Isisekelo SobuFalistism Ekubuseni KwaseMelika

I-Federalism imelela esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu zesimiso sezombangazwe sase-United States. lelilungiselelo lihlukanisa igunya lokubusa phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe oyinhloko nohulumeni bombuso wesifunda, ngamunye onamandla azimele nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ubunkimbinkimbi balengxenye buye babangela impikiswano, izinselele ezingokomthetho, nempi yezombangazwe eyaqhubeka ibumba isimiso nomthetho waseMelika namuhla.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo benza lesimiso ngamabomu, bethatha kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani kanye neZiphakamiso ze-Confederation ezihlulekile. Bafuna ukwakha isakhiwo esizonikeza igunya elanele eliyinhloko lokuhlanganisa isizwe kuyilapho belondoloza ukuzimela okuphawulekayo kokubusa kwemibuso ngokwezidingo nezindinganiso zendawo. Lokhu kucindezeleka okuyisisekelo phakathi kobunye nokuhlukahluka kuhlala kusemqoka yezimpikiswano zobuzwe.

Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Sokulwela Amandla Ahlukeneyo

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa uhlelo lobuzwe ngamalungiselelo amaningana abucayi. ISiphakamiso Ngibala amandla akhethekile anikezwa uMkhandlu, kuhlanganise negunya lokukhokha imali, ukumemezela impi, ukulawula ezohwebo zesifundazwe, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi. ISiphakamiso VI siqukethe iSuprematy Claus, esimisa lowo mthetho kahulumeni othatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho kahulumeni ophikisanayo. ISiphendulo seshumi, esigunyazwe njengengxenye yeSishaya-Rhovisi Samalungelo, sinikeza isisekelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo segunya ngokubeka wonke amandla angaphathiswangagunya likahulumeni noma inqatshelwe emibuso ngokwayo noma abantu.

Lo mthetho-sisekelo wesakhiwo udala lokho ososayensi bezombangazwe abakubiza ngokuthi "ubukhosi obuvamile" simiso, lapho zombili izigaba zikahulumeni zisebenzisa khona igunya phezu kwezakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Ngokungafani nezimiso zokuhlanganisa lapho ohulumeni bezigodi bethola khona amandla abo egunyeni elisenkabeni, amazwe aseMelika anamandla ombuso angokwemvelo andulela uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. Ukuqonda lomehluko kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda uhulumeni waseMelika noma olungiselela ukuhlola izakhamuzi.

Amandla Anamandla Aqhathaniswa Namandla Asetshenziswayo

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwemibuso ebaliwe neshiwoyo kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela igunya likahulumeni eliye lakhula ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. UMthetho - sisekelo uhlela ngokuqondile imibuso ethile kahulumeni kahulumeni, kodwa ukuchazwa kwalemibuso kuye kwavela ngokuphawulekayo ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme nezidingo zokubusa eziwusizo.

  • Amandla adwetshiwe: Lemibuso ivela ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi eSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8. Ihlanganisa amandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zakwamanye amazwe namazwe, ukumisa imithetho yemvelo, izimali, ukujezisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo, ukunikeza izimvume nemvume yokubhala, ukwakha izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho nemikhumbi yempi, nokubusa i-Olimpi.
  • Amandla asetshenziswayo: I-Idict ne stative Claus, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi i-Elastic Clause, inikeza u-Constellard igunya lokwenza imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokukhipha amandla ayo adwetshiwe. Lomshwayelo ube yisisekelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sokwandiswa kwegunya likahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokusungulwa kwebhange lesizwe, umthetho wemisebenzi yezentengiselwano entengiselwano, kanye nokumiswa kwezinhlangano zezeluleko olulawulayo.
  • Amandla akhona: Eminye imibuso ingakuwo kokubili ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni ngesikhathi esisodwa. Le mibuso ihlanganisa amandla entela, ukuboleka imali, ukumisa izinkantolo, amabhange omthetho-mthetho, nokuphoqelela imithetho. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla akhona akhona ngokuvamile kubangela izingxabano lapho izinqubo zikahulumeni nohulumeni zingqubuzana.

Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme uMculloch v. Maryland (1819) yamisa imfundiso yamagunya ashoyo futhi yaqinisekisa ukuphakama kombuso phezu komthetho kahulumeni. IJaji elikhulu uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo awunakulindelwa ukuba uqukethe "umniningwane omncane wakho wonke amandla amakhulu ayo avuma," ukumisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe awunawo amandla awo anikezwa ngokusemthethweni kuphela kodwa futhi nawo wonke amandla adingekile okuwathwala.

Ubukhosi BoMbuso Namagunya Agciniwe

Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke. ISichibiyelo seTenth sinikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo saleligunya, kodwa izinga elisebenzayo lamandla kahulumeni liye lashintsha kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Ngokwesiko amazwe asebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amandla amaphoyisa" - igunya lokuvikela impilo, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zawo.

  • Imfundo: iphethe umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wemfundo yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezindinganiso zohlelo lwezifundo, isiqinisekiso sothisha, ukuxhasa kwezemfundo, nezimiso zokulandisa kwezemfundo. Izikole zendawo zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni, nakuba uhulumeni uthonya imfundo ngezimfuneko zemali namalungelo omphakathi.
  • I-Public Health and Safety: amazwe alawula izindawo zokunakekela impilo, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha, ukuphatha izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, nokugcina izinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho. Amaphoyisa kahulumeni, amaphoyisa ahlola imigwaqo emikhulu, namabhulabhu ahlola izindaba eziningi zobugebengu, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisho izimpikiswano ezinkulu ezingokomthetho.
  • Izakhiwo: amazwe alawula izimiso zemigwaqo emikhulu, alawula ukubhaliswa kwezimoto nokufakwa komshayeli, eqondisa iziteshi zomphakathi, futhi alondoloze izikhumulo zemikhumbi nezikhumulo zezindiza. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali eziqinile zokwakha nokulondoloza imigwaqo emikhulu yasezweni kodwa izihambeli zifeza iminyango yezokuthutha.
  • Ukunika nokukhipha: ochwepheshe belayisense yase-United States abasukela kodokotela nabameli kuya kubagundi bezinwele nabaphathi bezindawo nendawo. Balawula umshuwalense, izinto zokusepha ezisemzimbeni wezwe, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, kanye nobunjani bendawo phakathi kwemingcele yabo.
  • Izinqumo:[ Amazwe anikeza uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo, ukunquma izinqubo zokuvota, imingcele yesifunda, kanye nokuhlela ukufinyelela phakathi kwesimiso semithetho yokuvota kahulumeni.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi Nokukhululwa

I-Supremacy Claus imisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni "uMthetho ophakeme weZwe" futhi ubophe abahluleli bamazwe ukuba bawuphoqelele ngisho nalapho kunezingxabano zomthetho wombuso. Lesi simiso sokukhulula uhulumeni sisho ukuthi umthetho osemthethweni kahulumeni osemthethweni ungasusa imithetho kahulumeni esemthethweni ezindaweni lapho womabili amazinga kahulumeni ayengase abe negunya. INkantolo Ephakeme iphawule izigaba ezintathu zokuhlengwa:

  • Ukucindezelwa: UKhongolose lusho ngokucacile ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yomthetho wezwe endaweni ethile.
  • Ukwehliswa okungasetshenziswa:[[FT:1] umthetho weFederal ubanzi kakhulu kangangokuthi awushiyi thuba lomthetho kahulumeni, noma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana ngokuqondile nezimfuneko zikahulumeni.
  • Umthetho we-Confublict Presection: ukwenza kungabi nakwenzeka ukuhambisana nomthetho kahulumeni, noma umthetho wezwe ume njengesithiyo ezinjongweni zombuso nezinhloso.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemfundiso yokuhlehliswa kuye kwabangela izinkulungwane zamacala asenkantolo futhi kuyaqhubeka ukuphenduka njengemithetho ye-Congress Congress nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zilawula ezindaweni ezintsha. Arizona v. United States (202) inikeza isibonelo sanamuhla, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya khona amalungiselelo amaningana emithetho yokugcinwa kokufuduka kwe-Arizona ezifundeni ezingaphambili kuyilapho isekela ezinye.

