Table of Contents

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni namalungelo omphakathi bumelela esinye sezici eziyisisekelo kakhulu zomphakathi wentando yeningi. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi nokuthinta okushukumisayo kuhlela indlela abantu abathola ngayo inkululeko, ukulingana, nobulungisa ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda indima kahulumeni ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi ($nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezikhona zezakhamuzi ukuthatha iqhaza eliphumelelayo ekulondolozeni lenkululeko edingekile kubo nezizukulwane ezizayo.

Abaluleke Ngani Amalungelo Omphakathi Futhi Kungani Abalulekile?

Amalungelo omphakathi ayinkululeko nesivikelo esiyisisekelo esiqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulingana ngaphansi komthetho kungakhathaliseki izici zomuntu siqu ezinjengohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, umsuka wesizwe, ubudala, noma ukukhubazeka. Lamalungelo akha isisekelo somphakathi onobulungisa, eqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu angahlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi ngaphandle kokubhekana nobandlululo noma ukuphathwa ngokungafani.

Umqondo wamalungelo omphakathi udlulela ngalé kwesivikelo esingokomthetho kuphela, kodwa uhlanganisa ikhono elisebenzayo labantu lokuthola imfundo, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, indawo yomphakathi, nezinkonzo zikahulumeni ngendlela efanayo. Uma amalungelo omphakathi evikelwe, umphakathi uyazuza ekuhlanganyeleni okugcwele naseminikelweni yawo wonke amalungu. Uma ephulwa, yonke imiphakathi iyalahlekelwa, incishiswe, incishiswe, futhi ilinganiswe ngokwezimiso.

Amalungelo omphakathi ahlukile enkululeko yomphakathi, nakuba amagama evame ukusetshenziswa ngokufana. Inkululeko yomphakathi ibhekisela ekuvikelweni ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma noma yenkolo. Ngokungafani, amalungelo omphakathi ahlanganisa isibopho sikahulumeni sokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo nokuvinjelwa kwabadlali bomphakathi nabezodwa.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samalungelo Omphakathi

UMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States unikeza isisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, nakuba lezi zivikelo ziye zavela ngokuphawulekayo ngokulungiswa nokuchazwa kwamalungelo abantu emakhulwini angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nesivikelo Sangaphambili

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wawunesivikelo esilinganiselwe samalungelo abantu. iBill of Rights, ehlanganisa izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ezamukelwa ngo-1791, yasungula inkululeko ebalulekile ehlanganisa inkulumo, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nenqubo efanelekile. Nokho, lezi sivikelo ekuqaleni zasetshenziswa kuphela ezenzweni zikahulumeni futhi azizange zixazulule izinhlobo eziningi zokucwaswa, ikakhulukazi ukumiswa kobugqila.

Iziphendu Zokuvuselela

Intuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo yalethwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango lapho kuthathwa izinguquko ezintathu ezibalulekile. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila kulo lonke elase-United States. ISichibiyelo seMinyaka Eyishumi nane, esagunyazwa ngo - 1868, sanikeza bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadalwe eUnited States izakhamuzi ezinqatshelwa ukuba baphike noma yimuphi umuntu olingana nemithetho noma ophuca noma noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenayo inqubo efanelekile yomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu, esagunyazwa ngo - 1870, sanikeza amadoda aseMelika aseAfrika ilungelo lokuvota ngokunqabela ukuphikwa kwamalungelo okuvota ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila. Lokhu kulungisa ngokuyisisekelo kwaguqula umthetho futhi kwanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi esikhathini esizayo, nakuba isithembiso sawo sasizothatha amashumi amaningi eminyaka ukuba sifezeke ngokugcwele.

Indima kahulumeni kahulumeni woBuyela ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi ngamagatsha nezinhlangano eziningi, ngayinye ifeza izindima ezihlukene kodwa ezisekelanayo.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yegatsha Engokomthetho

ISishaya - mthetho simisa umthetho wamalungelo abantu oguqulela izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezivikelweni ezingokomthetho ezithile. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, uMkhandlu uye washaya imithetho ephawula amalungelo abantu phakathi nenkathi yokuguqula umphakathi nentando yezombangazwe. Lemithetho imisa izindlela zobandlululo, ikha izimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho, futhi igunyaze izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zihlole ukuphulwa nokufuna amakhambi.

Inqubo yomthetho yemithetho yenkululeko yabantu ngokuvamile ihilela ukuphikisana okukhulu, ukuyekethisa kwezombangazwe, nokusekela okuqhubekayo kwezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu nemiphakathi ethintekile.INgqungquthela Yamalungelo Omphakathi Namalungelo Abantu esizwe angaphezu kuka - 240, ihlangene yamalungelo esizwe nawabantu angaphezu kuka - 240, isebenza ukuze iqiniseke ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zinemithombo edingekayo ukuze zithole ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okufanele, imfundo engenalo ubandlululo, isivikelo semisebenzi, namanye amalungelo omphakathi agxekayo nawabantu.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwegatsha Eliphethe

ISivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu sango - 1957 sasungula i-Civil Rights Division, futhi, enhloko yayo, iHhovisi Lomsizi We-Attorney General for Civil Rights. ISivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu samiswa ngo-December 9, 1957, ngomyalo ka-Attorney General William P. Rogers. Lokhu kwaphawula isinyathelo esibalulekile ekubekeni imvume yokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukudlula kweSivumelwano samaLungelo sango-1944 kwandisa igunya le-Civil Rights Division’s lokwenqabela ubandlululo ezikhungweni zomphakathi, ezindaweni zomphakathi, emsebenzini, nasezikoleni. Namuhla, i-Papasion iphoqelela imithetho eminingi yamalungelo abantu futhi isebenzela ukuvikela abantu abasengozini ekucwaseni nakubudlova.

