Umthetho wangaphakathi wakha umgogodla wesinqumo sempikiswano yomuntu siqu, unikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle kubantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano ukuba bafune ukulungisa uma amalungelo abo ephulwa. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu − ohlanganisa ukuququzelela amacala ombuso ngokumelene nomthetho womphakathi(---civil) ugxila ngokuphelele ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwamaqembu abantu. Zonke izivumelwano zemoto ezaphukileyo, zonke izingozi zengozi ezibangelwa ukunganaki, zonke izimpikiswano zomngcele phakathi komakhelwane, namazwi angcolile athi ilimaza idumela eliphansi kwalomkhakha weze ngokomthetho omkhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyisisekelo, amakhambi, nezindlela zokuqondisa ezichaza umthetho wezezomthetho, ukunikeza isiqondiso esibanzi sokuqonda indlela ubulungisa obusebenza ngayo ngaphandle kwesimiso somthetho sokwahlulela.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wangaphakathi: Izinga Nezisekelo

Umthetho uxazulula izimpikiswano lapho omunye esho ukuthi walimala ngenxa yesenzo somunye noma ukungathathi-mdlandla. Ukulimala kungaba ngokomzimba, ngokwezimali, ngokomzwelo, noma ngokwedumela. Iqembu elilimele, elaziwa ngokuthi ummangaleli, liqala icala ngomenzi wobubi omangalelwe, ummangalelwa, efuna imbuyiselo noma umyalo wenkantolo wokunqanda ukuziphatha okulimazayo. Injongo eyinhloko ayisojezo, kodwa ukubuyisela (ukuthi) ukwenza iqembu elilimele liphinde libe ngcono ngokwezinga eliyimali noma iziyalezo zenkantolo.

Umthetho wombango awuyona iqoqo lomthetho kodwa uqoqo lwezigaba zomthetho. Izinhlobo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ikhomptact lomthetho — ibusa izithembiso eziphoqelelwe nezivumelwano.
  • [ umthetho weTort — umboza amaphutha omphakathi anjengokunganaki, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokubangela ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo ngenhloso.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] wesiProphethi [ — usebenzelana nobunikazi, ukuboleka, nokusetshenziswa kwempahla engokoqobo neyomuntu siqu.
  • [[[QURT:0] umthetho womkhaya [ — ukhuluma ngomshado, isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, kanye nokutholwa.
  • [ umthetho wokuvala [ — usingatha izimpikiswano zasemsebenzini njengokuqeda okungalungile, ukucwasana, nokukhokhela iholo.
  • Umthetho wempahla ofundwayo [ — uvikela indalo njengemvume, imvume yokugunyaza, nezimpawu.

Ingxenye ngayinye yalezindawo isebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlukene zomthetho kodwa ihlanganyela umgomo ofanayo oweqisayo: ukunikeza abadingisi ukuxazulula ukungezwani kwabo ngaphandle kokuphendukela ekuzisizeni noma ebudloveni. Isimiso somthetho wase-U.S., njengamanye amaningi, sincike engxube yomthetho wemithetho (odluliwe izishaya-mthetho) nomthetho ovamile (osungulwe ngezinqumo zenkantolo) ukuze kulwe amalungelo omphakathi nezibopho.

Imicabango eyisihluthulelo Elawula Ukwenemba Okungaphakathi

Ukuqamba Amanga Nephutha

Icala liwumthwalo wemfanelo ongokomthetho ngezenzo zomuntu noma ukushiyeka. Ezimweni zomphakathi, icala lingase lisekelwe emaphutheni . njengokunganaki noma ukuziphatha okubi ngenhloso (noma) kungavela ngaphandle kwephutha ngaphansi kwezimfundiso eziqinile (umz., imikhiqizo ekhubazekile). Ukumisa icala kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekutholeni ikhambi.

Izingozi: Ulimi Lokubambisana

Imiphumela eyimali iyimiklomelo eklanyelwe ukukhokhela umbulali ngokulahlekelwa.

  • [[INTLA:0] Ukuchitha umonakalo [ — kuhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa kwangempela, kuhlanganise nezindleko zokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, izindleko zokulungisa impahla, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka.
  • Umonakalo owenziwe [ — uklomeliswa kuphela emacaleni okunganaki okukhulu noma amaphutha amabomu ukuze kujeziswe ummangalelwa futhi kuvinjelwe ububi besikhathi esizayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo ongathi awukho [ — imali encane (ngokuvamile R1) uma ilungelo elingokomthetho liphulwa kodwa akukho ukulahlekelwa okungokoqobo kwemali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo osusuphelisiwe[ — isilinganiso esinqunyiwe esiqinisekiswe esivumelwaneni sokugqekeza.