Indima Ekhulayo Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Kazwelonke

Amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni futhi afinyelele kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela enkathini yokusungulwa. Lokhu kukhula kuye kwenzeka ngezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, izincazelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, umthetho wobuhlanga, kanye nezidingo ezisebenzayo zokubusa isizwe esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nesihlangene.

  • INational Defense and Foreign Policy: Uhulumeni wezwe unegunya elikhethekile ekulondekeni kwesizwe, izindaba zempi, kanye nezokuphathana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Lombuso uhlanganisa ukulondoloza amabutho ahlomile, ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano, ukuqhuba imisebenzi yokuhlakanipha, nokumelela i-United States ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke.
  • Incazelo ebanzi yezentengiselwano zase-Interstate and Economic Regation: imoto yezentengiselwano ibiyinqolobane eyinhloko yokwandiswa kwezindawo zikahulumeni ezigcinelwe izifundazwe. Incazelo ebanzi yeNkantolo Ephakeme yezentengiselwano yezwe emacaleni anjenge Wickard v. Filburnj[ [1922]) ivumele umthetho wezemisebenzi ezwe elinomphumela "osezentengiselwano ezomnotho ephakathi kwezentengiselwano, ngisho nalapho leyo misebenzi ivela ngokuphelele phakathi kwezwe elilodwa.
  • ICivil Rights ne Protection: Iziphendu zokwamukelwa kanye nomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi owalandela wanika uhulumeni wezwe igunya lokuvikela izakhamuzi ekucwaseni kukahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seSiphendu se 14 se-Cemetic Programme ne-Createment Clauses sitoliwe ukucela ukuba amazwe ahloniphe amalungelo ayisisekelo futhi anqande ukuphathwa komthetho wokucwasa.
  • Izinhlelo zomphakathi ezihlanganisa i-Social Welfare ne-Enitting Programs: Izinhlelo ze-Federal zihlanganisa i-Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, i-Constendial Nutrition Information Program, kanye nosizo lwezindlu lunikeza izigidi zamaMelika i-speance q. Lezinhlelo zisebenza ngokubambisana okuyinkimbinkimbi nezifunda, ngokuvamile ezinikeza izimali zikahulumeni ngaphansi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni.
  • [[NTL:0] Isivikelo sezenkolo:[[FT:1] imithetho yendawo ezungezile enjenge-Cease Air Act, Clean Water Act, ne National Environmental Policy Act imisa izindinganiso zesizwe nezimiso ezilawulayo ezithi kumelwe zizenze noma zifakwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Izisebenzi Zokuthenga Nemali Enezimo Ezifanele

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu kahulumeni ethonya inkambiso kahulumeni linemibandela yokusebenzisa imali. Ngezinhlelo ezinikezayo, uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izimali ezizweni ngemibandela evumelana nezimfuneko zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile iye yawusekela lomkhuba, nakuba unemingcele. ku-South Dakota v. Dole [1987], iNkantolo yamisa uvivinyo oluyingxenye ezine lwemali edingekayo: ukuyisebenzisa kumelwe kusebenze inhlalakahle evamile, izimo kumelwe zicace, izimo kumele zihlobana nenzalo kahulumeni esimisweni, futhi izimo akumelwe zishayekele amanye amalungiselelo omthetho.

Lendlela ivumele uhulumeni wamazwe ukuba athonye isimiso sikahulumeni ezindaweni lapho engenagunya lokuqondisa ngokuqondile, kuhlanganise nokunyusa inkathi yokuphuza, ukumisa ijubane emgwaqweni omkhulu, nokwandisa i-Medicaid. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[[FLT:] (202) isinqumo salinganisela amandla ngandlela-thile ngokuthi uhulumeni kazwelonke ungakwazi ukusongela ukususa yonke izimali zeMedicaid ezikhona ukuze athathe i-Medicaid ngaphansi kwe-Afford Carence Act.

Izingxabano Zokulwela Uhulumeni

Ezombangazwe zanamuhla zaseMelika zinezimpikiswano ezinamandla ngokulinganisela okufanele kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni.

Igunya Lombuso Lokuthuthwa

Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya elingokomthetho ngokwakhiwa kwemvelo nokufuduka, amazwe aye asebenza ngokuqhubekayo kulendawo, edala izingxabano ngokuvamile ezifinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme.