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zilondoloza amaHhovisi e-Civil Rights (OCR) aphoqelela imithetho emelene nokucwasa ezindaweni zazo. Ngaphesheya kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, amahhovisi amalungelo omphakathi, amahhovisi amalungelo (OCR) aqinisekisa ukuthi abamukela usizo lwezimali bavumelana nemithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukucwaswa emsebenzini nokunikezwa kwezinkonzo noma izinzuzo ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, umsuka wesizwe, ubulili, inkolo, ubudala, nokukhubazeka.

I - Aumeter Opportual Opportunity Commission (EOC) inendima ebalulekile emalungelweni omphakathi emsebenzini. I - Aumelt Accomplication Opportunity Commission (EOC) yasungulwa yi-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 ewuphawu lwe-Civil Act ukuze iphendule ngokuqondile ekuceleni ukulunga kohlanga nokwezomnotho ngoMarch eWashington ngomnyaka ongokomlando we - Jobs and Free. Lenhlangano ihlola izikhalo zobandlululo, izimpikiswano zemithombo yezindaba, kanye nezindaba ezifaka icala lokuvimbela ukucwa kwemisebenzi yezwe.

Ukuchazwa Kwegatsha Lokwahlulela

Izinkantolo ze-Federal, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, ichaza imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, imisa izenzakalo ezakha isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu ziye zathuthuka futhi ngezinye izikhathi, zawavimbela amalungelo ezakhamuzi kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Ijaji lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola kokubili izenzo zomthetho nezobuphathi, liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Izinkantolo zinikeza nenkundla lapho abantu nezinhlangano bengabekela khona inselele imikhuba yokwephula umthetho futhi bafune amakhambi okunqanda ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukugada Nokuzihlolela Ngokuzimele

IKhomishane yeUnited States elwela amalungelo ezakhamuzi ihlelelwe ukukhipha imibiko emibili ebalulekile ngoSeptember 2024, ikhuluma ngezindaba ezibucayi ezihlobene nezimiso zamalungelo omphakathi nezombuso. Lenhlangano ezimele, ezimele, ethwala amalungelo omphakathi, ecwaninga, futhi itusa iKhomishane neMongameli ezindabeni zamalungelo omphakathi.

IKhomishane iqunga izikhululo zomphakathi, ihlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni, futhi iveza imibiko enikeza izimpikiswano zezimiso nokuthatha imithetho.

Uphawu Lwamalungelo Omphakathi Ezwe Kuwo Wonke Umlando

Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamalungelo omphakathi kudinga ukuhlola izenzakalo eziyinhloko ezingokwemithetho eziye zathonya umphakathi waseMelika.

Imithetho Yamalungelo Abantu Yasendulo Nokulinganiselwa Kwawo

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1866 yamelela umzamo wokuqala kahulumeni wokuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kubo bonke abantu abahlala e-United States. Lomthetho, wadlula ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yombango, wafuna ukuvikela amalungelo ezigqila ezazisanda kukhululwa. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwawo kwabonakala kunzima naphezu kokumelana nomphakathi.

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1875 yaqhubekela phambili, iqinisekisa zonke izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuthola izindawo zomphakathi zokuhlala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivela kuluphi uhlanga. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela lomthetho owephula umthetho ngo-1883, ithola ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sanikeza iSivumelwano igunya lokulawula ukuziphatha kombuso, hhayi izenzo zabantu ngabanye. Lesi sinqumo salinganisela kakhulu ukugcinwa kwamalungelo ohulumeni amashumi eminyaka.

Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Wango - 1957

Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu - 80 ingekho umthetho obalulekile wamalungelo abantu, iSishaya - mthetho sakhipha iSishaya - mthetho Samalungelo Abantu sango - 1957. Nakuba wawulinganiselwe, lo mthetho wamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile ngokusungula i - Civil Rights Division phakathi kwe - Department of Justice ne - Commission on Civil Rights yase - United States. Yayigxile ngokuyinhloko ekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota, nakuba izimiso zawo zokuqinisekisa zazibonakala zibuthakathaka ngokwesilinganiso esithile.

Umthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi Ka - 1964: Ithonya Elicekelwe Phansi

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 iwumthetho ophawulayo wamalungelo omphakathi nezisebenzi eUnited States owenqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, nemvelaphi yezwe.

Umthetho wasungulwa nguMongameli John F. Kennedy ngoJune 1963, kodwa waphikiswa yi-banbuster eSigele. Ngemva kokuba uKennedy ebulewe ngo-November 22, 1963, uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wasunduza lolu mthetho. Umholi kaJohnson wabonakala ebaluleke kakhulu ekunqobeni ukuphikiswa okunonya.

Impikiswano ende eqhubekayo emlandweni weSigele yaqala ngo-1964 ngo-Polign Rights Act. Abameli baseNingizimu bamisa i-panest ezimisele izinsuku ezingu-72, bezama ukuvala umthetho. NgoJune 10, i-Republicans kanye no-44 Democrates baqeda i-Parents u-Diasss lapho iSigele sikhetha 71 kuya ku-29 ukuba i-Roxibility, ngaleyo ndlela yamisa enye impikiswano. Lokhu kwaphawula okokuqala emlandweni wayo ukuthi i-Sheed Cample yamisa ukuqeda impikiswano ngelungelo lomphakathi.