Ikhono Lokusebenzisa I - negligen: I - tort Evame Kakhulu

I-gligence yenzeka lapho umuntu ehluleka ukwenza ngokunakekela umuntu onengqondo angakusebenzisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, ebangela umonakalo ongase ubonwe. Ukuze anqobe ukunganaki, umchasi kumelwe afakazele izici ezine: umsebenzi, ukugqekeza, ukugxuma, nokulimaza. Ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli ogijima ngejubane elibomvu futhi ashaye umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo ubophe umthwalo wokunakekela abanye emgwaqweni, uphule lowo msebenzi ngokushaya izimpawu zezimoto, ubangele ingozi, futhi ubangele izingozi eziphumela ekulahlekelweni kwezindleko zokwelapha futhi alahlekelwe iholo.

Isibopho Sokuhlangabezana Nezibopho

Isivumelwano siyisivumelwano esigunyazwa ngokomthetho. Uma omunye ehluleka ukwenza njengokuthembisa − ukuphuka-jeza", omunye angase afake icala lamakhambi anjengembuyiselo ngenxa yemathemba alahlekile noma ukwenza okuthile okukhethekile. Umthetho ohlangeneyo uthinta cishe zonke izintengo zezentengiselwano, kusukela ekuthengeni ikhofi kuya ekusayineni isivumelwano esihlanganisa i-dillion exubile.

Ezinye izimfundiso ezibalulekile zihlanganisa [ ukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa , okubeka isikhathi sokufaka amacala (ngokuvama ngohlobo lwecala nombuso), kanye nomthwalo wobufakazi [, okudinga umkhohlisi womphakathi ukuqinisekisa icala lakhe ngokufakazelwa "ngokunyenyiswa kobufakazi" (ngokungenzeka) kunendinganiso ephakeme yobugebengu ye "QUT], okuthi uma ungenakho ukungabaza okunengqondo."""

Izinhlobo Zezixazululo Zomphakathi: Akuyona Imali Nje Nje

Amakhambi avamile angamathuluzi asetshenziswa izinkantolo ukuphoqelela amalungelo noma amaphutha. Awela ezigabani ezimbili ezibanzi: amakhambi angokomthetho (amanxeba) namakhambi alinganayo (awekho ama-areodar akhishwayo uma imali inganele).

Izingozi Zokulungisa

Ikhambi elivamile, ukulimala kwemali efakwayo ngenjongo yokubuyisela i-paltiff esimweni ebekungeke kwenzeke ngaso ukuba bekungakona. Kuhlanganisa kokubili ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho (isibonelo, izindleko zezokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa amandla okuthola imali, ukulimala kwempahla) nokulahlekelwa okungekona okungokomnotho (isib., ubuhlungu, ukuhlupheka, ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo).

Umonakalo Obangelwa Yisijeziso

Isijeziso asiyona isijeziso; siklanyelwe ukujezisa ummangalelwa ngokuziphatha okungafanele futhi sinqande ukuziphatha okufanayo esikhathini esizayo. Izifunda eziningi ziphonsa amakepisi esijeziso (ngokwesibonelo, ngokuphindwe kathathu inani lemali echithweyo) ukuze kuvinjelwe imiklomelo ephakeme.

Ukuhlangana

Isiyalo senkantolo esifuna umbambi sicelo ukuba enze noma agweme ukwenza isenzo esithile. Imiyalo evimbela (TRO) yesikhashana nemithetho yokuqala ilondoloza isimo esikhona phakathi ne-parignodi, kuyilapho imithetho ehlala njalo inikeza usizo lokugcina. Izicelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukunqabela isisebenzi esisebenza ngaphambili ukuba sikhiphe izimfihlo zebhizinisi noma sikhiphe inkampani ukuba iyeke ukungcolisa indlela yamanzi.

Ukusebenza Okuqondile

Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ezivumelwaneni zezindawo nempahla eyivelakancane, ukwenza okuthile kuphoqelela umkhandlu owephulayo ukuba ufeze imisebenzi yawo engokomthetho kunokuba ukhokhe umonakalo.