  • Iziphakamiso zomthetho: Izifunda namadolobha amaningi aye amukela izimiso ezivimbela ukubambisana nokugcinwa kwezokufuduka kukahulumeni. Lezizimiso zisukela ekwanqabeni ukubopha abantu ababoshiwe abavalelwe ekuthuthweni kwezindawo zomphakathi ukuvimbela ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo ekubuzeni ngesikhundla sokufuduka. Uhulumeni wezwe ubeke inselele lemithetho ngemithetho ngokufaka imingcele yezentengiselwano nangemithetho yezimali.
  • Isimo soku-imo yoku-odola: Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuma kokufuduka phakathi namanqanawo angokomthetho, zijezisa abaqashi abaqasha izisebenzi ezingagunyaziwe, futhi zivimbela ukungena ezinzuzo zomphakathi kubantu abangezona iziqiwu. Izinkantolo ziye zabulala eziningi zalezi zilungiselelo ezifundeni zokuhlengwa kuyilapho zisekela ezinye.
  • Ilayisensi yomfula kanye nokulinganiswa: amaZwe ayahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni zawo ngokuphathelene nezincwadi zokushayela mayelana nezifiki ezingabhaliwe, kanye nezinye izifundazwe ezinikeza amalayisense kanye nezinye eziwenqabela ngokuqondile. Lemiyalo ithinta izigidi zezakhamuzi futhi inemiphumela yokuphepha komphakathi, izimakethe zomshuwalense, nemizamo yombuso yokuqinisekisa.

Umthetho Wezokwelapha Nowe - compalism

I-Affordble Care Act yabangela ezinye zezimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu zombuso emlandweni wamuva waseMelika. Igunya lomthetho lomuntu ngamunye, ukwanda kweMedicaid, nezinguquko zezentengiselwano zomshuwalense zaphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngemingcele yamandla kahulumeni kanye nobukhulu bombuso wokuzibusa.

  • Inguquko ye-Medicaid Ukwanda: Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eyenza iMedicaid inyuse izifundazwe, kwavela uhlelo olumbaxa-shiya izwe lonke. Ezinye izifunda zandisa, ezinye zandisa izakhiwo ezamukelwayo eminyakeni ethile kamuva, futhi izifunda ezimbalwa ziyaqhubeka zikwehla ukwanda, zishiya izigidi zabantu abadala abathola imali ephansi ngaphandle kokukhothwa. Lokhu kushintsha kwakha ukuhlukana okukhulu ekungeneni kwempilo namanani omshuwalense phakathi kwezifundazwe.
  • I-Stated Informations Exchanges: Umthetho we-Affordcable Care Act uvumela amazwe ukuba asungule imali yawo siqu yomshuwalense wempilo noma iphutha embonini elula kahulumeni. Amazwe asungula intengo yawo siqu athola ukuvumelana okuvumelanayo ekuqondiseni izimo zokuhlela, usizo lwabathengi, nomthetho wezentengiselwano, kuyilapho izifunda ezisebenzisa intengo kahulumeni zinokulawula okulinganiselwe kakhulu ezimaketheni zawo zomshuwalense.
  • IMedicaid Waivers kanye ne-Inver: Amazwe aye asebenzisa isiqephu 1115 abaxhaphazi ekuzameni izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhambisa i-Medicaid nezimali. Laba baxhaphazi bavumela izimfuneko zomsebenzi, izindleko zemali, ama-akhawunti empilo, kanye nemiklamo engcono, ukwakha amagumbi okuhlola idemokhrasi phakathi kohlelo lwezwe.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngombuso wezempilo, Kaiser Family Foundation igcina ukulandelelana okubanzi kwemikhondo kaMedicaidr .

Ukuqondiswa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nobuholi BukaHulumeni

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile simelela enye ingxenye yengxabano eqhubekayo kahulumeni, ngokuvamile imibuso ehola ekusingatheni izinselele lapho isinyathelo sikahulumeni silinganiselwe noma sishintshiwe khona.

