezwa. Ukuzivikela, nakho, kubheka ubuthakathaka ecaleni lomshushisi, ezinye izincazelo, noma isiqinisekiso. Isihluthulelo siwukunika abahluleli imephu yomgwaqo ukuze balandele ubufakazi njengoba buveza. Ama-Attroney kumelwe aqaphele ukuba angaphikiswa noma enze izinkulumo ezingenakusekelwa ubufakazi bamuva, njengoba uhlangothi oluphikisayo lungaphikisayo lungaphikisa iphuzu elingafanele.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Lokhu kuwumsuka wecala, lapho zombili izinhlangothi ziveza khona icala labo. Umshushisi uhamba kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Impicabadala inikeza ubufakazi bayo, nakuba ingakhetha ukuphumula ngaphandle kokuveza noma yimuphi uma bekholelwa ukuthi ukumangalelwa kuhlulekile ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakho. Ukunikezwa kobufakazi kulandela imithetho eqinile elawulwa umthetho, njengeFederal Rules of Evidence noma okulinganayo.

Ubufakazi buvela ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukulinganisa ubufakazi obuqondile obuvela kofakazi nobufakazi obuqondile obungokoqobo noma obuyikhombane njengezivumelwano, izithombe, izikhali, noma imibiko ye-osensic. Ufakazi ngamunye uhlolwa ngokuhlola okuqondile ngommeli owababizayo. Phakathi nokuhlolwa okuqondile, ummeli ubuza imibuzo evulile ukuze akhiphe i-akhawunti eyiqiniso yofakazi. Ummeli ophikisayo ube khona - ithuba lokuhlola [[FLT:]'unt: 5, , eliklanyelwe ukubekela inselele isiqinisekiso sofakazi, iqokodina noma amaqiniso amahle.

Ukuhlola isiphambano kuyithuluzi elinamandla. Kungadalula ubandlululo lofakazi, izinkulumo eziphikisanayo, noma inkumbulo eyiphutha. Izinga lokuhlola okuphambanisayo kulinganiselwe ezindabeni ezimbozwe phakathi nokuhlola okuqondile, kodwa izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza abameli inkululeko ebanzi yokuhlola ubuqiniso. Ngemva kokuhlola i-astrostarial system, ummeli angaqhuba ukuhlola okungaqondile [[[[FLT:] ukucacisa noma ukuveza amaphuzu akhushuliwe phakathi nokuhlolwa okuqondile. Le nqubo yamuva-yo----ya---forth, eyaziwa njengenqubo ye-adversarial system, iklanywe ukuhlola ubuqiniso nokwethembeka kobufakazi.

Kuso sonke isikhathi sobufakazi, abameli baphakamisa ukuphikisa imibuzo engafanele noma ubufakazi. Ukuphikisa okuvamile kuhlanganisa amahlebezi (angaphandle kwenkantolo anikezwa ngeqiniso lendaba), ukuntuleka kwesisekelo, ukufaneleka, nokuhola imibuzo ekuhlolweni okuqondile. Umahluleli ubeka imithetho enqabeni ngayinye esekela noma engaphezulu. Lemithetho ilawula umlando futhi iqinisekisa ukuba abahluleli bazwe ubufakazi obungakholeki.

Indima yabahluleli phakathi nalesi sigaba iwukulalela ngokucophelela, ukuqaphela isimo sokufakaza, nokuhlola ukwethenjwa. Abahluleli bangamajaji aphelele, okusho ukuthi banquma ukuthi obani ofakazi abamelwe bakholelwe kanye nobunzima bokunikeza ubufakazi obubodwa. Akumelwe baqhubele ukucwaninga okuzimele noma baxoxe ngecala phakathi kwabo noma abanye kuze kuqale ukucubungula. Ukusiza ukuqonda, abagcini bamajaji bathatha amaphuzu ngokuvamile, nakuba imikhuba ihlukahluka ngokwemingcele.

4. Izinkulumo Eziphethayo

Ngemva kokuba sebunikezelwe bonke ubufakazi, abameli banikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Leli ithuba lokugcina lokuba uhlangothi ngalunye lunxenxe ijaji. Ngokungafani nezinkulumo ezisekuqaleni, izimpikiswano zokuphetha ziwukuboniswa kwecala ngokombono wohlangothi ngalunye, zifushanisa ubufakazi obuye babonisa nokuthi kungani busekela ukuma kwabo.

Ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu, umshushisi unikeza impikiswano yokuqala yokuphetha. Bazofushanisa ubufakazi ngokukhanyisela okufakazela icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ummeli ube esephikisa ukuthi kungani ubufakazi banele, buqokomisa ubuthakathaka futhi bukhomba ekungaqiniseki okunengqondo. Ezimisweni eziningi, umshushisi uvunyelwa ukuba amacala aphinde abekwe ngemva kokuvikela ukuba aphendule emaphuzwini amasha aphakanyisiwe. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu elinomthwalo wobufakazi lithola igama lokugcina.

Izimpikiswano zokuphetha eziphumelelayo zinamandla kodwa zisekelwe embhalweni. Ama-attorney angasebenzisa izingcingo ezingadingi mpendulo, njengokungabaza ukuthi icala eliphikisayo linengqondo noma ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuziphatha kwesinqumo. Nokho, ngeke babubeke kabi ubufakazi noma isikhalo sobandlululo. Uma ummeli ehamba kakhulu, uhlangothi oluphikisayo lungaphikisa, futhi ijaji libopha amajaji ukuba angawanaki amazwi angafanele.

5. Ukuzinqumela

Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, ijaji linikeza iziyalezo zobuqaba. Lezi ziyalezo zichaza umthetho ofanele ukuthi amajaji kumelwe awusebenzise emaqinisweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ecaleni lobugebengu, umahluleli uchaza izici zobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi ongenakungatshazwa, kanye nencazelo engokomthetho yamagama afana no "ukuzimisela" noma "umkhosi". Iziqondiso zibalulekile ngoba ziqondisa ukuhluza komthetho. Khona - ke abahluleli bathatha ikheli-mkhandlu ukuze baxoxe ngecala.

Isinqumo singathatha imizuzu, amahora, noma izinsuku kuxhomeke ebunkimbinkimbini becala nakumandla abahluleli. Ijaji likhetha umholi ukuze lihole futhi liqinisekise ukuthi wonke amazwi azwakala. Abameleli bayalwa ukuba bacabangele ubufakazi ngokuzola nangobulungisa, ngaphandle kokucwasana noma uzwela. Kumelwe basekele isinqumo sabo kuphela ebufakazini obunikezwa enkantolo, hhayi ezinkolelweni zomuntu siqu noma elwazini olungaphandle. Uma ijaji lingakwazi ukufinyelela isahlulelo esiphikisanayo ngemva kwesikhathi esithile esinengqondo, uma ijaji lingase likhiphe isahlulelo esingafanele ngenxa yejaji elilengiselwe isigwebo. Inkantolo inquma ukuthi inkantolo ifuna ukulihlola kabusha icala.

Inqubo yokuhloma iyimfihlo ukuze kuvikelwe izindaba zomuntu siqu zejaji futhi kuxoxwe ngokungagunci. Akukho bahluleli bangaphandle, kuhlanganise nabameli, abavunyelwe ukuvela egumbini labahluleli. Uma abahluleli benemibuzo ngesikhathi sokuhlongoza, bangathumela amanothi abhaliwe kumajaji, ayophendula enkantolo esobala nabameli abakhona. Uma nje kufinyelelwe isinqumo, inkantolo imemezela.

6. Isilahlo neSilahlo seSilathiso seSiphakamiso

Abahluleli babuyela enkantolo ukuze bakhiphe isahlulelo. Umphathi ufunda isahlulelo ngokuzwakalayo, futhi ijaji lisiqinisekisa ngayo yonke ijaji. Emacaleni obugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sibe "sinecala" noma "singenacala"" enkantolo yomphakathi, isinqumo sithola isikhulu secala noma ummangalelwa, futhi ngokuvamile sisho isilinganiso semali echithweyo. Isinqumo siyisiphetho secala, kodwa singase sibe yisiphetho sokuqulwa kwecala.

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lifake inqubo yangemva komthetho, njengokuhamba ngecala naphezu kwesinqumo [i-JOV] noma ukunyakaza kwecala elisha. Le ntshukumo ayivamile futhi inikezwe kuphela uma isinqumo singasekelwe ebufakazini noma icala lingcoliswe yiphutha elingokomthetho. Uma linqatshiwe, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingadlulisela icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo aziyona inkundla yecala; azigxili emaphutha, hhayi ezimpikiswaneni ezingamangalelani. Inkantolo engasekela, iphikisekile, noma iphinde ihlulele icala ngenxa yecala eliqhubekayo.

Izindima Ekuqulweni Kwecala Lokuqulwa Kwamacala

Ukuqonda lezindima kucacisa indlela ukuqulwa kwecala okusebenza ngayo njengesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngezansi kuyizindima eziyinhloko.