Ukuvukela Nenguquko

Lamakhambi alinganayo avumela izinkantolo ukuba zisule isivumelwano (ukulungisa) noma zibhale kabusha amagama azo (ukulungisa) ukuze zibonise izinhloso zangempela zalaba bantu lapho ukukhwabanisa, iphutha, noma ithonya elingafanele lonakalise isivumelwano.

Isahlulelo Sokumemezela

Isahlulelo sokukhipha isigwebo kuyisinqumo senkantolo samalungelo noma ubuhlobo obungokomthetho ngaphandle kokuyala noma yisiphi isenzo. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ingamemezela ukuthi umthetho othile womshuwalense uhlanganisa uhlobo oluthile lwezinqumo, ucacisa izibopho zamacala ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala.

Ukuqonda la makhambi kusiza abameli babo ukuba banqume ukuthi kufanele bamangalelwe yini noma bafune elinye ikhambi.

Izindlela Zesinqumo Ezingavumelani: Ukusuka Ekuhlobana Kuya Ekukhipheni Icala

Akuzona zonke izimpikiswano zomphakathi eziphelela enkantolo, eqinisweni, eziningi zixazululwa ngesinqumo esihlukile sempikiswano (ADR) esigcina isikhathi, imali, nobuhlobo. Izindlela zesinqumo ezihlukene zihlanganisa:

Ukuzwana

Indlela elula nevame kakhulu, ukuxoxisana kuhlanganisa ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwamaqembu (ngokuvamile nabameli bawo) ukuze angene endaweni yokuhlala. Kuyithukela, kuyimfihlo, futhi ngokukhululekile. Ukuxoxisana okuphumelelayo kudinga uhlangothi ngalunye ukuqonda izifiso zalo siqu kanye nezinto eziza kuqala komunye. Izivumelwano eziningi zihlanganisa "ukuveza kuqala" isigqebhezana ngaphambi kokuba kukhule ku-media noma kudluliselwe ekulandiseni.

Isiphazamiso

I-media iletha ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi, “‘ umlamuleli osiza izigijimi zisebenzise izisombululo, kodwa ongaphoqeleli. Indima yomlamuleli iwukuthuthukisa ukuqonda, ukucacisa, nokusikisela ukuhlehla. Uma abahlangene befinyelela isivumelwano, kuba isivumelwano esibophayo. I-media isetshenziswa kakhulu emthethweni womkhaya, izingxabano zezentengiselwano, nezingxabano zomphakathi. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuxhumana kuxazulula izimpikiswano ezingenela kule nqubo.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

I-Arbitration iyindlela esemthethweni kakhulu lapho umuntu oyedwa noma ngaphezulu ezwa khona ubufakazi nezimpikiswano futhi enikeza isinqumo esibophekayo. Ifana nokuqulwa kwecala elilula ngaphandle kwemithetho egcwele yenkantolo. Izivumelwano eziningi zabathengi cishe izivumelwano zamakhadi okuthenga kanye nezivumelwano zenkonzo yocingo lwe-ADR zenza kube nesibopho sokukhipha izigijimi ezibotshelelweyo. Nakuba uku-arbittion ngokuvamile kushesha futhi kubiza kancane kunokulishwa, abacusumbuli baphawula ukuthi kungalinganisela amalungelo amaqembu okuthola nokudlulisa izikhombo.

Ukuphihliza

Ukuqamba icala kuyinqubo engokwesiko yokuyisa impikiswano enkantolo. Iqala ngokufaka isikhalo nezicelo, kulandelwe ukuncenga, ukuthola (ukuguqula ubufakazi), ukuthatha izinqumo zangaphambi kwenkantolo, ukuxoxa ngezingxoxo, nokuqulwa kwecala phambi komahluleli noma amajaji. Uma iqembu lingavumelani nomphumela, lingase lidlulisele icala enkantolo ephakeme. Ukuqamba icala kunikeza isinqumo esingokomthetho nesinegunya kakhulu kodwa ngokuvamile kuyacotha, kuyabiza, futhi kuyabiza.

Ukukhetha indlela efanele kuxhomeke ekutheni ingxabano injani, ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu, inani elisengozini, izinga elifunekayo lokugcina. Icala lomphakathi lixazululwa ngesilinganiso esithile.