  • Indima ekhethekile ye-California: iCalifornia isendaweni ehlukile kuhulumeni wendawo ezungezile ngenxa yezindinganiso zayo zokukhipha igesi ezikhona nelungiselelo le-Ceat Air Act lenza iCalifornia ikwazi ukufuna izintambo ezivimbela ukukhishwa kwemoto. Ezinye izizwe zingakhetha ukusebenzisa izindinganiso zikahulumeni noma izindinganiso zeCalifornia, zidala amandla anamandla okunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kwesizwe.
  • Izithiyo zesifunda-zulu: Amaqembu ezifunda asungula ukuhlangana kwezifunda ukuze kulungiswe ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kuhlanganise neRegional Greenhouse Gas Initive ezindaweni ezisenyakatho mpumalanga neNtshonalanga yeClimate Initive ehlanganisa iCalifornia neQuebec. Lezinhlelo zidala izimiso ezinciphisa ukukhishwa kwecarbon ezingxenyeni zikahulumeni.
  • Izindinganiso zePortolio ezivuselelwe: Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zasebenzisa izindinganiso zokuthutha imikhumbi ezifuna amakhemikhali adingekayo ukuze zikhiqize amaphesenti akhethekile kagesi emithonjeni evuselelwe. Lezimiso zombuso ziye zasebenzisa kakhulu i-atmosfera emoyeni, ulwembu lwamandla, kanye nezinye iziteshi zamandla ezihlanzekile, ngokuvamile ngaphezu kwemigomo yamandla ezwe ebuyiselwa kabusha.
  • Izinselele ezisemthethweni neNhlandla: Izwe liye laphishekela ukuphikisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze ziphoqelele imithetho yendawo ezungezile, zibeke inselele ezinyatheloni zokukhipha impoqo, futhi ziphoqelele ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni ekushintsheni isimo sezulu. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuma kukahulumeni uhulumeni ophethe kanye nendima efanele yezinkantolo ezimpikiswaneni zezwe ezingokomthetho.

I-Environal Protection Agency [[FLT: 0] inikeza imithombo yezokuvikela ehlangene nombuso wezwe kumthetho wendawo ezungezile.

Isimiso Semfundo Nethonya Lezemfundo

Ngokwesiko imfundo iye yaba umthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni nowendawo, kodwa ithonya likahulumeni liye lakhula kakhulu ngezimfuneko ezingokwezimali, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, kanye nezimiso zesizwe.

  • Ukuhlola nokulandisa: imithetho ye-Federal ehlanganisa no-No Child Lend Behind Act no-All Students Receeds Act idinga imibuso ukuze isebenzise ukuhlolwa okuvamile, ibike ukwaziswa okufeziwe kwabafundi, futhi ingene ezikoleni eziphansi eziqhuba imfundo. Lezi zimfuneko ziye zaguqula izimiso zemfundo zikahulumeni kuyilapho zidala izimpikiswano mayelana nokucupha kwamazwe nokulawula kwendawo.
  • Izinhlelo zeFederal Funding: zisekela izikole zomthetho-mvume, izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa, nezikole zikazibuthe ziye zandisa ukukhetha kwesikole lapho ziphakamisa imibuzo ngendima kahulumeni ekuthuthukiseni ezinye izindlela zemfundo ezingokwesiko ezikoleni zomphakathi.
  • Imfundo ekhethekile ne-Civil Rights: I-Anters ene-Drugment Act nemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi ifuna ukuba kunikezwe amathuba alinganayo okufundisa abafundi abakhubazekile futhi bavikele abafundi ekucwaseni ngokwezinhlanga, ubulili, nemvelaphi yobuzwe. Lemithetho kahulumeni ithwele izindleko ezinkulu nezimfuneko ezidingwayo zesifunda nezemfundo yendawo.

Ubumbano Lwama - United States Lumelene Nobumbano Lwama - Federal

Ukuqonda lezi zimo kusiza ekuchazeni ubuhlobo obukhona phakathi kohulumeni ababusayo nohulumeni.

IFederalism , ebusa kusukela enkathini yokusungulwa kwe-New Deal, isifundazwe nohulumeni bacabanga ukuthi bayizimbulunga ezihlukene ezinemithwalo ehlukene. Ngaphansi kwalesisibonelo, izinga ngalinye likahulumeni lisebenza ngokwalo endaweni yalo, ngokunabelana okuncane noma ukusebenzelana. Isingathekiso se "layer khekhe" ngokuvamile sisetshenziselwa ukuchaza lelilungiselelo, elinemingcele ecacile phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso.