UMahluleli

Ijaji lingummeli ongathathi hlangothi owengamele icala. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuthi icala liqulwa kahle futhi ngokuvumelana nomthetho. Umahluleli ubeka umthetho ngokungezwani kobufakazi, ufundisa abahluleli ngezindinganiso ezingokomthetho, futhi ulondoloza ubumsulwa enkantolo. Abahluleli futhi bagweba abamangalelwa emacaleni anecala. Abahlanganyeli ekutholeni isigwebo esingokomthetho; lowo ngumsebenzi wejaji. Igunya lejaji livela ekuqeqesheni kwabo okungokomthetho nasekumiseni kwabo, futhi ukungakhethi kwabo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze baqiniseke obala.

2. IJury

Ijaji lihlanganisa izakhamuzi eziyisithupha kuya ku-12 (zithembele egunyeni nasemkhandlwini) ezikhethwe emphakathini. Indima yazo iwukuthola amaqiniso alelicala futhi basebenzise umthetho njengoba ufundiswa umahluleli. Abameleli kumelwe bangakhethi, balalele, futhi bazimisele ukuxoxa. Bayizwi lomphakathi enkantolo. Ukukhonza enkantolo kuwumsebenzi womphakathi, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho kungaba yinselele futhi kube nomvuzo. Abaqondisi baxwayiswa ngokuxoxa ngecala nabangaphandle noma bacwaninge ngokuzimele, okungaholela ekuxazululeni okungafaneleni.

3. Umshushisi (noma i - Attorney kaFlaintiff)

Ezimweni zobugebengu, umshushisi umelela uhulumeni noma umbuso. Banomthwalo wokuveza icala kummangalelwa, futhi bathwele umthwalo wokubonisa icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Abashushisi basetshenziswa ngokuvamile ihhovisi lommeli wesifunda futhi banomthwalo wokufuna ubulungisa, hhayi nje ukuqinisekisa. Kumelwe baveze ubufakazi bokuvikela ngaphansi kommangalelwa. Brady v. Maryland ukubusa. Ecaleni, ummeli we-Platleff umelela iqembu eliletha icala, lifuna intengo noma ezinye ikhambi.

4. I - Attorney Yokuvikela

Ummeli ovikelayo umelela ummangalelwa futhi usebenzela ukuvikela amalungelo abo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubekela inselele icala lomshushisi, ofakazi abaphambanisayo, ukunikeza ubufakazi bokumangalela, nokuphikisa ukuthethelelwa noma ukumangalelwa okuncane. Abameli kumelwe bathobele imithetho yezimiso, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi wokunikeza abameleli abafanelekayo nokugcina imfihlo yamakhasi. Bayizisekelo zesimiso somshushisi, beqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa unenselele enkulu emandleni kahulumeni.

5. Abanye Abahlanganyeli

Abanye abathatha ingxenye eziyinhloko bahlanganisa izintatheli ze- zomboni ezinikeza umbiko okhethekile wovivinyo, abafaka ufakazi [ abagcina ukulondeka nokuhleleka, [[[[FLT:]] ofakazi bobuchwepheshe [[[FLT:]] abanikeza ulwazi olukhethekile, abafakaza ofakazi abafakaza ngamaphuzu abokuqashelwayo.] Kwezinye izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] [FL:9]] abanikeza abameli abahluleli abakhethayo nabaphethe icala. [FFFF:] [FLT]] [FF]

Izinselele Ekulingweni Kwempi

Naphezu kwamandla awo, ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli kubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ezingathonya ukuphumelela kwawo nokulunga kwawo.

Amandla Ezilwane Ezinsundu Eziphakathi Kwabavukeli

Ngisho noma abagcini bejaji benonya, bangase babe nobandlululo olungenazingqondo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, esimweni sezenhlalo, noma kwezinye izici. Ubandlululo oluphelele lungathinta indlela abahluleli ababubona ngayo ubufakazi nobufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amajaji angase abophe abamangalelwa bezinhlanga ezithile noma akhiphe abanye ngokusekelwe ekuthatheni indinganiso. Ngokufanayo, ukudluliswa kwezindaba eziphambili zezentengiselwano kungaveza abangaba abangaba abasekeli bemibono yokwaziswa naphezu kwemizamo yokukhombana. Nakuba lesimiso sinezinqubo zokukhuluma ngobandlululo, ukukuqeda kunzima ngokuphelele.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Bentuthuko Engokomthetho

Izinhlupheko eziningi zihilela izihloko zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi, ubufakazi obungokwesayensi, noma ubuchwepheshe obunganzima kubantu abavamile ukuba baqonde. Ngokwesibonelo, izenzakalo ezihilela ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA, ukukhwabanisa ngokwezimali, noma ukubhucungwa kwezokwelapha zidinga abagcini bemiqondo ecacile. Iziqondiso ze Jury zivame ukubhalwa nge-altheese, ezingadidaniswa kunokuba zicaciswe. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungaholela emaphutheni ezinqumweni noma emishini ekhungathekiswe ukunquma. Imizamo yemfundo, njengeziqondiso ezenziwe lula noma izinsiza mbono, ihlolwa ukuqeda lomagazini.