Ngemva kokuba iNdlu ivumele ukumiswa kweSigele seSishaya - mthetho, uMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964 wasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli Johnson eWhite House ngoJuly 2, 1964. Indima yomthetho yamelela isikhathi sokuguqula emlandweni waseMelika, ngokuyinhloko iguqula isimo esingokomthetho ngokubheka ubandlululo.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Ngokwakhela phambili kweSiphakamiso sonyaka ka-1946, uKhongolo lwadlulisa iVoing Rights Act ka-65, eyanikeza izimiso eziqinile zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo okuvota. Lomthetho wawunqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvotelweni futhi ugunyaze uhulumeni ukuba uqondise imithetho yokukhetha ehlelayo nemicimbi yokucwasa. LoMthetho waphumelela ngokuphawulekayo ekubhaliseni amavoti nasekuhlanganyeleni phakathi kwama-Afrika namaqembu amancane.

Nokho, isivikelo somthetho siye sabhekana nezinselele eminyakeni yamuva. Ngo-2013, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachitha ilungiselelo eliyinhloko loMthetho wamaLungelo, yasusa izimfuneko ezimisiwe zikahulumeni zezindawo ezithile. Lesi sinqumo sabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo okuvota nendima efanelekile kahulumeni ekuqondiseni imithetho yokukhetha kahulumeni.

Isenzo Sendawo Yokuhlala Esifanele Sango - 1968

I-Fair Howare Act, eyadluliswa ngemva kokubulawa kukaDkt. Martin Luther King Jr., wenqabela ukucwaswa kwezindlu ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Kamuva ukulungisa kwanda izivikelo ezihlanganisa ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nesikhundla sobufandala. Lomthetho wakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezingapheli zokucwaswa, nakuba izindlu ezihlukene nezingalinganiyo zisalokhu zinezinselele ezinkulu emashumini eminyaka kamuva.

Abantu BaseMelika Abakhubazekile Ngo - 1990

AmaMelika ane-Cult pulsement Act (ADA) amelela ukwanda okukhulu kwesivikelo samalungelo abantu abakhubazekile. Umthetho wenqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, izindawo zomphakathi, ezokuhamba, nezokuxhumana. Kudinga indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe kubantu abakhubazekile futhi kuye kwaguqula ukutholakala komphakathi waseMelika, nakuba ukusetshenziswa nokugcinwa kwemithetho kuqhubeka kuvela.

Intuthuko Yamuva Yemithetho

Umthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi uyaqhubeka uphendula izinselele ezivelayo nokushintsha kwendlela abantu ababheka ngayo. Imithetho yamuva iye yakhuluma ngobugebengu benzondo, ukushushumbisa abantu, nokubandlululwa okusekelwe ekubukekeni kobulili nasocaleni. Inqubo yomthetho iyaqhubeka iphikisana, iveza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngesivikelo samalungelo abantu kanye nendima efanelekile kahulumeni ekunqandeni ubandlululo.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi: Ukushintsha Okungokomthetho Nokuhlalisana Kwabantu

Phakathi nekhulu lama-20, inhlangano yezwe lonke yamalungelo alinganayo kubantu baseMelika base-Afrika futhi ngenxa yokuphela kokwahlukaniswa kwezinhlanga nokuhlukaniswa yavela e-United States. Lenhlangano yathatha izindlela eziningi, futhi abahlanganyeli bayo basebenzisa izindlela eziningi ukuze benze izidingo zabo zizizwe, kuhlanganise nokuhlala phansi, ukubhikisha, ukubhikisha, inkululeko, nokukhuthaza izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zithathe isinyathelo somthetho.

Brown v. iBoard of Education and School Dese Convention

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1954 eBrown v. Board of Education samemezela ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphandle komthetho, sagumbuqela imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa ePlesty v. Ferguson (1896). Lesi sinqumo esivelele sanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokwahlukana okunzima emphakathini waseMelika, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi kwabhekana nokumelana okukhulu ezizweni eziningi.

I - NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, eholwa uThurfall Marshall, yachitha amashumi eminyaka yakha icala elingokomthetho ngokumelene nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, ekugcineni ifinyelela isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esashintsha imfundo yaseMelika ngokuvumelanayo.

IMontgomery Bus Boycott Nokwenqaba Okungenabudlova

I-Montgomery Bus Boycott ka-1956 ka-Rosa Park, eyabangelwa ukwenqaba kwakhe ukubeka isihlalo sakhe kumgibeli omhlophe, yabonisa amandla okumelana nomphakathi, okungalwi. Unyaka weminyaka eminingi, uholwa nguDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. nabashisekeli bendawo, babekela inselele ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlukaniswa ngokuhamba komphakathi futhi bamisa isibonelo semikhankaso yamalungelo abantu esikhathini esizayo.

Ababhishobhi babonisa indlela izakhamuzi ezivamile, ngezenzo ezihlangene nangokucindezela kwezomnotho, ezazingaphoqelela ngayo ushintsho lwezenhlalo nomthetho.

Ukuhlenga Nokuthola Inkululeko

Kusukela ngo-1960, abafundi ababehlala ezikhungweni zokudla kwasemini ezihlukene basakazekela eNingizimu, bebekela ubandlululo ezindlini zomphakathi inselele. Lokhu kuvukela okunokuthula, ngokuvamile kwahlangana ngobudlova nokuboshwa, kwadonsela ukunakekela kwesizwe ekungabini nabulungisa kokuhlukanisa izinkolo nokucindezela amabhizinisi nohulumeni ukuba bashintshe imikhuba yobandlululo.

Inkululeko Rides ngo-1961 yabekela inselele ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuhamba. amaqembu abagibeli abadlubulundi ayehamba eNingizimu ngamabhasi, ephula ngamabomu imithetho yokwehlukana futhi ebhekene nokuhlaselwa ngobudlova. Lezenzo zaphoqelela ukungenela kukahulumeni futhi zabonisa isibindi esidingekayo ukuze kubekelwe inselele ubandlululo olugxilile.

Uhambo EWashington

Unyaka ka-1963 eWashington we-Jobs and Freedom waletha abantu abangaphezu kuka-250,000 enhloko - dolobha yezwe kwenye yezibhikisho zezombangazwe ezinkulu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Lo dwendwe lwafuna umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi ogcwele, ukuphela kobandlululo emsebenzini nasemakhaya, nobulungisa bezomnotho kubantu baseAfrika.

UDkt. King’s "Nginephupho" inkulumo eSikhumbuzweni saseLincoln yaba ngenye yezikhathi ezithatha isithunzi kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, iveza umbono wokulingana kwezinhlanga nobulungisa oqhubeka ukhuthaza amalungelo omphakathi. Lomahambelo lwabonisa ukusekela okukhulu komthetho wamalungelo omphakathi nokucindezela okwandayo eSishaya-mthetho nakuMongameli uKennedy ukuba athathe isinyathelo.

Selma Namalungelo Okusakaza Izindaba

NgoMarch 7, 1965, udwendwe lwamalungelo omphakathi eSelma, e-Alabama, olwaluholwa umholi wempi John Lewis oneminyaka engu-25 ubudala, wahlaselwa amasosha nabaphathi bamanxusa amasosha lapho abahambi bezama ukuwela iEdmund Pettus Bridge yomuzi. Ubudlova bonya, obabusakazwa kuthelevishini yesizwe, bashaqisa izwe futhi basekela umthetho wokuvota.

Izenzakalo zabonisa ukuthi ubudlova obabusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela amalungelo okuvota e - Afrika nokuzimisela kwabashisekeli bokulondoloza lawo malungelo.

Ithonya Elibanzi Nefa

Ekupheleni kwawo-1960, inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yayenze izinguquko ezinkulu emthethweni nasemkhubeni womphakathi, futhi yathola isivikelo esingokomthetho samalungelo nenkululeko yaseMelika eyayizoguqula ukuphila kwaseMelika amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Amasu nempumelelo yalenhlangano yakhuthaza amanye amaqembu, abesifazane, i-LGBTQ, abantu abakhubazekile, neminye imiphakathi ehlukene nemithetho esemthethweni, eyayizohlela amalungelo abo siqu.

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yabonisa ukuthi ukulwa okuqhubekayo, ukuqulwa kwemithetho, ukumelana nobudlova, nokuhlelwa kwezombangazwe kunganqoba ngisho nezimiso ezigxilile zobandlululo.

Izinselele Zamanje Ekuvikelweni Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Naphezu kwentuthuko ephawulekayo, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kubhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezidinga ukuqapha nokuqapha okuqhubekayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Nemithombo Yengcebo

Ngesikhathi lapho siye sabona ukukhononda okwandayo kokucwasa emfundweni, ukuhlasela okukhulu ngamathuba alinganayo, nokulibala uma kuvela, uMnyango Wezemfundo yamalungelo e-Civil udinga ukuxhaswa kakhulu ukuze kufezwe imithwalo yawo yemfanelo. Ukungaxhaseki kwezimali kuvimbela ikhono lezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi lokuhlola izikhalo, ukuphoqelela imithetho, nokunikeza usizo kwizisulu zobandlululo.

Imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwemali ithinta izinhlangano eziningi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu. Abantu abasebenzayo bafanelwe izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingahlela izimali ezidingekayo ukuze kuqiniswe umthetho futhi zivikele amalungelo ethu omphakathi emsebenzini. Ngaphandle kwemithombo eyanele, ngisho nemithetho eqinile elwela amalungelo abantu ingase intuleke izimiso eziphumelelayo zokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Zonda Ubugebengu Nobudlova Obuhlasimulisayo

I-DOJ Community Relations Service isebenzela ukuxazulula ukucindezeleka okuhlobene nobandlululo, ukudubula kwamaphoyisa, nezinye izenzakalo eziphezulu, kanye nokusekela abaholi bendawo emizamweni yokuvimbela nokuthuthukisa ukusabela ebugebengwini benzondo. Phakathi nesikhathi lapho ubugebengu benzondo bubikwa khona buphakeme kakhulu, kubucayi ukuba i-CRS ixhaswe ngokufanelekile.

Ubugebengu benzondo obuhlasela abantu abasekelwe ohlazweni, enkolweni, ebuhlangani, ebulilini, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka buhlala buyinkinga engapheli. Lobu bugebengu abulimazi izisulu ezingabantu kuphela kodwa futhi busongela yonke imiphakathi futhi bululaza ukuhlangana komphakathi. Ukuvinjelwa nokusabela okuphumelelayo kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nomthetho wendawo, kanye nokugcinwa komphakathi.