I-Federation Federalism , eyavela phakathi neNew Deal futhi yanwetshwa phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandelayo, ibheka uhulumeni nohulumeni njengabangane bemithwalo yemfanelo futhi basebenze ndawonye ukusingatha izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphansi kwalesibonelo, iminikelo kahulumeni, izinhlelo ezihlangene, kanye nokubambisana kohulumeni kufiphaza imigqa phakathi kwegunya lombuso negunya lombuso. Isifaniso se-"kekhe eliqinile" sichaza lokhu okulandelanayo, kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlobene namazinga kahulumeni.

Ukubusa okuningi kwamanje kusebenza ngaphansi kobukhomanisi obubambisanayo, kodwa izimpikiswano ngokulinganisela okufanele ziyaqhubeka. Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza umbhalo ogcwele woMthetho-sisekelo nezinguquko zawo kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni izisekelo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wombuso.

Ikusasa LobuFande BaseMelika

Izimo eziningana cishe ziyothonya ikusasa lobuhlobo bombuso phakathi namashumi eminyaka ezayo. Izinguquko zezesayensi, ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, ushintsho lwezomnotho, kanye nemifelandawonye yezombangazwe ehlanganisa konke kuyothonya indlela amandla nomthwalo wemfanelo osakazwa ngayo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni.

  • Parisan Polareation: Ukuhlukana okukhulayo kwemibono phakathi kwezifundazwe naphakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni kungandisa izingxabano ngenxa yombuso wombuso. Ezwe elilawulwa iqembu elilodwa ngokuqhubekayo limelana nezimiso ezamukelwa uhulumeni olawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo, kuholele ekuxazululeni okwengeziwe nasengxabanweni yezombangazwe.
  • Intuthuko yezentengiselwano: ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, ukukhucululwa kwe-inthanethi, kanye nezentengiselwano zamanani kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokulawula kabusha. Ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni bangancintisana ngegunya kubuchwepheshe obuvelayo nezimakethe zamanani ezeqa imingcele engokwesiko.
  • Ukulungisa isimo sezulu okungaqondakali: Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kushesha, kokubili ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni kuyodingeka baxazulule izinselele zokuzivumelanisa nezimiso ezihlanganisa ukukwazi ukusekela isisekelo, ukusabela kwenhlekelele, kanye nokuhamba kwabantu. Lezinselele zingadinga amazinga angenakulinganiswa nakancane okubambisana kwezindawo.
  • Impepho: Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 waqokomisa kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka bombuso waseMelika ekusabeleni ezinkingeni zempilo yomphakathi. Izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo esikhathini esizayo ziyodala izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nokwabiwa okufanele kwegunya phakathi kwezinhlangano zempilo zikahulumeni ne-gunyeni.
  • [ Ukungalingani okukhulayo kwezomnotho: umehluko okhulayo wezomnotho phakathi kwezwe ungandisa ukucindezela kwezindinganiso ze-redis nombuso kuyilapho futhi kuqinisa ukuhlola kwezinga lombuso ngezimiso zezomnotho.

Isiphetho

Ukulwa kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni kusalokhu kuyisici esichaza ukuphila kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Lokhu kucindezeleka, kunokuba kube yiphutha emklamweni womthetho-sisekelo, kubonisa ukukhetha kwabenzi bamaflamethi ngamabomu ukwakha isimiso lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona futhi ephikiswa. Ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo kombuso kahulumeni kuvumela ukuvumelana nezimo, ukuhlola, nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho kulondoloza isimo esiyisisekelo segunya elihlukene elivikela inkululeko nenhlalo.

Ukuqonda izisekelo ezingokomthetho, izenzakalo ezingokomlando, nezimpikiswano zamanje eziphathelene nobuzwe obunolwazi, ukubusa okuphumelelayo, nokubusa okunesibopho. Njengoba iUnited States iqhubeka iguquka, ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni ngokungangabazeki kuyoshintsha, kodwa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokusakazwa okufanele kwegunya eriphabliki enkulu, ehlukahlukene iyohlala ibalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika.