Ukubaluleka Kokulahlwa Kwemininingwane Yomphakathi Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Emininingwane Yabathengi

Enkathini lapho imininingwane yomuntu siqu iba enye yezingosi eziyigugu kakhulu, ukubaluleka kokuvikela imfihlo yemininingwane yabathengi akunakushintshwa. Nsuku zonke, abantu baphathisa ukwaziswa kwabo okuzwelayo izinkonzo ze-techm-metric eziningi . kusukela kubaphathi bezempilo nasezinhlanganweni zezezimali kuya kumapulatifomu ezenhlalo nakuma-ecommerces. Uma lokho kuthengwa kuphulwa ngokwephulwa kokwaziswa, ukuthengiswa okungagunyaziwe kokwaziswa, noma ukuphatha okunganakwa, abathengi badinga inqubo ethembekile yokugcina izinhlangano zinecala. Imishini yomphakathi inikeza leyo nqubo, esebenza njengetshe legumbi lomthetho wamanje wezindaba futhi yenza abantu bafune ubulungisa lapho amalungelo abo ephikiswa. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebucayi yezehlakalo senkantolo ekwazi ukuvikela imininingwane yomphakathi, ukuphatha izindaba ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezisekela lezi zenzo ezingokomthetho, izicelo zezwe nalezo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezikhona ngaphambili.

Isisekelo Sokunqandwa Kwemininingwane Yezindaba Zomphakathi

Ukuqamba icala kubhekisela enqubweni engokomthetho lapho izinkantolo zixazulula khona izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele − abantu abazimele, izinkampani, noma ezinye izikhundla (‘ amalungelo ezindaba, izibopho, nezikweleti, nezikweleti. Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, lapho uhulumeni umangalela khona ububi bomphakathi, amacala omphakathi aqalwa ngeqembu elibodwa ukuze athole amakhambi anjengemali elimazayo, iziyalezo, noma izahlulelo zokukhipha izinqumo. Emoni yemininingwane yemininingwane yezindaba, ukubophanga izinhlangano eziphula umthetho, noma ukumelana nomthetho owephula umthetho, noma ukwehluleka ukubhekana nezimfuneko zomthetho.

Lendlela yokwahlulela ibalulekile ngoba imithetho yokwaziswa eyimfihlo ngokuvamile yenza amalungelo ezenzo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwe-California Consumer Ancy Act (CPA), abathengi bangamangalela amabhizinisi ahlulekayo ukusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanelekile, okuholela ekungeneni noma ukwebiwa kwemininingwane yabo siqu okungekho ngokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, i-General Data Protection Regimentium (GDPR) inikeza abantu abanelungelo lokufuna ukukhokhelwa umonakalo wezinto ezibonakalayo noma ongabangelwa ukwephula. Ngaphandle kokwephula umthetho, lamalungelo esizwe ayoba yimigodi; ukugcinwa kwemithetho kungancika kuhulumeni kuphela, abangantula imithombo yokufuna ukukhokhwasa konke ubugebengu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubophana kwesizwe kusiza ekumiseni izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezicacisa imingcele yomthetho wezindaba zomuntu siqu. Isinqumo ngasinye senkantolo sichaza ulimi olungaqondakali olunezimiso, simisa amathemba okuziphatha kwenkampani, futhi sifaka izimpawu zemiphumela yokungahambisani. Lenqubo yokwahlulela engokwesiko iwusizo ekulolongeni isimo esishukumisayo nesisabelayo.

Indima Yezinkantolo Zombango Ekugunyazeni Amalungelo Okufihla Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Izinkantolo zombango zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ekuvikeleni imininingwane yabathengi. Zichaza imithetho, izaba, ukunquma umonakalo, nokukhipha iziyalezo ezingaphoqelela izinguquko emikhubeni yebhizinisi. Ngokwenza kanjalo, izinkantolo zenza kanjalo zinqande ukuvinjelwa kwemingcele yokuzimela futhi zivimbele ekuziphatheni okubi kwesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuhumusha Imithetho Yangasese

Umthetho wemfihlo ngokuvamile unezimiso ezibanzi, ulimi olusekelwe olwenziwe ngokucophelela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-GDPR ifuna abaqondisi bezokwaziswa ukuba basebenzise “izindlela zobuchwepheshe neziwuhlelo” ukuze baqinisekise ukulondeka. Lokho okufaneleke njengo-“kufanele” kungahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngomongo, uhlobo lwemininingwane, nesimo sobuchwepheshe. Izinkantolo zomphakathi zilwa nemibuzo enjalo, zilinganisa izinga lezemboni, amathuba okulimala, kanye nomthwalo emabhizinisini. Isinqumo sabo sinikeza isiqondiso esiqinile esisiza izinhlangano ukuba ziklame izinhlelo zokubambisana nezimiso zomthetho futhi zisize abahwebi ukuba baqonde izinga lamalungelo abo.

Ukulandisa Ngezingozi Nezincintiswano

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu anikezwayo ukukhokha inzuzo yokukhokha izindleko zomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathengi abalahlekelwa ngokwezimali, ukwebiwa kwemininingwane yabo, noma ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo ngenxa yokuphulwa kwemininingwane kungabuyisa umonakalo we-composation. Kwezinye izindawo, izingozi ze-statution zikhona ngisho noma kungekho bufakazi bokulimala okungokoqobo, okunciphisa isithiyo sokukhishwa kwemali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zingakhipha imiyalo edinga inkampani ukuba inqanyule inqubo ethile noma isebenzise imigaqo ethile yokuvikela. Usizo lwe-atcomporation aluzuzi i-parter kodwa futhi luvikela umphakathi omkhulu ngokuphoqelela ushintsho.

Izenzo Zekilasi: Zinikeza Izwi Eliqabulayo

Amacala ahlukene angasebenza uma umonakalo omncane kodwa usakazeke kakhulu. Izenzo zekilasi zivumela iqembu elikhulu labathengi abathintekile ukuba lilethe amacala ahlukene, ukukhipha izindleko zokukhokha nokuhlanganyela izindleko. Lendlela ibaluleke kakhulu ezicabeni zokwaziswa, lapho ukudilika kungase kuthinte izigidi zabantu. Izenzo zesigaba esiphezulu, njengalezo ezimelene ne-Equifax, Yahoo, ne-Marriott, ziye zaphumela ekutheni i-million·dollarcards futhi ziye zacindezela izinhlangano ukuba zithuthukise inqubo yokulondoloza ukwaziswa. Izenzo zamakilasi nazo ziveza ukuqashelwa komphakathi ngezingozi zomuntu siqu.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Engokomthetho Enika Abathengi Amandla

Izimiso eziningana eziyinhloko ziye zakha amalungelo aqinile azimele okuthatha isinyathelo, kuyilapho abanye bencika ekuqikelweni komthetho ngokuvunyelwa ukuba kugcinwe izinto zomuntu siqu.

I-GDPR, eyasebenza ngo-May 2018, ibhekwa kabanzi njengendinganiso yegolide yomthetho wokuvikela ulwazi. Isigqebhezana 82 se-GDPR sinikeza ngokucacile izihloko zemininingwane imbuyiselo evela kumlawuli noma umqondisi wemishini yempahla noma umonakalo ongekhoyo obangelwa ukuphambana. Leli lungiselelo liye laveza igagasi lokukhucululwa kwe-litail eYurophu, nezinkantolo zichaza imiqondo enjengethi “angenayo engaphandle” kanye nezimo zecala. Ukuze uthole ukucacishwa okuningi kweSiphakamiso 82, bheka umbhalo we-GDR [iqenti] oweSiphakathi se-Gatho[2].

I - Consumermfiscura Act (CCPA) ne - California Act Assurance Rights (CPRA)

ICCPA, njengoba ilungiswe yi-CPRA, inikeza izakhamuzi zaseCalifornia ilungelo eliyimfihlo lokuthatha isinyathelo kuphela ezimweni ezilinganiselwe: uma ibhizinisi lihluleka ukusebenzisa izilinganiso ezifanele zokuphepha futhi ukuhluleka kuphumela ekungeneni okungekhona okugunyaziwe, ukuxega, ukweba, noma ukwambulwa kokwaziswa komthengi okungafihlekile noma okungagunyaziwe. I-anters ingafuna intengo ephakathi kuka-R100 no-R350 ngengozi, noma izindleko ezingokoqobo, ezinkulu. I-Attley General yaseCalifornia ikhiphe [[FLT: 0] ku-CPA] i-esokudla okungaqondile [[FLT].

Eminye Imithetho KaHulumeni waseU.S.

Ezinye izifundazwe eziningi zase-U.S. ziye zamisa imithetho ehlanganisa amalungelo ezenzo zomuntu siqu, nakuba ngokuvamile engenziwa ngokulinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Illinois Bumetric Information Acct (BIPA) ivumela abantu ukuba badlulise icala lokwephulwa kokwaziswa okuphathelene nesayensi yokusingatha imishini, futhi iye yaphumela ezenzweni eziningi zesigaba. I-New York SHIELD Act futhi inikeza imbangela eyimfihlo yesenzo sokuphula ukwaziswa okuthile. Lemithetho kahulumeni ihlanganisa imizamo yomthetho yokulawula futhi yenza umsebenzi wesivikelo.

Isinyathelo Se - computer Se - United States Commission

Kulelozinga likahulumeni e-United States, i-Federal Trade Commission (FTC) inegunya ngaphansi kweSiqeshana 5 soMthetho we-FTC sokwenqabela izenzo noma imikhuba yokukhohlisa, kuhlanganise naleyo ehlobene nezindaba zomuntu siqu. Nokho, i-FTC Act ayilenzi ilungelo lezenzo zomuntu siqu; abathengi abakwazi ukukhokhiswa ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwayo. Kunalokho, kumelwe bathembele ku-FTC ukuze balethe izenzo zokuphoqelela. Nakuba i-FTC ibilokhu isebenza ezindabeni zangasese, ukuntula kwekhambi leze likahulumeni libeke imingcele enkantolo yombuso.

Ithonya Langempela Lomhlaba: Izenzakalo Eziphawulekayo Nezenzakalo Eziphambili

Ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka okungokoqobo kokuzibekela phansi, kuyasiza ukuhlola amacala ambalwa avelele aye athonya isimo sezindaba eziyimfihlo.

Kuyi-Equifax, Imininingwane ye- Inc.

Kwalandela i-ligion edivosi ye-Equifax ka-2017 edalula ukwaziswa komuntu siqu kwabathengi abayizigidi ezingu-14. Kwalandela i-ligiondididication, futhi ngo-2019 kwavunywa indawo yokuhlala eyakha isikhwama semali yembuyiselo sesigaba esingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4,4 zamaRandi. Isivumelwano sanikeza imali emali eseleni yokukhokha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kwe-6of à paceet, ukugawulwa kwesikweleti, nokukhokha isikweleti sesikhathi esichithwe ekuchitheni imbubhiso. Lendaba yabonisa indlela ukukhokha isinxephelo esikhona esingakhulula ngayo isinxepheko esikhulu, kuyilapho futhi siphoqa u-Equifax ukuba awelinyuse imikhuba yayo yokuphepha.

I - “Google LLC ” (Inkantolo Ephakeme Yase - UK)

Kuyi-UK, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sango-2021 kuLloyd v. u-Google waxoxa ngendaba yokuthi abatheli bangathola yini umonakalo ngokulahlekelwa ukuphathwa kwemininingwane yabo ngaphandle kobufakazi bokulahlekelwa i-pectum. Inkantolo yathi “ukulawula” kokwaziswa komuntu siqu kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo okuthi ukujezisa kwakhe kungabangela umonakalo ngisho noma bekungekho ukulimala ngokwezimali. Isinqumo saveza indlela yokulungisa amakilasi ngaphansi koMthetho we-Data Protection Act 2018 ne-GDPR, sigcizelela ukuthi ukuzihlukanisa kwakhe siqu ngokwako kubaluleke kakhulu.

Imikhumbi - mkhathi YaseMarriott International (Isenzo Sezinyathelo ZaseClass)

I-Marriott ephukile emininingwaneni yango-2018 yathinta izivakashi eziyizigidi ezingu-500. Icala lekilasi laphumela ekwakheni ibhukwini elilinganiselwa ku-50 000 000 000 (R1,50 000 000), kanye nembuyiselo yokulahlekelwa okungu-26of_epocket kanye nabathelisi abangabonisa isikhathi esichithwa ekunqandeni igebe. Icala laqokomisa indlela amabutho okuzibopha ukugada komphakathi afaka ngayo izindleko zokuhluleka kokulondoloza ukwaziswa.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nokunqandwa Kwemininingwane Yomphakathi

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, ukuhlobana komphakathi kunezithiyo eziphawulekayo. Lezi zinselele zingavimbela ukutholakala kobulungisa kubathengi futhi zinciphise imiphumela yokuvimbela ukukhishwa kwemithetho.

Izindleko Eziphakeme Zokuqamba Amalimi Nezinkimbinkimbi

Amacala okwaziswa okuyimfihlo ahlanganisa ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi bobuchwepheshe, ofakazi abangochwepheshe ngezindinganiso ze-inthanethi, kanye nezincazelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zemithetho. Izindleko zokuthola izinto, umkhuba wokuhamba nokuqulwa kwecala zingavimbela izigijimi ngazinye. Ngisho nasezindinganisweni zekilasi, izindleko ezinikwa abameli zingadla ingxenye enkulu yemali yokukhokha. Lokhu kuyiqiniso okungokomnotho kusho ukuthi izikhangiso eziningi eziqinile azifiki enkantolo.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Nezimfuneko Ezikhona

E-United States, umbango weSiphakamiso III umile − noma isikhulu se-costaff siye salimala kakhulu ngempela (‘sibeka isithiyo esikhulu.' Ngokulandela isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Spokoo, Inc.v. Robins[ [20], abachazi-mthetho kumelwe babonise ukulimala okukhona “okukhona noma okuseduze, okungathandeki noma okungasho lutho.” Ngemininingwane ephula lapho ukwaziswa okudaliweyo kungakasetshenziselwa khona ukweba, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zithola ukuthi ingozi yekusasa ayifanele ukumiswa. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekukhishweni kwezenzwe kwezenzakalo eziningi eziphakeme ze-prone, futhi kuye kwabangela impikiswano eqhubekayo.

Izindaba Eziyimpikiswano Nezinqumo Zokuzikhethela

Imbulunga yonke yokuhanjiswa kokwaziswa kudala izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuqhekeka kungahlanganisa ukwaziswa okugcinwe kwelinye izwe, inkampani ehlanganiswe kwelinye, nabathengi abasemagunyeni amaningi. Ukunquma ukuthi yimuphi umthetho onegunya namuphi umthetho osetshenziswayo kungaba yinkinga futhi kubize. Isenziso se-GDPR “sokuyeka i-grain à translate". Imizamo yokusakaza lezindaba ngaphakathi kwe-EU, kodwa izenzakalo ezibhekene ne-crosline ziseyinselele.

Imithi Enganele Yokubulala Izingozi Ezingabangelwa Izakhi Zomzimba

Nakuba i-GDPR ivumela isinxephezelo somonakalo ongekho protheni, izinkantolo eziningi bezinqikaza ukukhokha imali enele ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ukulawula noma ukukhathazeka. Kwezinye izifunda zaseYurophu, izinkantolo ziye zathi ithonya elingokomzwelo kumelwe libe elinamandla. Lokhu kulinganiselwe kunganciphisa isikhuthazo sabathengi sokumangalela futhi bafake imali ezinkampanini eziza kuvimbela.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuqinisa Ukunqanda Izindaba Zomphakathi Ngezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphumelela kokuzihlomisela ukuvikela imininingwane eyimfihlo yabathengi, kufanele kucatshangelwe izinguquko eziningana nokusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha.

Ukwandisa Amalungelo Okusebenza Ayimfihlo

Okwamanje, imithetho eminingi yezindaba zomuntu siqu kahulumeni wase-U.S. − njenge-Heal Inshuwarence Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) ne-Gramm נLeach giriley Bliley Act (GBA) @ahlanganisi ilungelo langasese lokuthatha isinyathelo. Abameli baye babiza umthetho wemfihlo kahulumeni obanzi onikeza abathengi ilungelo lokukhokha ilungelo lokukhokhisa ukujeziswa, ofana ne-CCPA. Umthetho onjalo ungazivala igebe elishiywe yi-FTCCPPicelcesss futhi unikeze indinganiso efanayo ezweni lonke.

Ukukhipha Ama - transiling Nezinye Izimpikiswano

Inkantolo encinci ingaba indawo ephumelelayo yokufuna i-odoli ephansi ye-[66] efuna i-octal. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zazama ukuhlukanisa okukhethekile okuyimfihlo okuncane okulula ukuhlelwa kwezimiso nokuthola okulinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yezivumelwano zabathengi ngokuvamile kuvimbela izenzo zekilasi, kodwa imizamo yokulawula ukuvinjelwa kwezingcaphuno ezinjalo eziyimfihlo kungagcina amathuba okuthola amakhambi okwahlulela.

Ukusebenzisa Ubuchwepheshe Ezindlekweni Eziphansi Zokuhlafuna Imilomo

I-Eûdificay, ukuhlola okuzisebenzelayo, kanye nokuhlola okuhlanganisiwe kunganciphisa izindleko zokunikeza amacala emininingwane eyimfihlo. Izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho elandelwayo yokusingatha ubufakazi bobuchwepheshe, futhi izingqungquthela zangaphambi kwezobuchwepheshe zingaba nezimpikiswano ezicimekayo. Le ngqungquthela yenza ukuvumelana komphakathi kutholakale kalula, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezingalo ezincane.

Ukuqinisa Isaziso Semininingwane Nokubona Ingaphandle

Isaziso esifike ngesikhathi nesinemininingwane sezindawo eziphuwe kwaziswa sibalulekile ukuze kusize abathengi ukuba bahlole umonakalo wabo futhi banqume ukuthi bazowuchaza yini. Imithetho enamandla yokuqaphelisa edinga izinkampani ukuba zembule izinhlobo ezithile zokwaziswa, imbangela yesephu, nezinyathelo ezithathwayo zokulungisa zingalinganisela ulwazi phakathi kwabathengi nezinkampani.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemithetho Yesimiso Yomhlaba Wonke

Njengoba ukwaziswa kudlula imingcele ngokwandayo, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho elawulayo, inqubo, nokuqashelwa kwezahlulelo kunganciphisa ukuxabana kwemingcele engu-69. IHague Conference on Private International Law ibisebenza emhlanganweni wokwahlulela owawungasiza ukugcinwa kwemiklomelo yangasese emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho

Ukufushaniswa komphakathi akuyona nje indlela yokusekela ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo emininingwane eyimfihlo, kodwa ngokuvamile kuyindlela eyinhloko abathengi abangathola ngayo amakhambi aqinile futhi bagcine i-Big Tech kanye nezinye izinhlangano zokuphatha i-data zilandisa. Ngokuchaza imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, ukukhokhwa kwemithetho enzima, nokusetshenziswa kosizo olungenamdlandla nezenzo zekilasi, izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke ziye zaguqula indawo yangasese. Izenzakalo zeposi ezinjengamathenwa e-Equifax kanye ne-Lloyd . Isinqumo se-Roogle sibonisa amandla omthetho womphakathi wokuthola ushintsho lwezimiso zezenzwe futhi zinikeze imbuyiselo enengqondo.

Nokho kusele imingcele ebalulekile: izindleko eziphakeme, izimfuneko eziqinile, ukuma kwemikhakha, namakhambi alinganiselwe kungaqeda konke ukusho okungokomthetho. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufushaniswa kwemithetho kuyaqhubeka kufeza indima yakho ebalulekile, abenzi bezimiso kumelwe bacabangele ukwandisa amalungelo abo siqu esenzo, izinqubo zobuchwepheshe, nokuthuthukisa ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke.

Ekugcineni, amandla amalungelo okwaziswa axhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwezimiso zomthetho ukuwasebenzisa. Isivumelwano somphakathi, kuwo wonke ukungapheleli kwaso, sihlala siwumgogodla walowo mthetho. Ukuze kungene kakhulu emthethweni wamanje wendaba, i-Ectronic Foundation Foundation inikeza izici eziyimfihlo ze-ligitation[, futhi amalungelo okususa iziyalezo [i-Privtiogn] anikeza iziyalezo zokuqondisa abathengi ezingokomthetho [. Ngokusekela nokuthuthukisa inqubo yomphakathi yokufihla imininingwane, singasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukufaneleka kokwaziswa akusona isithembiso esisobala kodwa esingokoqobo.