INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States ingumhumushi wokugcina woMthetho-sisekelo futhi igunya eliphethe kuhulumeni. Izinqumo zayo zihlela isimo sezwe esingokomthetho, esingokwenhlalo, nesezombangazwe. Nakuba iNkantolo idonsa ukunakekela komphakathi phakathi nezinqumo eziphakeme, izinqubo ezingemva kwalezo zinqumo, zikhethwa, ziphikiswane, futhi zinqunywe kancane. Ukwakha isibonelo esicacile salezi zinqubo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukulandela iNkantolo ngalé kwezihloko. Lesiqondiso sihamba phakathi kwecala eliphethe iNkanto ephakeme, kusukela esicelweni sokuqala kuya entweni engathi siyahlala njalo embonweni.

Umgcini - khaya: Indlela Amacala Afinyelela Ngayo Enkantolo Ephakeme

Naphezu kwenkolelo evamile yokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingalilalela icala, iqiniso liwukuthi isebenza njengomgcini wesango okhetha kakhulu. Kuzo cishe izicelo ezingu 7 000 kuya ku-8 000 ezifakwa unyaka ngamunye, iNkantolo inikeza ukubukeza okugcwele kwabangaphansi kwekhulu. Ukuqonda loluhluzo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuqondeni umsebenzi weNkantolo.

Inhlekelele YaseCertiorari

Iqembu elilahlekelwa icala enkantolo ephansi .Query of Applers yase-U.S. noma inkantolo ephakeme yezwe, alinalo ilungelo elizenzekelayo lokudlulisa isicelo eNkantolo Ephakeme. Kunalokho, kumelwe lifake isicelo se- se-ceriari[[FLT:] . Lencwadi icela amajaji ukuba abukeze icala ngoba lihilela imibuzo ebalulekile kahulumeni noma yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Igama elithi [fushafit] (ngokuvamile ku-"Qult:""")] livela esiLatinini, okusho ukuthi "kuzolwaziswe ngokugcwele."""

Lesisicelo kumelwe sibonise ukuthi lelicala liletha impikiswano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi, liphakamisa indaba ebaluleke kakhulu ezweni, noma lidinga ukucaciswa kwelungiselelo likahulumeni noma lomthetho-sisekelo. I-parent [1] iqembu elawina enkantolo ephansi (ukuthi kuphothule ukuphikisa isicelo.)

Ukubusa Kwezine

Uma izicelo sezidluliselwe emagumbini, bangena kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "amaphutha]. ” Phakathi nomhlangano wangasese, uma okungenani abane kwabahluleli abayisishiyagalolunye bevumelana ngokuthi icala lifanele ukubukezwa, iNkantolo inikeza isicelo. Lendinganiso yethukela yaziwa ngokuthi [ Inguqulo ka-Our. Uma amajaji angaphansi kwamajaji amane okuvota ukuzwa icala, isicelo siyaphiwa, futhi isinqumo senkantolo ephansi sisuke siwumphumela wokugcina wamaqembu ahilelekile.

Kunoma ubani olandela iNkantolo, ukukhululwa ko "Uhlu Lwezintambo" uMsombuluko ngamunye phakathi nenkathi yalesi sikhathi kuyisenzakalo esibucayi. Lolu hlu lumemezela ukuthi iziphi izicelo ezanikezwa futhi iziphi ezaphiwa. Ngokuvamile lunikeza izimpawu zakudala ngezindaba ezingokomthetho abahluleli abazithola zicindezela kakhulu. Ungalandela lemiyalo ngengosi yeNkantolo yenkantolo engokomthetho .

Ukuqulwa Kwecala KweNkantolo Ephakeme

Lapho nje i-certiorari ivunyiwe, icala lihlelelwe ukuphikisa ngomlomo. Igama leNkantolo lisukela ngoMsombuluko wokuqala ngo-Okthoba kuya ekupheleni kukaJune noma ekuqaleni kukaJuly. Izimpikiswano zibekwa enkantolo engokomlando eCapitol Hill futhi manje zivulekele umphakathi ukuba ube khona ngesisekelo esilinganiselwe.

Izimpikiswano Zemisho: Ingxoxo, Hhayi Icala

Ngokungafani namacala ezinkantolo eziphansi, izimpikiswano zomlomo zeNkantolo Ephakeme azinabo ofakazi abasha, akukho ukuhlolwa okuxhunyaniswayo, futhi kumbalwa kakhulu ukuphikisa okungokomthetho. Kunalokho, ziyingxoxo eqinile, eqinile phakathi kwamajaji nabameli ohlangothini ngalunye. Uhlangothi ngalunye lunikezwa imizuzu engu-30 ukuze lunikeze icala lalo, nakuba uMahluleli oyinhloko engase ngezikhathi ezithile alungise lesi sikhathi ngenxa yamacala ayinkimbinkimbi.