Ukucindezela Kombono Womphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Kulenkathi ye-minucture, amajaji angase athole izinkulumo zezokuhlaziya i-intanethi noma izingxoxo zezenhlalo zezokuxhumana ngecala elithile, ngisho noma beyalwe ukuba bangacwaningi. Lokhu kwaziswa okungaphezulu kungangcolisa i-jaji futhi kuholele ekunqumeni ngokunemibono ephambene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqulwa kwe-profile enkulu kubangela ukuba umphakathi uhlole kakhulu, okungase kucindezele abameleli ukuba bavumelane nalokho okulindelwe abantu abaningi. Usongo lwamagciwane noma ukuhlukunyezwa kungavimbela ezinye izakhamuzi ekusebenzeni ezimpikiswaneni ezimpikiswaneni.

Ubude Nezindleko Zokulingwa

Ukuqulwa kwecala kungaba kude futhi kuxhaphake kakhulu, kudle isikhathi esibalulekile senkantolo nomkhokhi wentela. Ukuqulwa kwecala okunzima kungathatha amasonto noma ngisho nezinyanga ezidlule, kufune ukuba abahluleli bathathe isikhathi eside emisebenzini yabo nasemikhayeni. Lomthwalo ungaholela ebunzimeni bezomnotho kubahluleli, abathola imbuyiselo encane. Izindleko zicindezela nabamangalelwa ukuba bavume ukucelwa izicelo kunokuba basebenzise ilungelo labo lokuqulwa icala, kunciphe yona kanye injongo yesimiso sabahluleli.

Ikusasa Lokulingwa Kwamajukusha

Isimiso sokuqulwa kwecala asisona esikhona; siyaqhubeka siguquka ngenxa yezinguquko zomphakathi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nezinguquko ezingokomthetho.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe buguqula indlela ubufakazi obunikezwa ngayo nendlela abasizi bejaji abasebenzelana ngayo nokwaziswa. Imibukiso ye-Matashi, izimpawu zezikhathi ezihambisanayo, kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha kwezinto ezingokoqobo kuya kuvame kakhulu ezinkantolo. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zivumela abakhokhi ukuba basebenzise ama-laptop noma izibhebhe ukuze bangene emibukisweni ngesikhathi sokuhlola. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 wandisa izinguquko ezithile, njengokuhlola okukude okubuhlungu ngisho nokukude kwezinye izindawo. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bungathuthukisa ukuqonda nokuphumelela, bukhulisa futhi ukukhathazeka nge-inthanethisecurity, i-jurbator, futhi bunyusa inkathazo ezindaweni ezikhona.

Izinguquko Eziya Ekukhetheni

Imizamo yokwenza amajaji abengeziwe iyaqhubeka. Amanye amagunya aqhubekela ekusebenziseni imithombo egcwele ezindaweni zokuhlela, njengezinhlu zenhlala - kahle yezenhlalo noma amakheli, ukuthatha ukuthatha ingxenye ebanzi ye-acendre yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezinselele zokukhulula kuyahlolisiswa. Ezinye izizwe ziye zazisusa noma zazibekela imingcele ukuze zinciphise ukucwaswa. Ezinye zisebenzisa ukuqeqeshwa okungacacile kubahluleli nabameli ukuze zithuthukise i-voirdad.

Imfundo Nokusekela Kwabahlaseli

Ukuze kulungiswe ukudideka, izinkantolo zinikeza imfundo engcono. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amavidiyo afundisayo angaphambi kwenkantolo, iziyalezo zejaji ezilula, nokusetshenziswa kwezincwadi ezibophayo ezinezifushaniso zobufakazi obuyinhloko. Ezinye izinkantolo zivumela abaphathi bejaji ukuba bathumele imibuzo ebhaliwe yofakazi, nakuba lomkhuba usalokhu uphikisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imbuyiselo engokwezimali ezindaweni ezithile iyanda ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo wenkonzo.

Njengoba isimiso somthetho sivumelana nezimo, isimiso esiyisisekelo sisalokhu sikhona: ilungelo lokuqulwa icala liyisisekelo sentando yeningi. Sinika izakhamuzi amandla okuba zibe nesibopho sokuziphendulela futhi siqinisekise ukuthi ubulungisa bubonisa izindinganiso zabantu. Nakuba izinselele ziphikelela, izinguquko eziqhubekayo zizimisele ukuqinisa isimiso sezizukulwane ezizayo.