Umthetho wesigebengu wakha umgogodla wezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla, ochaza ukuthi yiziphi izenzo ezenqatshelwe yizwe futhi ubeke izijeziso kulabo abadlula lowomngcele. Kubafundi abalungiselela imisebenzi yomthetho, ubulungisa, noma isimiso somphakathi, ukuqonda ingqikithi yomthetho wobugebengu ibalulekile. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwemithetho yobugebengu, ukuthi kungani ikhona, izinhlobo zobugebengu obusikwelethe, inqubo elandela inqubo yokwahlulela yobugebengu, nemiphumela efinyelela kude elandela ukwephulwa komthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda ngephepha lokuhlola, ukubhala iphepha, noma umane ufune ukujulisa ulwazi lwakho lomphakathi, lesi siqondiso sinikeza ukuqonda okuqinile komunye wezimiso zomphakathi ezinamandla kakhulu.

Uyini Umthetho Wesigebengu?

Umthetho wesigebengu uyimithetho nezimiso ezichaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe uhulumeni ngoba kusongela ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuhleleka, noma inhlalakahle. Ngokungafani nomthetho womphakathi, osingatha izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, umthetho wobugebengu uhlanganisa umbuso njengeqembu lobugebengu. Isimiso esiyisisekelo somthetho wobugebengu siwukuthi izenzo ezithile azinaphutha kumuntu ngamunye kodwa ziwukona umphakathi wonke.

E-United States, umthetho wobugebengu ukhona kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni. Uhulumeni kahulumeni umangalela amacala aphula imithetho kahulumeni, njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa ezwe, ukugwema intela, noma ukukhohlisa. Ohulumeni baphatha amacala amaningi, kusukela ebubini nasekuhlaseleni kuya ekubulaleni. Imithetho ye-Modell Penal ithonya imithetho eminingi yombuso, inikeza ilungiselelo elihlangene lokuchaza ubugebengu nesivikelo.

Injongo Yomthetho Wesigebengu

Ukuqonda lezi zinjongo kuchaza ukuthi kungani izijeziso zihlukahluka nokuthi umthetho uwalinganisa kanjani amalungelo abantu nezidingo zomphakathi.

Ukwehla

Omunye umgomo oyinhloko ukuvimbela kokubili isoni ngasinye (isigwegwe esiqondile) nomphakathi ovamile (ukuvimbela) ekwenzeni ubugebengu. Usongo lokujeziswa (noma isiphi isijeziso), ukuboshwa, noma esinye isijeziso, esiklanyelwe ukwenza izindleko zilinganiswe ngaphambi kokuba zithathe isinyathelo. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukuqiniseka okucatshangelwayo kwesijeziso ngokuvamile kuthonya ukuziphatha okunzima kakhulu.

Ukulungisa isimo

Izimiso zomthetho zanamuhla zokwahlulela zezephulamthetho zigcizelela kakhulu ukuhlaziywa kwezaphulamthetho ukuze zibuyele emphakathini njengezakhamuzi ezivimbela umthetho. Izinhlelo zihlanganisa imfundo, ukuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi, ukunikeza iseluleko sengqondo nokwelashwa ngezidakamizwa. Ukubuyisana kuhloselwe ukunciphisa ukunqanda ukunqanda ukucwala ngokubhekana nezimbangela eziyinhloko zokuziphatha kobugebengu.

Iminikelo

Isijeziso sibonisa isahlulelo sokuziphatha izabaphula umthetho ezifanelwe ukubhekana nesijeziso esilingana nomonakalo eziwubangeleyo. Lenjongo ebhekiswe emuva yanelisa isidingo sobulungisa futhi iveza ukulahlwa komphakathi kwezenzo ezithile. Isijeziso kufanele sifanele ukwenziwa.

Ukucasha

Ngokubopha iziboshwa eziyingozi, umthetho wobugebengu uvikela umphakathi ekulimaleni okwengeziwe. Ukukhipha abantu ngabanye ngokomzimba phakathi nesigwebo sabo. Abanye baphikisa ngesigwebo eside ngenxa yobudlova noma ukuphinda izikhalazo, kuyilapho abanye bephakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuzifaka ngokweqile ezindlekweni zezenhlalo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwempilo

Ezimweni eziningi, izinkantolo ziyala izaphulamthetho ukuba zikhokhele izisulu, zikhokhele ukulahlekelwa ngokwezimali noma umonakalo wempahla. Ukubuyiselwa kusebenza umsebenzi wokuvuselela, usiza izisulu ukuba zilulame kuyilapho futhi zinika izaphula - mthetho icala.

Izinhlobo Zobugebengu

Ubugebengu buhlukaniswa ngezindlela eziningi, kodwa umehluko oyinhloko uphakathi kwamafelone namaphutha. Ukuhlelwa kwecala kunquma ukuthi icala liqulwa kuphi, isigwebo esingase sikhishwe, nezinye izindaba eziningi.

Imikhosi

Izenzo zokujezisa ziyicala elingathi sína elijeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Ngokuvamile kunezinye izibonelo ezihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezikhali, ukuthumba, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, nokubulala. Icala elibi lingathwala ifa elikhulu, ukulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota, nokuvinjelwa kokuphatha izibhamu. Kwezinye izizwe, izivumelwano ezithile zifanelwe isijeziso sentambo yentambo.

Amaphutha

Izigebengu azinamacala amakhulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile ajeziswa ngokukhokhwa noma ukuboshwa unyaka owodwa, ngokuvamile asetshenziswa emajele endawo kunokuba afakwe emajele kahulumeni. Iziphazamiso ezivamile zihlanganisa ukweba okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahleleki, kanye ne-DuI. Nakuba kungabi kakhulu, ukukholiswa okungaqondile kungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo emsebenzini nasemathunjini ezindawo zokuhlala.

Iziphazamiso

Akuyona yonke imilandu engokomthetho ngomqondo oqinile. ukweqa, njengamathikithi amaningi ezimoto noma ukuhamba ngezinyawo, kuyicala elincane elivame ukuphumela ekuhlawulweni kuphela. Alinacala noma imiphumela ehloniphekile yomlando wobugebengu, nakuba ukuhluleka ukukhokha kungakhuphukela emacaleni obugebengu.

Izinhlobo Ezisekelwe Engonakalisayo

Ubugebengu buhlanganiswa futhi nohlobo lokulimala. ubugebengu obuyingxubevange buhlanganisa ukweba, ukugqekeza, ukucekela phansi, nokukhohlisa. ubugebengu obuyicala eliphakathi kokuhlasela nokuphanga. [[FLT:] [FLT:] ubugebengu obumhlophe-bomhlaba [ buhilela ukungaphathi kahle okunobudlova okunjenge- embzle, ngaphakathi kokuhwebelana, nokweba uphawu. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] ukufihla, ukwenza, nokusakaza izinto ezilawulwayo. [FLT] [FLT]

Inqubo Yobulungisa Yesigebengu

Uhambo olusuka eqenjini elithiwe lobugebengu luya ekugcineni luhilela izigaba eziningi, ngayinye inezivikelo zayo ezingokomthetho. Ukuqonda lenqubo kusiza abafundi babone ukuthi isivikelo somthetho sisekelo sisebenza kanjani ezimisweni zezwe langempela.

UKUFUNDWA

ISichibiyelo Sesine sidinga isizathu sokuphenywa nokuboshwa kweningi, ngaphandle kobufakazi obutholakele ngokungekho emthethweni.

Ukuboshwa

Ukuphathwa kwenzeka lapho amaphoyisa ethatha umuntu osolwayo ukuba afakwe ejele, ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka ukuthi wenza ubugebengu. Izikhulu eziboshweyo kumelwe zazise abasolwa ngamalungelo azo ngaphansi kwe-Miranda v.Arizona(ilungelo lokuthula nelungelo kummeli. Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekucindezelweni kwamazwi ashiwo ngesikhathi sokuwinwa kwejele.

Ukuhlasela Nokubukeka Kokuqala

Uma kubekwa icala, umsoli ulethwa phambi komahluleli ukuze avele kuqala, lapho atshelwa khona ngamacala kanye namalungelo abo. Izimo zokukhishwa kwecala zibekwa khona.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili Noma Impicabadala Ephakeme

Kumacala anecala, umahluleli ngokuvamile uthatha icala lokuqala ukuze anqume ukuthi bukhona yini ubufakazi obanele ukuba leli cala liqhubeke. Ngokuhlukile, izifundazwe eziningi nezinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa ijaji elikhulu ukuze zinqume ukuthi kukhona yini okungase kube nesizathu sokumangalelwa. Uma ijaji elikhulu livuma, kukhishwa icala.

Icala

Enkantolo esobala, ummangalelwa uvela enkantolo ukuze alalele amacala futhi angene esivivinyweni: enecala, enecala, noma engenacala. Abamangalelwa abaningi bamangalela ngaphandle kwecala ekuqaleni, benikeza isikhathi sokuxoxa ngezicelo noma sokulungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala.

Izindlela Zokuhlola Nokuthola

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi (ukuqulwa) futhi zingase zithathe uhambo olungenalutho ukuze zicindezele ubufakazi, zilahle amacala, noma ziphoqelele ukutholwa.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Ecaleni, umshushisi kumelwe abonise icala lommangalelwa ngokunengqondo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa icala (ngaphandle kwamacala amancane), ukubhekana nofakazi, ukunikeza ubufakazi, nokuthula. Uma ijaji lifinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo, icala liyanqunywa. Uma kungenjalo, icala lingase likhishwe.

Ukugwetshwa

Uma ijaji liboshelwa, libeka isigwebo ngeziqondiso ezingokomthetho. Ukugwetshwa kungahlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukugcinwa isigwebo, amafa, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma inhlanganisela. Izindawo eziningi zisebenzisa iziqondiso zokugweba noma izinga elidingekile lobugebengu obuthile, nakuba abahluleli ngokuvamile benezakhono elithile. Izisulu zinganikeza izinkulumo ezithintayo kuleliqophelo.

Ukukhanga

Abalweli bangadlulisa izinkolelo ezisekelwe emaphutheni angokomthetho athinta umphumela wecala. Izikhalo akuzona izinhlu ezintsha; izinkantolo ezidlulisa icala zihlola umlando ngamaphutha omthetho noma inqubo. Uma ukudluliswa kwamacala kuphumelela, ukuqulwa kwecala kungahlehliswa noma kufakwe isigwebo esisha.

Imiphumela Yokuphazanyiswa Okungokomthetho

Ukuqonda lemiphumela kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda ngobulungisa bobugebengu, njengoba buthinta abamangalelwa, izisulu, imikhaya nemiphakathi.

Imiphumela Engokomthetho

Izijeziso eziqondile ezinikezwa inkantolo zihlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukukhokhwa, ukugcinwa kwecala, nenkonzo yomphakathi. Ukukhohliswa kwecala kungaphumela ekuboshweni isikhathi eside, kuyilapho abakhohlisi becala ngokuvamile banemibandela emifushane yasejele noma imali ehlawuliswayo. Amanye amacala anemigwebo ebophekile esusa isigwebo sokwahlulela.

Imiphumela Ephawulekayo

Ngalé kwesigwebo, irekhodi lobugebengu lidala izithiyo ezihlala njalo. Izifunda eziningi zivimbela abavoti ukuba bavote, basebenze ehholweni, noma basebenze ehhovisi lomphakathi. Umthetho kaFederal unqabela abantu ababoshelwe emacaleni athile ngenxa yokuba nezikhali zokudubulana. Izincwadi zezemfundo zezemfundo (___othisha, abahlengikazi, abameli, izisebenzi eziphethe indawo (‘abaphathi bezindawo) ngokuvamile ziyafa noma zinqatshwe. Abaqashi bavame ukuhlola isizinda, besenza kube nzima ukuvikela imisebenzi elondekile. Amalond angalahla amaholo. Lemiphumela yomthetho ingaqhubeka isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba isigwebo siqedwe.