Indima Yezinkantolo Emthetho Kahulumeni

Izinkantolo zombango zinikeza inkundla ephethelwe ukuxabana lapho ezinye izindlela zihluleka. Isimiso senkantolo sinamandla, siqinisekisa kokubili ukusebenza kahle nethuba lokulungisa amaphutha.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Izinkantolo zenkantolo, ezaziwa futhi njengezinkantolo eziphakeme, zikhona lapho amacala omphakathi eqhubeka khona kuqala. Zizwa khona ubufakazi, zisebenzisa umthetho, futhi zikhipha izahlulelo. Izinkantolo ezithi zincane ziyiqembu elikhethekile elisingatha izimpikiswano eziphansi (ngokusho ukuthi ngaphansi kuka-R2,50 000 000 000), kuye ngenqubo eyenziwe lula futhi ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwabameli. Izenzo zekilasi zivumela amaqembu amakhulu abantu abaneziphakamiso ezifanayo (umz., imikhiqizo engalungile noma ukukhwabanisa kwezekelo) ukuba adlulise iqoqo, ukuphumelela okukhulayo nokufinyelela ekwahluleleni.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Izinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha angokomthetho . "njengeziyalezo ezingalungile zokwahlulela, izinqumo zobufakazi ezingafanele, noma ukuchazwa kabi komthetho. Azibutholi ubufakazi obuyiqiniso kodwa kunalokho zihlola umbhalo ogciniwe wokwahlulela kanye nokubhala okufushanisiwe. Indinganiso yokubukeza iyahluka: imibuzo yomthetho iyabukezwa "devo" (entsha), kuyilapho okutholwayo okunganembile kusekelwa ngaphandle kokuba "iphutha elicacile"."

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zezwe neNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. zizwa izinkantolo eziningi eziphakamisa imibuzo ephawulekayo engokomthetho noma lapho izinkantolo ezincane ziye zakhipha khona imithetho engqubuzanayo. Izinqumo zazo ziba isibopho, zisho indlela umthetho wesizwe ochazwa ngayo kuyo yonke indawo.

Indima yamajaji emacaleni ezakhamuzi ihlanganisa ukuqondisa inqubo yangaphambi kwenkantolo, ukubusa ngezenzo, ukuyala amajaji (uma ekhona), futhi ekugcineni athathe izahlulelo. Amajaji akhona ezicabeni eziningi zezakhamuzi − ikakhulukazi ekufuneni iziphakamiso ze-tort nesivumelwano sokukhomba izimpikiswano (*) futhi banquma amaqiniso kanye nemiphumela eyimiphumela.

Icala Lomthetho Ovamile: Izibonelo Zezwe Ezingokoqobo

Umthetho wezakhamuzi uthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngezansi kunezibonelo zezinhlobo ezivamile zezenzakalo zomphakathi:

  • [ Izimpikiswano: Umninikhaya umangalela umakhi ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuqeda ukulungisa ngesikhathi, efuna umonakalo wokulibala nokukhokha.
  • [ Inxeba lomuntu siqu (tort):[ Umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo oshaywa umshayeli ophazamisekile ubhala izindleko zokwelapha zokunganaki, iholo elilahlekile, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka.
  • [ Izimpikiswano ezingokwesisho: omakhelwane ababili abaphikisanayo ngendawo yothango, okuholela ekuthatheni isinyathelo esithulile sesihloko sokunquma ubunikazi.
  • Umthetho womkhaya: Umbhangqwana oshadile ufuna isehlukaniso, okuholela ezimpikiswaneni ngokuhlukaniswa kwempahla, ukusekelana komshado, nokuwinwa kwezingane.
  • [ izimpikiswano zokulungisa:[ Owayeyisisebenzi umangalela ukuqeda okungalungile ukubeka ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga noma ukukhubazeka.
  • Impahla efundekayo: Umculi ufaka ilebula lokuqopha eliqophayo elisebenzisa ingoma yabo ngaphandle kwemvume, efuna isimemezelo nezikhulu.
  • Izimpi zezwe ezinamandla: Isheshi eliyi-ant eliyokubuya kwendawo yokhuseleko ngemva kokuphuma, lithi umnini-ndlu ususwe ukuguga okuvamile nokubhidlika.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni awuyona into engabonakali, kodwa uxazulula izingxabano zansuku zonke ezithinta imali, amakhaya, nezinto zokuziphilisa zabantu.