Isici esivelele kakhulu sempikiswano yomlomo ukulandelana njalo kwemibuzo evela ebhentshini. Amajaji awalindi ngesizotha kuze kube yilapho ummeli eqeda inkulumo elungisiwe; angenela njalo ukuze ahlole ubuthakathaka, ahlole izinkolelo ezingokomthetho, futhi aqonde imiphumela esebenzayo yesinqumo. Ummeli ophumelelayo kumelwe avumelane ngokushesha, ashiye amazwi alungiselelwe ukuxoxa ngezikhalo zokwahlulela ngokuqondile. Abaqondisi abangoma abangomayo bathi izinga lengxoxo ayilinganiswanga ngentshumayelo, kodwa ngemfanelo yengxoxo ebangelayo.

Indima Yokuqulwa Kwemici

Phambi kokuba ummeli athathe amanyathelo ebhodini, idokotela leNkantolo ligcwele olunye uhlobo lwempikiswano: i-amicici curiae mifushane. Ihunyushwe ngokuthi "abangane benkantolo," lemifushano inikezwa abantu ngabanye, amaqembu enzalo, amaqembu enzalo, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingezona izinhlangano eziqondiswe ecaleni kodwa ezinesithakazelo esiqinile emphumelweni walo.

Ama-Amicu amafingqi anganethonya elikhulu. Anikeza amajaji ngomongo ukuthi amalungu angase angasunguli ngokugcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni ethile mayelana namalungelo omuntu siqu kanye nokwaziswa kwezemishini, izinkampani eziningi zobuchwepheshe nezinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi zingathumela ukuchaza kafushane amaqiniso obuchwepheshe eqoqweni kokwaziswa. Endabeni ngokuphathelene namalungelo okuvota, izazimlando zinganikeza imininingwane emfushane yomlando womthetho obalulekile. Ukulandelela ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu afaka imininingwane efingqiwe futhi ahlulele kuwo emibono yawo anikeza ifasitela elithakazelisayo ebhokisini eliyindilinganayo lendaba. I-Oyez Projective inikeza izinqolobane ezinhle kakhulu zezinsukwana ezimfutshane nezincwadi zezenzakalo ezinkulu.

Ngaphakathi Kwengqungquthela: Inqubo Yokwenza Isinqumo

Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano zomlomo, abahluleli bathatha umhlala-phantsi emhlanganweni wangasese ukuze bavote. Lemihlangano iqhutshelwa ngasese. Akukho zisebenzi, akukho babhali-mthetho, futhi akukho mishini yokuqopha evunyelwe. Abahluleli abayisishiyagalolunye kuphela abakhona.

Ingqungquthela

UMahluleli oMkhulu uvula ingxoxo ngecala ngalinye ngokufushanisa amaqiniso nezimpikiswano zomthetho ezisengozini. Khona - ke, ngokwehla kwesimiso sasebekhulile, ukwahlulela ngakunye kunikeza ukuhlaziya kwabo futhi kubonisa indlela abahlose ngayo ukuvota. Lapho ingxoxo iphela, kuthathwa amavoti otshani. Uma uMahluleli oyinhloko esemphakathini omkhulu, banikeza omunye wabahluleli abaningi umsebenzi wokubhala umbono kwabanye abahlangene. Uma uMahluleli omkhulu ephakathi kweqembu elincane, uma iJaji eliyinhloko lisemdlaleni ophakathi, ilungana elikhulu lithatha isabelo.

Leligunya lesabelo liyilungiselelo. UMahluleli Oyinhloko angalisebenzisa ekwakheni imifelandawonye, ekukhuthazeni ukubambisana, noma ekwenzeni umthetho omncane odonsa amavoti amaningi. Ukwahlulela okwabelwe khona kudlulisela umbono wokubuthelwa empini kwamanye amakamelo.

Ukuphoqelela Nokuqondisa

Inqubo yokubhala ilapho ukuthatha amasondo kwangempela kwenzeka khona. Umbono "wobuqotho" ekuqaleni umane nje uwumdwebo. Kumelwe udonsele amavoti amahlanu ukuba abe umbono weNkantolo. Amajaji asekela umphumela evoti yokuqala yengqungquthela angase ashintshe izingqondo zawo ngemva kokufunda inqubo. Bangacela izinguquko, bafune ukuba olunye ulimi lususwe noma lwenezelwe, noma basongele ukubhala isivumelwano esihlukile uma imibandela yabo ingaphendulwanga.

Phakathi nalenkathi yokusakazwa kwezincwadi, amajaji angabhala imibono ephicanayo [ukuvumelana nomphumela kodwa ngezizathu ezihlukene ezingokomthetho) noma ukulahla imibono [[ (ukungavumelani nomphumela nokucabanga). Ngezinye izikhathi ukungavumelani okunamandla kungathonya imibono eminingi esikhathini esizayo, ukubeka isisekelo seNkantolo yesikhathi esizayo ukuze igumbuqele isiqalo esicatshaziwe. Isiqalo sesikhathi esiphakathi kwamagumbi phakathi nale phakathi nalenkathi siyinhloko yendlela ukuvumelana okwakhiwe ngayo noma ophuzwa ngayo eNkantoni.

Ukuqonda Imibono Yenkantolo Ephakeme

Uma isinqumo sikhishwa, ngokuvamile sifingqwa yiphephandaba esihlokweni esisodwa: "Ikhomishane isekela umthetho," noma "Iyamisa umthetho" kodwa kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda okujule kakhulu, ukufunda umbono ngokwawo kubalulekile. Imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ihlelwe ngokwezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezichaza umphumela oqondile wafinyelelwa.

Isisekelo Sombono

Umbono obhalwe kahle unezingxenye ezimbalwa eziyisihluthulelo. Isethulo sinikeza umbuzo womthetho kanye nokuphatha kweNkantolo. ukuchazwa kwamaqiniso [ kulandisa izenzakalo eziqondile ezaholela enkantolo. ukuhlolwa okusemthethweni [[[FLT:] kusebenzisa imithetho ehlobene, amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho, nezimiso emaqinisweni. Umbono umemezela isahlulelo futhi ngokuvamile ubeka indinganiso entsha engokomthetho noma ukhanyisa leyo ekhona.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe ukuphatha kanye nokusho ukulahla ngombono. Ukubamba umthetho obophelele ongokomthetho owezinkantolo zesikhathi esizayo kumelwe ziwulandele. I-Dicta (inani elikhulu ] i-dictum[]]) kuyizingqapheli noma izinkulumo ezenziwe yi-jaji ze-jaji ezingekho sidingo sokunquma icala. Nakuba idista ingaba ithonya, ayibophi isibopho esilandelayo. impikiswano enkulu kakhulu ukuthi inkulumo ethile engokombono yangaphambili ibambe noma i-dictive.

Iqhinga Nestartic Deccis

INkantolo isebenza ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye- decis `IsiLatini sisho "ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe" lesi simiso sisho ukuthi uma nje iNkantolo isinqume umbuzo ongokomthetho, kufanele inamathele kuleyo sinqumo emacaleni afanayo. IStarle decisis ikhuthaza ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokulunga emthethweni.

Nokho, iNkantolo ayiboshelwanga ngokuphelele yizimo zayo siqu. Ingagumbuqela izinqumo zangaphambili, kodwa idinga ukuthethelelwa okunamandla ukwenza kanjalo, njengokushintsha ukuqonda okuyiqiniso, isibonakaliso sokuthi ukubusa kwangaphambi komsebenzi, noma ukushintsha eqenjini elingokomthetho. Ukuthatha isibonelo akuvamile, okuyisizathu esenza izinqumo ezinkulu ezifana ne Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo noma Dobs v. Jackson's Health Organization

Ithonya Nethonya Lezinqumo

Uma isinqumo sesikhiqiziwe, umphumela waso osebenzayo uyahluka. Inkantolo ingasiqinisa [[FLT:] isinqumo senkantolo ephansi, iphikisana, noma ne[FLT] icala elibuyela emuva enkantolo ephansi ukuze lizwakale ngokuvumelana nombono wayo.

Ezimweni eziningi, iNkantolo Ephakeme ayinayo indlela yayo yokuphoqelela umthetho. Incike ezinkantolo eziphansi nasegatsheni eliphetheyo ukuze isebenzise imithetho yayo. Uma umthetho kahulumeni uwiswa, umbuso kumelwe uyeke ukugcinwa. Uma umthetho kahulumeni usekelwa, uhulumeni kumelwe awusebenzise. Lokhu kuncika kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni kuyitshe legumbi lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. I-Legal Information Institute eCornell inikeza izincazelo ezicacile ezicacile zezinhlamvu zemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yeNkantolo.

Ithonya Lesimiso Sokusebenzela Ukunwebeka

Ngaphandle kwamaqembu aseduze, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zabeka isibonelo esisibophayo kuzo zonke ezinye inkantolo ezweni ngendaba ethile engokomthetho. Isinqumo esisodwa singabuyisela wonke umkhakha womthetho ebusuku. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo mayelana nokuthi isiqu siyini "epheni" ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine ngokushesha siguqula indlela amaphoyisa ezweni lonke okumelwe ahlole ngayo. Isinqumo sikahulumeni sokukhishwa komthetho kahulumeni singanciphisa imithetho eminingi kahulumeni ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Indlela Yokubheka LeNkantolo Ngokuphumelelayo

Ngenxa yokuthi iNkantolo ayiwusekeli umsebenzi wayo ngokukhipha amaphephandaba noma ngemikhankaso yezindaba, izingqapheli ezinolwazi zincike engxubevangeni yemithombo eyinhloko nengabalulekile.