Imiphumela Engokwenhlalo Neyokungashadi

Icala lobugebengu linehlazo emphakathini. Imikhaya ingase yaphuke, abangane bangashabalala. Ngisho nangemva kokukhululwa, abantu ngokuvamile babhekana nokucwaswa nokusolwa. Lesi sijeziso somphakathi singalimaza njengalowo ongokomthetho, ikakhulukazi kulabo ababoshelwe ekwaphulweni komthetho okokuqala noma labo ababoshwe ngezenzo zobugebengu ezinhlobonhlobo ngokokuziphatha.

Imiphumela Engokomnotho

Inkokhelo engokomthetho iyodwa ingaba mikhulu, ngokuvamile iphoqelele abamangalelwa ukuba bangene ezikweletini. Umsebenzi ophuthiwe phakathi nokuvela kwenkantolo noma ukuboshwa uholela ekulahlekelweni iholo. Imali efini kanye nokugcinwa kwemali egciniwe. Ngemva kokukhululwa, kuncishiswe amathuba okuthola imali ngenxa yokukhubazeka komthetho. Okunye ukuhlola kwathola ukuthi abamangalelwa baholelwa bahola imali engaphansi kwe-40% ngonyaka kunalabo abangenawo amarekhodi.

Imiphumela Engokwengqondo

Ukucindezeleka kokuboshwa, ukuquliswa icala, nokuboshwa kungabangela noma kubangele izimo zempilo yengqondo. Ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, nokuphazamiseka kokucindezeleka kwangemva kwe-traumatic kuvamile kulabo abaye babhekana nesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Ukuvalelwa ejele ikakhulukazi, kuhlobene nokulimala okukhulu ngokwengqondo. Ngisho nokulingwa ngosongo lokunqanyulwa kubangela ukucindezeleka okungapheli.

Imiphumela ibuye ishube kakhulu. Izisulu zobugebengu zingase zibhekane nokukhungatheka kwazo siqu okungokwengqondo, ukulahlekelwa ngokwezimali, nokuncipha kwezinga lokuphila.

Ukuvikela Emthetho Wesigebengu

Abalweli abakhokhi nje; banelungelo lokubekela icala lomshushisi inselele ngezisekelo ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kuvikela kungaholela ekuthethelelweni, ekuncishisweni kwecala, noma ekuncishisweni kwesigwebo.

Albi

Isivikelo sokuvikela i-alibi sigomela ngokuthi ummangalelwa wayengekho lapho kuvela ubugebengu. Ubufakazi bungahlanganisa ubufakazi, amarisidi, amarekhodi ocingo, noma ukuqashwa. Ukuquliswa kwecala kusefanele kufakazele ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo; i-alibi enamandla ingalibhubhisa icala likahulumeni.

Ukuzivikela Nokuvikela Abanye

I-odefentium ivumela umuntu ukuba asebenzise amandla afanele ukuze azivikele ekulimaleni okuseduze. Amandla asetshenziswayo kumelwe alingana nosongo. Izifunda eziningi zino "imithetho yakho" esusa umsebenzi wokuhlehla, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga ukubaleka uma kungenzeka. Ukuvikela kwabanye kunweba lelilungelo ekuvikeleni amaqembu amathathu.

Ukuthaka

Ukuzivikela okuhlanekezelayo akuvamile kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Kugomela ngokuthi ummangalelwa, ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwengqondo, akakwazi ukuqonda uhlobo lwezenzo zabo noma ukuhlukanisa okulungile nokungalungile ngesikhathi sobugebengu. Izindawo ezihlukene zisebenzisa ukuhlola njengomthetho we-M'Naghten, indinganiso ye-Model Penal Code, noma i-Duram. Ukunxusa okuphumelelayo kokugula kuholela ekubophekeni esigungwini sengqondo kunokuba kuphumele ejele.

Izinkathi ezidlule

Usongo kumelwe luseduze futhi lungalimaza kakhulu kangangokuba umuntu ocabangelayo wayengenza okufanayo.

Isidingo

Isidingo sokuzivikela siphakama lapho umuntu ephula umthetho ukuze avimbele ingozi enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugqekeza endlini ukuze kuphume ibhungane kungathethelelwa. Ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi umonakalo wawugwenywa ngaphezu kokulimala kobugebengu nokuthi akukho okunye okungokomthetho okwakukhona.

Imvume

Impicabadala yenzeka lapho umthetho unxenxa othile ukuba enze ubugebengu abengabufuni. Uma ukuziphatha kukahulumeni kuhambisana kakhulu, ummangalelwa angase akhululwe. Isivikelo asisebenzi uma ummangalelwa esekulungele kakade futhi ezimisele ukwephula umthetho.

Ukuphamba Iqiniso

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha ijazi elibonakala lifana nelakho esitolo sokudlela kuyiphutha leqiniso, elingase lilahle injongo edingekayo ngenxa yokweba.

Usizo

Kwezinye izigaba ezilinganiselwe − njengokuhlasela noma ukweba okuthile − ukuvuma kungaba yisivikelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umninimfako ephana ngento ngokuzithandela, lowo oyamukelayo akanakubekwa icala lokweba. Ukuvuma akulungile ezimweni ezihilela ukulimala okukhulu komzimba noma ukukhishwa kwenqubo yomphakathi.

Umthetho Wesigebengu uphikisana noMthetho Wasembusweni

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile emthetho wobugebengu, kuwusizo ukuwuqhathanisa nomthetho we-common. Emthethoni, emaqenjini azimele (abefundisi) abamangalelwa ngenxa yenxeba noma imithetho. Indinganiso yobufakazi ibhekisa phambili ubufakazi (kunokuba akunjalo), obuphansi kunomthetho wesigebengu ongenakungatshazwa. Isenzo esisodwa singaholela kukho kokubili amacala obugebengu namacala omphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli odakiwe angabhekana nokumangalelwa kwecala ngecala le-DuI kanye necala lomphakathi.

[[NTL:0] I-Cornell School’s Legal Information inikeza ukucatshukiswa okuhle kwezimiso zomthetho we-common. Ukuqonda umehluko kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani ukuziphatha okufanayo kungaba nemiphumela eminingi engokomthetho.

Izinkinga Ezizayo Emthethweni Wesigebengu

Umkhakha womthetho wobugebengu uyaqhubeka uguquka. Izimpikiswano zamanje zihlanganisa izinguquko ekugwebeni okuthiwa okungadingekile, ukuhlaziywa kwecala lezidakamizwa ezithile, nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zobulungisa ezihlanganisa izaphula-mthetho nezisulu. Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza izinselele ezintsha: imithetho ye-inthaneti kumelwe ihambisane nokwebiwa kwamanani, ukuxeshwa, nokukhwabanisa nge-inthanethi. i-Cyber Division

Enye impikiswano ecindezelayo ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaningi. I-United States iphethe inani elikhulu lamajele emhlabeni, nezindleko ezinkulu zomphakathi. Izifundazwe eziningi ziyizimiso zokuphinda ikhiphela izigwebo ezinde ezephula umthetho ongenabudlova. Ukuqonda lokhu kudinga ulwazi lwazo zombili izinhlamvu zomthetho kanye nethonya lazo langempela.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wesigebengu awusona isimiso semithetho ehleliwe kodwa yisimiso esiphilayo esiveza futhi esibonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi. Kusukela ezinjongweni ezicatshangelwayo zokunqanda nokubuyisela ushintsho kuya ezingeni eliqinile lokuboshwa, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokugwetshwa, zonke izici zithwala isilinganiso kubantu ngabanye nasemiphakathini. Imiphumela yokuphulwa komthetho, umphakathi, izomnotho, noma ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, isebenza njengesikhumbuzo esinamandla sesizathu sokuhlonipha izindaba zomthetho. Abafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, bahlola lezizilinganiso, bakhe isisekelo sezakhamuzi ezinolwazi ngemisebenzi engokomthetho, noma inguquko engokomthetho, noma ukwahlulela okungangokomthetho.

Ukuze uqhubekisele phambili ukucwaninga kwakho, cabangela ukubheka imithombo enegunya njenge- U.S. uMnyango woMahluleli noma Fidrecary [. Ukuqonda izincazelo zomthetho wobugebengu akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo kuphela `ibalulekile ekwakheni umphakathi onobulungisa nohlelekile.