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Omphakathi

Umbiko wesibili, "Iziphakamiso zamalungelo omphakathi ze-Federal Usease of Facial Tactiguent Technology," wahlola ukukhathazeka ngomthetho ongekho nhlobo ekusebenziseni uhulumeni we-Facial Tactical Technology (FRT). Yahlola indlela i-FRT esetshenziswa ngayo manje futhi inikeza ukutusa kwezimiso nemikhuba engcono kakhulu yokusingatha lezi zici.

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile bunikeza kokubili amathuba nezinselele zamalungelo omphakathi. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukuqashelwa kobuso, ukwenza izinqumo ze-algorithm, nemisebenzi yokuqoqwa kokwaziswa kungaqhubekisela phambili noma kukhulise ubandlululo olukhona.

Ukucwaswa Emsebenzini

Ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi emsebenzini kuwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwayo owedlulela ngalé kwe - EEOC., uMnyango Wezobulungisa, uMnyango Wezisebenzi, Fair Accountings (FEPAs), i - Tribal Admistory Accounting Office (TEROS), nebhange langasese lonke lifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuvimbeleni nasekulungiseni ubandlululo lwemisebenzi.

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka emithetho enqabela amalungelo abantu, ubandlululo emsebenzini luyaqhubeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuqasha nokukhushulwa kwezisebenzi, ukulahlekelwa izikhala, ukuhlukunyezwa nokuphindisela ezizisebenzini ezibika ukucwaswa.

Ukugunyaza Amalungelo Nokutholakala Kwamalungelo

Amalungelo ancintiswane namalungelo akhona, ngokuphikisana okuqhubekayo ngezimfuneko zokuvota, ukungenela kovota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota ngeposi, ukuvota izindawo, nezinqubo zokuvota. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinyathelo ezithile ziyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhwabanisa, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi bathwesa abavoti abambalwa umthwalo ngokungenakulinganiswa futhi bakha izindlela zanamuhla zokucindezela abavoti.

Abameleli bayaqhubeka befuna ukuba umthetho kahulumeni uvuselele futhi uqinise isivikelo samalungelo okuvota, kuyilapho abaphikisi bephikisana ngokuthi kulawulwa uhulumeni ngezinqubo zokukhetha.

Ukwahlulela Kobugebengu Nezenzo Zobuphostoli

Ubandlululo lobuhlanga embusweni wamaphoyisa, ukushushisana, ukugweba, nokuboshwa kumelela ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo omphakathi. Izenzakalo ezingaphezulu zobudlova bamaphoyisa kubantu bemibala ziye zabangela izinhlangano zesizwe ezifuna ukulandisa nokuguqula. Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngokuvikela amaphoyisa ngokufaneleka, ukusebenzisa izimiso zamandla, amaphoyisa asebenza ngomphakathi, kanye nezinye izinto ezingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokuboshwa.

Imizamo yezinguquko ifuna ukulinganisela izinto ezikhathaza ukuphepha komphakathi nezokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi, ikhulume ngezindaba ezingokwesimiso somphakathi kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle kwabo bonke abantu abasesimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu.

LGBTQ amalungelo

Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu kumalungelo e-LGBTQ, kuhlanganise nokulingana komshado, kusenezinselele eziningi. ubandlululo emsebenzini, endlini, izindawo zomphakathi, nokunakekela impilo kuyaqhubeka ezifundeni eziningi. Abantu abambalwa babhekana nezinselele ezithile ngokuphathelene nokuqashelwa okungokomthetho, ukutholakala kosizo olufanelekile kwezempilo, nokuvikelwa ekucwani ngobandlululo nobudlova.

Imithetho elawula amalungelo abantu iye yachazwa njengeyisivikelo esisekelwe ekuziphatheni ngokobulili nasekuzibonakaliseni kwabantu, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni ohlanganisa konke okhuluma ngokuqondile ngobandlululo lwe - LGBTQ awuzange umiswe.

Ukuthuthwa Kwabantu Nelungelo Lomphakathi

Imikhuba yokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi iphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngamalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise nokuvikela kwenqubo, ukuvikela iziboshwa, nokuhlukana komkhaya. Ukulinganisela ukugcinwa kokufuduka nezokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi kuseyinselele yesimiso sokulwela amalungelo abantu, kanye nabameleli abagcizelela amalungelo abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kanye nababaleki kuyilapho abanye bebeka phambili ukulondeka emngceleni nokulawulwa kwezindawo zokufuduka.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingawavikela Futhi Ziwamelele Ngayo Amalungelo Omphakathi

Izakhamuzi ngabanye zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuthembisana nokuqasha.

Ukuhlala Uyazi Ngamalungelo Nemithetho

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ezakhamuzi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwavikela, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwazi ukuthi yimiphi imithetho enqabela ubandlululo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, ukuthi yini ebangela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu nokuthi yimaphi amakhambi atholakalayo lapho kuphulwa amalungelo.

Ukuqonda imithetho ehlongozwayo, izinqumo zenkantolo, nezenzo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ziyogcinwa zinolwazi futhi kusho ukulandela izenzakalo zamanje nezimpikiswano ezingokwezimiso eziphathelene namalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokushisekela Imisebenzi

Ukuqamba kumelela enye yezindlela eziyisisekelo kakhulu izakhamuzi ezingathonya ngazo isimiso sokulwela amalungelo omphakathi. Ukunaka izikhulu ezisezingeni zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nezomphakathi kwenza izinqumo ezithinta ngokuqondile isivikelo samalungelo abantu, ukugcinwa kwezinto eziza kuqala, nokuxhaswa kwezimali zezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi. Ukucwaninga izikhundla zabazohlolela amalungelo omphakathi nokuvota ngokuhambelana nakho kusiza ukuba izikhulu ezikhethiwe zibonise izindinganiso zomthetho.

Ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe akuhlanganisi ukuxhumana nabameleli abakhethiwe, ukuba khona emahholo edolobha, ukuhlanganyela ekukhulumeni obala ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, nokusekela ababeka amalungelo ezakhamuzi kuqala. Kuye kwaba nesidingo sokubambisana kwezombangazwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukubika Ukubandlululwa Nokufuna Izixazululo Ezingokomthetho

Uma kuvela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, ukuwabika kumagunya afanele kokubili emisebenzi yobulungisa nakweyokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo kufanele zibikwe ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene. Izikhalo zokucwaswa kwemisebenzi zingabekwa kumaziko emisebenzi e-EOC noma abaphathi bemisebenzi abangakhethi. Ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala kungabikwa kuMnyango Wezimo ne-Urban Department. Ukucalula izikhalo zemfundo kuya eMnyango Wezemfundo Wezezezemfundo Yamalungelo Omphakathi.

Imithetho eminingi yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ihlanganisa imithetho eqinile ethatha isikhathi sokukhalaza okungaphendulwa, ukwenza isinyathelo esisheshayo. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, amaqembu alwela amalungelo omphakathi, nabameli abangabodwa banganikeza usizo ezinqubweni zokudlulisa izikhalo nokulandela amakhambi angokomthetho. Amanye amacala angaxazululwa ngokukhipha izikhalo noma ukuxazulula izigwebo, kuyilapho amanye engase adinge ukuhlaziywa.

Ukusekela Izinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi

Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo ngokunikezana, ukugunyaza, imfundo, nokuhlela umphakathi. Lezizinhlangano zihlanganisa amaqembu ezizwe njenge-ACLU, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, iSouthern Poverty Law Center, ne-Lambda Legion, kanye nezinhlangano ezingenakubalwa zikahulumeni nezinhlangano zendawo ezisingatha izindaba ezithile noma ezikhonza imiphakathi ethile.

Ukunqoba okuningi kwamalungelo omphakathi kuye kwabangelwa imizamo eqhubekayo eyenziwa izinhlangano ezizinikezele ezisebenza iminyaka eminingi noma amashumi adlule ukuze zishintshe imithetho, izimiso, nezimo zezenhlalo.

Ungafunda okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omphakathi ekwahluleleni Ingqungquthela ye-Leadership on Civil and Human Rights, ehlanganisa imizamo phakathi kwamakhulu ezinhlangano ezisebenza ezindabeni zamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuhlela Umphakathi Nezimpande Zokuthatha Isenzo Sobushiqela

Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo kanye nezimpande zotshani kuye kwaqhubekisela phambili intuthuko eminingi yamalungelo omphakathi kuwo wonke umlando. Imizamo esekelwe emphakathini ingasingatha ukucwaswa kwendawo, yakhe imifelandawo ehlangene ngamaqembu ahlukahlukene, ifundise amalungu omphakathi ngamalungelo awo, futhi icindezele izikhulu zendawo ukuba zivikele amalungelo omphakathi.

Imisebenzi yamagilasi ithatha izindlela eziningi, kusukela ekuhleleni ukubhikisha nokubukisa ukuqhuba imishini yokuvota, ukuhlanganisa umphakathi, noma ukwakha izinhlangano zokusizana. Lemizamo yakha amandla emiphakathini futhi yenza ukucindezela koshintsho lwezimiso.

Ukuphumelela Emsebenzini

Abaqashwa bangasekela amalungelo omphakathi emsebenzini ngokusekela ukuhlukahluka nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela, ukubika ubandlululo nokuhlukunyezwa, ukuhlanganyela emaqenjini ezisebenzi ezikhokhela izimpahla, kanye nabaqashi abakhuthazayo ukuba bamukele izimiso ezinamandla zokulwa nonya. Izisebenzi zingasekela futhi imizamo yokuhlela inyunyana, njengoba izinyunyana ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo omphakathi emsebenzini.

Ukusungula amasiko ahlanganisa imisebenzi kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo owenziwa izisebenzi kuzo zonke izigaba. Ukukhuluma ngokumelene nezinkulumo noma imikhuba ephoqayo, ukusekela osebenza nabo ababhekene nobandlululo, nokuthuthukisa izimiso ezivumelanayo konke kunengxenye ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi emsebenzini.

Imfundo Nokuqaphela

Ukufundisa abanye ngezindaba zamalungelo omphakathi kusiza ekwakheni ukusekela okubanzi kwesivikelo nezinguquko. Lokhu kungahilela ukuxoxa ngezokuxhumana, ukuxoxa nabangane nomkhaya, ukuhlela izenzakalo zemfundo, noma ukuhlanganisa izihloko zamalungelo omphakathi ezimisweni zobuchwepheshe noma zomphakathi.

Ukunikeza ukwaziswa okunembile ngemithetho elwela amalungelo omphakathi, okuhlangenwe nakho kwemiphakathi ehluzekile, nesidingo esiqhubekayo sokuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi nakho kusiza ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi nokwethula izakhamuzi.