Imithombo eyinhloko

  • I-website yeNkantolo Ephakeme ePhakeme ePhakeme: Lona umthombo oqinisekile wemibono exeshiwe, ikhalenda lengxoxo, izinhlu ze-oda, nemithetho yeNkantolo. Imibono ibekwa ngosuku lokukhululwa.
  • Iproject: Isetshenziswa yiChicago-Kent College of Law, i-Oyez inikeza amaphuzu abanzi, aphenyekayo empikiswano yomlomo, ahlangene nokuqoshwa kwemisindo. Inikeza futhi izifushaniso zesiNgisi esicacile sawo wonke amacala amakhulu nokwaziswa okuphathelene nomthetho wonke.
  • C-SPAN:[ Ibonelela ikhona i-al-to-i-Avel yezaziso zombono ezilindelwe kakhulu futhi inikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho nokuhlaziywa okujule kakhulu.

Ukuhlaziya Nokuchaza

  • SCOTUSlog: I-boblog ephambili engeyona isigaba ehlanganisa zonke izikhalo, impikiswano, nesinqumo. Imininingwane yayo ecacile yesiNgisi nezincwadi eziveza imibono zibaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ozama ukuqonda umsebenzi weNkantolo ngesikhathi sangempela. I-Plombu ifundwa kabanzi ochwepheshe bezezezomthetho, izintatheli, nabafundisi.
  • Amaphephandaba aphezulu: Izinhlangano zezindaba ze-Institution njenge-Associated Press, The New York Times, ne-The Wall Street Journal zigcina ababhali beNkantolo ePhakeme abanikezelwe abanikeza umongo nokuhlaziya. Nokho, kuhlakaniphile ngaso sonke isikhathi ukufunda umbono oyinhloko ukuze uzenzele isahlulelo esizimele.

Izimfundiso Ezinkulu Nemisebenzi Yokuchaza

Ukuze uziqonde ngempela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, kuyasiza ukuqaphela amafilosofi okwahlulela aphikisanayo avame ukuthonya ukucabanga kwamajaji. Nakuba kungadingekile ukuba ube isazi, ukwazi ukuthi lezimpikiswano ziwuhlobo olubanzi lwazo kuthuthukisa ikhono lakho lokubikezela nokuchaza izinqumo.

UbuOriginalist bugomela ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yomphakathi yombhalo wawo ngesikhathi ugunyaziwe. Abaphikisi baphikisa lemingcele yekhono lokwahlulela futhi bamise umthetho ngemvume yentando yeningi. UbuProgramism [ buyindlela ehlobene kakhulu yokuqonda okuqondene nencazelo evamile ye-station noma umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo.

I-Constitutionism ephilayo isikisela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi enamandla encazelo yayo ishintsha njengoshintsho lomphakathi. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuvumela iNkantolo ukuba ilungise izimiso ezifana "isivikelo esilinganayo" noma "isijeziso esingavamile" ezimweni zanamuhla abakhi bomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo abangeke bazibone kusengaphambili.

Nokho, anikeza ilens ewusizo yokuhlaziya ngayo izimpikiswano ezinikezwa ezindlebeni nasemibonweni enengqondo evezwayo.

INkantolo Njengenhlangano Ephilayo

INkantolo Ephakeme ayisona isikhumbuzo esiqinile sesikhathi esidlule; iyinhlangano eqhubekayo esebenzayo elungisa, ecacisa, futhi eshintsha umthetho waseMelika ngezikhathi ezithile. Amandla ayo awakho emandleni noma okhetho, kodwa ekusebenziseni ukufaneleka kokucabanga kwayo nokwethemba kwayo ukungakhethi kwayo. Ngokufunda indlela esebenza ngayo imicimbi [1] Indlela ekhethwa ngayo, indlela izimpikiswano eziqhutshwa ngayo, indlela imibono eklanywa ngayo, nendlela ezakheka ngayo, futhi indlela inqubo eshintsha ngayo [1] uzihlomisela ngayo ukuba uhlanganyele negatsha elinamandla kakhulu nelingaqondwa kakhulu likahulumeni. Isikhathi esilandelayo umbono omkhulu ukhululwa, uyolungiselelwa ukuba uhambe ngalé kwesihloko esikhulu futhi uqonde ukuveza ukuveza kwezizukulwane ukuba zeze umthetho.