Ukubaluleka Komthetho Wangaphakathi Emkhayeni Wanamuhla

Ngaphandle kokuxazulula izingxabano ngazinye, umthetho wangaphakathi ufeza imisebenzi eminingana ebanzi yomphakathi. Ivimbela ukuziphatha okunganakiyo noma okulimazayo ngokubeka imiphumela engokwezimali. Ibeka izindinganiso zokuziphatha ngesandulela, iqondisa abantu namabhizinisi kulokho okwamukelekayo ngokomthetho. Ivumela ezohwebo ngokunikeza amalungelo agunyaziwe, ababoleki, abathengi, nabathengi abathembele kuwo. Inikeza enye indlela enokuthula yokuzisiza noma yobudlova, igcina ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda umthetho kahulumeni kubalulekile ukuze kube nezakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Izimpikiswano zifuna ukuguqula izivumelwano, indima yesijeziso, nokuthola imvume engokomthetho kuyaqhubeka. Amabhizinisi, ulwazi lwezikweleti zomphakathi lusiza ekunciphiseni izingozi ngomshuwalense, izinhlelo zokulalela, nezivumelwano ezibekwe kahle.

Ukulinganisela: Ukulungisa Izinto

Wonke amashende ezakhamuzi anesilinganiso sesikhathi esilinganiselwe .Iwotshi liqala lapho kutholakele umonakalo noma uma kufanele ibekwe khona icala. Le mithetho yezikhathi iyahlukahluka ngokwezwe nangohlobo lwezwi, kusukela ngonyaka owodwa (ukukhishwa kwezinye izindawo) kuya eminyakeni eyisithupha (izimpikiswano kwezinye). Iwashi liqala uma kutholakala ukuthi umonakalo ukhona noma kufanele ukuba kutholakale. Ukungawutholi lo mkhawulo kungavala ngokuphelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufanele.

Ukukhanga Nezindlela Zokwelapha I - Postg

Ngisho nangemva kwesinqumo senkantolo, lowo olahlekelwayo angase akhethe: ukudlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme, ukudlulisela icala elisha, noma ukufuna ukubekela eceleni isahlulelo esisekelwe ebufakazini obusanda kutholakala noma ukukhwabanisa. Ukukhokhiswa kwesahlulelo (ukuqoqa imali) kungaba enye inselele, edinga imizamo enjengokukhokha imali noma ukukhokha imali ebhange.

Imithombo Yangaphandle Yokufunda Okwengeziwe

Kulabo abafisa ukuthola umthetho kahulumeni ngokujule ngokwengeziwe, le mithombo elandelayo enegunya iwumthombo omuhle kakhulu:

  • [[NT.0] I-Cornell Legin Information: Civil Law Incosor — i-encyclopedia ekhululekile, ebanzi ehlanganisa inqubo yomphakathi nomthetho wezwe ongaphansi.
  • Nolo: Uhlelo lwe-Civil Justice system — izihloko ezifinyelelekayo ezibhalelwe abangewona umthetho ezibhalelwe abangezona izihloko njengenkantolo efuna ukuthethwa, ukulimala komuntu siqu, nokukhipha imvume.
  • I-American Bar international: Indlela iCourts Work – Civil Cases — izinto zokufundisa ezichaza izigaba zecala lomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wombango unikeza isisekelo sokuxazulula izimpi ezingezona ezobugebengu eziphakama ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kusukela ekungquzukeni kwesivumelwano kuya ezingozini zezimoto, kusukela ekuhlukaneni kwemikhaya kuya ekulweni kwempahla, amakhambi omthetho wesizwe (_inani elilimazayo), iziyalezo, nokusebenza okukhethekile (ukunikeza indlela yokulunga ngaphandle kokucela amandla okukhuphula umbuso. Ngokuqonda iziphazamiso, ukulimaza, nokuhlukanisa izivumelwano zesinqumo kusukela ekuhlolweni kwe-internation kuya ekuhlanekezeleni, abantu bangawandisa kangcono amalungelo abo, basebenzise izinselele ezingokomthetho, futhi baqaphele indlela isimiso sobulungisa esihlanganisa ngayo umphakathi ozinzile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uchwepheshe, noma isakhamuzi esinelungela ukuqaphela, lezizici zezizathu eziyisisekelo zokuhlanganyela kwakho nezimiso ezingokomthetho zemithetho esemthethweni.