Ukweshelana Nobunye

Abantu abangathinteki ngokuqondile ngezindlela ezithile zobandlululo bangenza indima ebalulekile njengeqembu. Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kuhilela ukulalela nokukhulisa amazwi emiphakathi ethintekile, ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokusekela ushintsho, ukusekela ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo emizamweni yokulwela amalungelo omphakathi, nokuvuma ukubeka izingozi ekusekeleni amalungelo abanye.

Ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi kudinga ukufunda okuqhubekayo, ukuzinqumela nokuziphendulela. Kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukene zobandlululo oluphakathi kweqembu nokusekela izivikelo ezibanzi zamalungelo omphakathi kuwo wonke amaqembu angaphansi.

Imithombo Yokwaziswa Namalungelo Omphakathi

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zinikeza abantu abafuna ukwaziswa ngamalungelo omphakathi noma usizo ekukhandlekeni kobandlululo.

Imithombo Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

I-Divil of Justice Civil Rights Division imisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu kazwelonke futhi inikeza ukwaziswa mayelana namalungelo abantu nendlela yokubhala izikhalo. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza imithombo eminingi egcwele ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene zamalungelo abantu. i-DOJ Civil Rights Division [[[FLT: 1]] iphenya futhi imangalele ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi ezindaweni eziningi.

I - Aumedial Accounting Opportunity Commission isingatha ukukhononda kobandlululo emsebenzini futhi inikeza isiqondiso ngokuphathelene namalungelo omphakathi. i - Commission on Civil Rights yase - United States yenza ukucwaninga nemibiko ngezindaba zamalungelo omphakathi, inikeza abenzi bemithetho nomphakathi ukwaziswa okuwusizo.

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngazinye zilondoloza amaHhovisi alwela amalungelo ezakhamuzi asingatha ukucwaswa ezicini zazo, kuhlanganise nemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izindlu, kanye nezinto zokuhamba.

Izinhlangano Zesizwe Zamalungelo Omphakathi

I-American Civil Liberation Union (ACLU) isebenza enqubeni ebanzi yamalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi ngokuqashelwa, ukuqashwa, nemfundo yomphakathi. INaACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund igxila ekwahluleleni kohlanga ngokunikeza i-ligion kanye nokuqapha. I-Southern Poverty Law Center ilwa inzondo, ukucwasa, ukucwasa, nobandlululo ngemfundo, nangemfundo.

Lambda Lambda asekela amalungelo e-LGBTQ nabantu abaphila nesandulela-ngculaza ngokuqashelwa nangokusebenza kwesimiso. INational Women’s Law Center igxila ekwahluleleni kobulili nasemalungelo abesifazane. IDisability Rights Education and Defense Fund isebenzela ukuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo.

Izinhlangano eziningi zivame ukunikeza usizo olungokomthetho, izinto zokufundisa namathuba okuhileleka ekufuneni amalungelo omphakathi.

Imibuso Nemithombo Yezindawo

Izifunda eziningi zinezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu noma izimemezelo ezimisa imithetho emelene nokungahlangani kwabantu. Lezi zikhungo zivame ukuphatha kakhulu kunezinhlangano zikahulumeni, njengoba izifundazwe eziningi zinqabela izinhlobo ezengeziwe zobandlululo ngaphandle kwalezo ezihlanganiswe umthetho kahulumeni. Izinhlangano zoMbuso zingaba nezikhawu ezimfushane zokugcinwa kwemithetho noma izinqubo ezihlukahlukene kunezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Amadolobha amaningi nezindawo eziqagelwayo ziphinde zilondoloze amahhovisi noma izikhungo ezikhuluma ngezindaba eziphathelene namalungelo abantu.

Izinkonzo Zokusiza Ngokomthetho Neze - Pro Bono

Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho mahhala kubantu abathola imali ephansi ababhekene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Lezinhlangano zisingatha amacala ahlanganisa ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, ukucwaswa kwezindlu, imfundo nezinye izindaba zamalungelo omphakathi.

Izinkampani eziningi ze - bar zihlela izinhlelo ze - proono lapho abameli abazimele benikela khona ngezinkonzo zabo ezicatshangelwe amalungelo abantu.

Ikusasa Lamalungelo Omphakathi EMelika

Ukuqonda lobuhlobo nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi kuyaqhubeka kushintsha njengoba umphakathi ushintsha nezinselele ezintsha zivela.

Izinkinga Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Ubuchwepheshe buzoqhubeka bunikeza amathuba nezinselele zamalungelo abantu. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola nobuchwepheshe bemishini kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokufihla izindaba zomuntu siqu, ubandlululo, nokuthola izinto ezifanayo okuyodinga izinqubo ezintsha zomthetho nezimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nobulungisa bendawo ezungezile kuya kuhlangana namalungelo abantu, njengoba imiphakathi encishisiwe ngokuvamile inemithwalo engalingani nesilinganiso esibangelwa izingozi zendawo ezungezile nethonya lesimo sezulu. Ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga kudinga ukuqaphela ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile njengokukhathalela amalungelo omphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo nemithwalo ezungezile itholakala ngokulinganayo.

Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kanye nobuhlobo bakho namalungelo omphakathi cishe kuyoqashelwa kakhulu.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Ngokusekela

Isivikelo samalungelo ezakhamuzi asikona ukuziqeda noma ukuwaqeda njalo. Kudingeka ukuba uhlale uqaphile, uqikelelo, futhi ulwenze ukwanda. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi intuthuko yamalungelo omphakathi ingancishiswa lapho ukunaka komphakathi kuncipha noma kunciphiswa kwezombangazwe. Ukubophela izakhamuzi, izinhlangano, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kudingekile ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kuthuthukiswe amalungelo omphakathi.

Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siphinde sisebenzise izimiso zamalungelo abantu futhi sizivumelanise nezinselele zanamuhla. Intsha ifeza izindima ezibaluleke ngokukhethekile ekutholeni izindaba zamalungelo abantu futhi ilwele ushintsho. Ukwakha imifelandawonye ehlanganisa ukulwisana kwamalungelo omphakathi nezinhlangano zanamuhla kuqinisa imizamo yokulwela amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukwakha Intando Yeningi Ephelele

Uma bonke abantu bekwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni ngaphandle kokucwaswa noma ukukhishwa inyumbazane, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuyaqina. Uma amalungelo omphakathi ephulwa noma evikelwe ngokungafanele, izinhlangano zentando yeningi ziyancipha.

Indima kahulumeni ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi ibonisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nesithunzi somuntu, ukulingana, nobulungisa. Nakuba imithetho nezinhlangano zinikeza izakhiwo ezibalulekile, amalungelo omphakathi ekugcineni axhomeke ekubophekeni kwezakhamuzi ukuba zisekele lezi zindinganiso ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke futhi zifune ukuba uhulumeni wabo enze okufanayo.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni namalungelo omphakathi bumelela ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamandla nobulungisa, phakathi kwesimo nesidingo sokulingana. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, lobu buhlobo buye balolongwa ngamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo, ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuchazwa kokwahlulela, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ($) imizamo eqhubekayo yezakhamuzi ezivamile ezifuna amalungelo azo.

Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kunika abantu amandla okuvikela amalungelo abo nokusekela amalungelo abanye. Kwembula ukuthi isivikelo samalungelo abantu siqhubeke kangakanani nokuthi kungakanani okusasele ukuze bonke abantu bafinyelele ukulingana nobulungisa beqiniso. Ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi esikhathini esidlule kunikeza isikhuthazo nezifundo kulokhu kulawula kwamanje, kuyilapho izinselele zamanje zidinga amasu amasha namakhambi.

Amalungelo omphakathi awayona imiqondo engokomthetho kodwa aphila izinto ezingokoqobo ezithinta okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kwansuku zonke kwemfundo, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Uma amalungelo omphakathi evikelwe, abantu bangaphishekela izifiso zabo ngaphandle kokubhekana nemingcele esekelwe ekutheni bangobani. Uma amalungelo omphakathi ephulwa, ukulimala kudlulela ngalé kwezisulu zomphakathi ngamunye nakuwo wonke umphakathi wentando yeningi.

Uhulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi ngomthetho, ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo, nangendlela yokwahlulela. Nokho, isenzo sikahulumeni sodwa asinele. Isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi siye sabangelwa ukucindezelwa okuqhubekayo yizinhlangano ezihleliwe, izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, nezakhamuzi ezibopha ushintsho. Lokhu kuyaqhubeka namuhla, njengoba izinselele zamalungelo omphakathi zamanje zidinga kokubili ukuthathwa kukahulumeni nezisungulo zotshani.

Njengoba umphakathi uqala ukuvela nohlobo olusha lobandlululo, isivikelo samalungelo abantu kumelwe sivumelane. Ubuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani kwezomnotho nezinye izinselele zamanje kudinga ukucabanga okusha ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu baphathwa ngokulinganayo namathuba akhona. Ukubhekana nalezi zinselele kuyodinga isibindi esifanayo, ukuphikelela, nokuzinikela ekulungeni okwakuphawula izinhlangano zangaphambili zokulwela amalungelo omphakathi.

Wonke umuntu usengozini yokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi njengelungu leqembu elibhekene nobandlululo noma njengomuntu ozimisele ukwakha umphakathi olungile nongahlangani nawo. Ngokuhlala ekhona, ngokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, ngokusekela izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, ukubika ubandlululo nokusekela ushintsho, abantu banganikela emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuvikela nokwandisa amalungelo omphakathi.

Indaba yamalungelo omphakathi eMelika ayiyona eyokuthuthuka okungagwemeki kodwa kunalokho yempumelelo enzima, ukuhluleka, nokulwa okuvuselelwe. Indaba ebhalwe abantu abaningi abenqaba ukwamukela ukungalungi, abahlela, baphikisa, basekela ushintsho. Lendaba iyaqhubeka namuhla, futhi umuntu ngamunye unethuba lokunikela esahlukweni sayo esilandelayo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omphakathi nendlela yokuhileleka emizamweni yokulawula, vakashela i- iSivumelwano somphakathi saseMelika , esinikeza imithombo ebanzi yezindaba zamalungelo omphakathi namathuba okuthatha isinyathelo. [ U.S. Commission on Populan Rights [ inikeza nokucwaninga okuwusizo nemibiko emayelana nezindaba zamalungelo omphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Organizetion Commission [[[FLT:]] equality Commissioner [ inikeza ukwaziswa ngokuqondile mayelana namalungelo omphakathi emsebenzini nendlela yokucwasana amafayili.

Ukuqonda indima kahulumeni emalungelweni omphakathi kubalulekile ukuze ube isakhamuzi esinolwazi futhi uphumelele ekusebenziseni igunya. Ngokufunda ngomlando wamalungelo omphakathi, izinselele zamanje, nemithombo ekhona, abantu bangawavikela kangcono amalungelo abo futhi basekele amalungelo abanye. Umsebenzi wokwakha umphakathi lapho bonke abantu bejabulela amalungelo alinganayo namathuba angasoze aqedwa.