Umthetho wesigebengu wakha umgogodla wesimiso sobulungisa, uchaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe ngenxa yokuthi kusongela ukuphepha komphakathi, impahla, nohlelo. Awukhonzi nje kuphela ukuthi ubugebengu buyini kodwa futhi nezinqubo umbuso ojezisa ngazo labo abephula imithetho nezivikelo ezinikezwa abamangalelwa. Ukuqonda indlela amacala abekwa ngayo amacala futhi avikelwe abalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nanoma ubani obekelwe izimiso zobulungisa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola komthetho wesigaba ngesikhulu, ukuphenya, ukudlulisa ngokufaka icala, ukuqokomisa indima yabahlanganyeli abayinhloko, izigwebo, ukuhlelwa kwezeleleka kobugebengu, ukuvikelwa okukhona, nemithetho esobala elawula ukuqulwa kwecala.

Isisekelo Somthetho Wesigebengu

Umthetho wesigebengu usebenza ngokucabangela ukuthi izenzo ezithile ziyingozi kakhulu emphakathini kangangokuthi umbuso unesibopho sokuzijezisa. Emkhakheni wawo, ubugebengu bonke bunezici ezimbili ezibalulekile: [ i-actus reus [ [isenzo sobugebengu] [isenzo sokuzilimaza] [izenzo zobugebengu] kanye [imithetho engaphezulu] [isibonelo] [i-FLT] [impondo] [indlela eqinile] [indlela engafanele]. [indlela enzima yokubulala], ezinye izenzo eziyaziwa njengecala eliqinileyokubulala, futhi azidingi ukubulala abantu — ukushayela ngaphansi kwethonya nenye impoqo yomthetho eqinile.[5] Imithetho evimbelayo ngokuhlulekayo.[5] Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zomthetho ziveza ukukhokhwasa ubugebengu.[Foseleleka umthetho ophansi]

Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Esimisweni Sokwahlulela Kwesigebengu

Ukuquliswa kwecala nokuzivikela kuhilela abadlali abaningi, ngamunye onemisebenzi ehlukile nezibopho zokuziphatha okuhlukile.

Ummangaleli

Abashushisi bamelela uhulumeni — uhulumeni, umbuso, noma indawo. Banesinqumo sokunquma ukuthi kufanele babhalise izikhalo, ukuthi yiziphi izikhalo okumelwe zilethwe, nokuthi banikele izivumelwano zokunxusa. Umsebenzi wabo awukona nje ukuqinisekisa ukuqiniseka kodwa ukubona ukuthi ukwahlulela kulungile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumelwe badlulisele ubufakazi bokuvikela, njengoba kufunwa Brady v. Maryland

I - attorney Yokuvikela

Abameli bamabutho avikelayo basekela abamangalelwa, bavikela amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo futhi baqinisekise inqubo elungile. Abalweli abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli banikezwa yisifundazwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesithupha. Abavikeli bomphakathi basingatha iziqu ezinkulu kodwa ngokuvamile bangabameli abanolwazi. Iseluleko somuntu siqu singanikeza ukunakekela okukhethekile.

Ijaji

Ijaji lengamela inkantolo, imithetho yokuthatha izintambo, liyala abahluleli enkantolo, futhi emacaleni asebhentshini linquma isinqumo. Abathathi hlangothi, abameleli bohlangothi olulodwa. Indima yabo ihlanganisa ukukhipha ubufakazi obungenakwethenjelwa nokuqinisekisa isimilo senkantolo.

IJury

Ezimweni ezingathi sína kakhulu, iSichibiyelo seSitanhatu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa icala yijaji elingakhethi. Abameleli bakhethwa phakathi nohlobo olubi kakhulu , lapho zombili izinhlangothi zingabaza khona abahluleli abangaveza ubandlululo. Umsebenzi wokhetho kuphela ukunquma imibuzo yamaqiniso — ukuthi umshushisi uye wawuveza ubufakazi obungenakungabaza.

Umvikeli

Omangalelwe ngecala unelungelo lokuthula, lokukhuluma nofakazi, lokufakaza nokuhlala ekhona ezingeni lonke elinzima lecala. Isinqumo sommangalelwa, njengalokhu avuma isimemezelo noma efakaza, sinikezwa ukululeka.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nezisulu

Izikhulu zamaphoyisa ziqoqa ubufakazi, zibopha, futhi zifakazele njalo njengofakazi. Nakuba zingezona izingxenye ecaleni, zifeza indima eyisisekelo yophenya. Izisulu zinamalungelo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokutshelwa ngezenzakalo, ukukhuluma ngokugweba, nokuthola ukubuyiselwa.

Inqubo Yesigebengu: Kusuka Ekucwaningeni Kuya Ekukhangeni

Icala lobugebengu liqhubekela phambili ngezigaba ezicaciswe kahle. Isigaba ngasinye sihlanganisa imithetho ehleliwe nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela inzuzo yomthetho nelungelo lomuntu.

Ukucwaninga Nokuboshwa

ISichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuba ukuphenya nokuboshwa kusekelwe yisizathu okungenzeka. Ezimweni eziningi, izikhulu kumelwe zithole imvume kumajaji ongathathi hlangothi, nakuba kunezimo eziningi ezihlukene, imvume, umbono ocacile. Uma nje kusungulwe ubufakazi obanele, ukuboshwa kungabangelwa noma ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso uma isikhulu sikhona.

Ukuvala Izinqumo

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi bokuthola ukuthi kunokwanele yini ukufaka amafayili amacala angokomthetho. Lesi sinqumo sicabangela amandla obufakazi, ukungathiya kwecala, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, kanye nezithakazelo zobulungisa. Emacaleni kahulumeni nakwamanye amazwe, amacala kumelwe abekwe kubaphathi abakhulu, abanquma ukuthi bamangalele icala. Kwezinye izifundazwe, abashushisi bafaka ukwaziswa ngemva komthetho wokuqala lapho umahluleli ethola khona imbangela elindelekile.

Ukubekwa Icala Nokukhubazeka

Kumthetho, ummangalelwa uvela phambi komahluleli, uzwa ukumangalelwa, futhi angene esicelweni — umqulu, , engenacala[, noma [ no - khuphiswano [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [u-5] (akukho ukuphikizanisa). Umahluleli futhi ukhuluma ngethuba lokukhulula inkundla. UBail ubekwe ngengozi yokundiza, ingozi yomphakathi, kanye nesimo sobugebengu. Labo abangakwazi ukukhokha ibheyili bangabanjwa; imizamo yoshintsho ifuna ukunciphisa ukwencithamela imali ngenxa yabakwa-ma - mbumbulu.

Izindlela Zokuhlola Nokuthola

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi ngokuthola ubufakazi. Ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kwembule wonke ubufakazi, kuhlanganise nezinto ezibonakalayo ezisekela ukuvikela. Ukuthatha izinyathelo ezivamile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kuhlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulahla ubufakazi obunganele nokushintsha indawo.

Ukudla I - “lea ”

Icala elikhulu lobugebengu — elingaphezu kuka-90% — lixazululwa ngokufaka isikhalazo esikhundleni sokuqulwa kwecala. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala, ngokuvamile ngokulibeka phansi noma ngokunika isigwebo esituswayo. Izingxoxo zidinga ukuba ummangalelwa azi futhi athathe amalungelo okuzithandela. Nakuba kuphikisana ngokuthi bangaphoqelela abamangalelwa abangenacala, ukunxusa kuyisidingo esiwusizo esimisweni esiminyene.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala liqhubeka liqulwa ngokulandelana okuhleliwe: ukukhethwa kwabahluleli, izinkulumo zokuqala, ukumangalelwa kwecala ngesiqu, icala lokuvikela (uma ikhona), ukuphikisa nokuphikisa, izimpikiswano zokuphetha, iziyalezo, nokuzindla. Ubufakazi buxhomeke ngokuphelele enkantolo; isivikelo akudingeki sibekwe nanoma ibuphi ubufakazi uma ukholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni awuwuhlangani umthwalo wayo. Ummangalelwa angakhetha ukufakazela kodwa angenzeki ukuba enze kanjalo; noma ikuphi ukwenqaba ukunikeza ubufakazi akunakusetshenziswa ngokumelene nazo.

Isithethi somyalo

Ijaji libuyisela isinqumo sokuba necala noma ungabi nacala. Isinqumo esinecala kumelwe sihlangane kuzo zonke izigebengu ezingathi sína. Uma abahluleli bengenakuvuma (ijaji elilengiswe), umahluleli angamemezela icala eliyiphutha, futhi umshushisi angakhetha ukulilungisa icala. Uma isinqumo singabi necala, ummangalelwa ukhululiwe futhi akanakubekwa icala elifanayo ngaphansi kwecala u-Rebitan Jeopardy Claus

Ukugwetshwa

Ngemva kwesinqumo noma isikhalazo esinecala, umahluleli ubeka isigwebo. Ukugweba kungahlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala okuhlukene lapho inkantolo icabangela khona umbiko wokuphenya kwangaphambi kwemvume, izinkulumo zokuthinta izisulu, nezimpikiswano zombili. Izijeziso zisukela ekuhlolweni noma ekuhlawulweni kwemali, futhi, emacaleni abulalayo, ukufa. Imithetho eminingi isebenzisa iziqondiso zokugweba ukuthuthukisa ukungaguquguquki, nakuba abahluleli benokuhlakanipha ezinhlangothini zomthetho.

Ukukhanga Nezindlela Zokwelapha I - Postoviduction

Ummangalelwa oboshelwe unelungelo lokudlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme, ephikisa ngokuthi amaphutha angokomthetho enziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala — ukuvunywa kobufakazi okungafanele, iziyalezo ezingalungile zokwahlulela, ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi, noma usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko. Izikhalo zigxila ezindabeni zomthetho, hhayi ukudlulisa amaqiniso. Ngaphandle kokudlulisa isikhalo esiqondile, abamangalelwa bangafaka izicelo ze-habeas corpus enkantolo kahulumeni eziphikisa ukuvalelwa kwabo ngomthetho-mthetho. Ukuhlola inqubo ye-appellette kahulumeni, , i-U.S. iwebhsiteji yezo zinikeza incazelo eningi yecala .]

Imibono Yezenzo Zesigebengu

Ubugebengu buhlukaniswa ngobukhulu, obunquma uchungechunge lwesijeziso nezinqubo ezisebenzayo.

Imikhosi

Izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezijeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka (noma ngokufa). Izigebengu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuthumba, ukuthumba, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Izinkolelo eziqinile zithwala imiphumela eqinisekile, njengokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota, imingcele yomsebenzi, nokungakholeki kwezindawo zomphakathi. Ezinye izigaba zomphakathi zinezinga lokubulala ngamadegree.

Amaphutha

Izehlakalo ezingathi sína kunezezezenkolo, izigebengu zijeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele, inhlawulo, ukugwetshwa, noma inkonzo yomphakathi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuhlasela okulula, ukweba okuncane (ngokuvamile okuhilela impahla ebhekwa ngezansi komnyango we-statory), ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, kanye nenkathi yokuqala ye-DUI. Amadumeor avame ukuqulwa ezinkantolo eziphansi ngaphandle kwejaji kwezinye izindawo, nakuba abamangalelwa behlala benelungelo lokuqulwa uma isikhathi sasejele siyisijeziso esinokwenzeka.

Iziphazamiso

Futhi okwaziwa ngokuthi ukwephula umthetho, ukuphambana ngamathikithi amancane omgwaqo – ngokuvamile amathikithi omgwaqo, ukungcolisa, noma ukuhamba ngezinyawo. Zithwala amafashini kodwa azinasikhathi sasejele.

Ukuhlehla okungokoqobo kokuthi amacala akhethekile abekwa kanjani, ingxenye yomthetho wobugebengu weNolo inikeza isiqondiso esicaciwe sikahulumeni sokuhlelwa nokukhishwa kwesijeziso .

Izimpi Zezigebengu: Amaqhinga Nemibono

Abalweli bangabekela icala lomshushisi inselele ngokuthi umbuso uhlulekile ukuveza icala, noma bangaqinisekisa ukuthi uyavuma ukuthi uthethelela noma uthethelela ukuziphatha. Ukukhetha kokuzivikela kuxhomeke emaqinisweni, ebufakazini nasemthetho.

Ukwehluleka Kwezimpi Zobufakazi

Isivikelo esilula siphikisa ngokuthi umshushisi akawuhlangabezi umthwalo wakhe — ummangalelwa akasenzanga isenzo, akasenzanga isimo esidingekayo engqondweni, noma ubufakazi abuyoni ukuveza icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. alaba bahluleli uluhlobo oluqondile lwalokhu: ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi bokuthi babekhona kwenye indawo lapho ubugebengu buyenzeka.

Ukuzivikela Okuqinile

Lapha ummangalelwa uyavuma ukuthi wenza lesisenzo kodwa uphikisa ngokuthi sasifanelekile noma sasithetheleleka ngaphansi kwezimo.

  • Ukuziphakamisa-Defense: Ukusebenzisa amandla kuyalunga uma ummangalelwa ekholelwa ngokunengqondo ukuthi amandla ayedingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho. Amandla abulalayo adinga ukukholelwa okunengqondo kokufa okuseduze noma ukulimala okungathi sína emzimbeni. "imfundiso egobile" kanye "nesisekelo" nemithetho iguqula lokhu ezizweni ezithile.
  • Izimiso ezifanayo ziyasebenza lapho kuvikelwa omunye umuntu noma ikhaya lakhe.
  • Ukungaqondi okungalungile: Lokhu akulona isivikelo so "buhlanya besikhashana" kodwa kuyisinqumo esingokomthetho sokuthi, ngesikhathi sobugebengu, ummangalelwa wahlushwa isifo esinzima sengqondo esamenza angakwazi ukuqonda ukuphelela kwezenzo zakhe noma ukuvumelana nomthetho. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [NOKUQHANGA] Umthetho (ukwazi okulungile nokungalungile) kusetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi, kanye nesifiso [[FLT:] esiqinileyo] esivamile.
  • Intethe: Uhulumeni wanxenxa ummangalelwa ukuba enze icala ayengeke athambekele kulo ukwenza. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi lomqondo waqala ngokugcinwa komthetho nokuthi ukucindezela okungafanele yini. Lokhu kuvikela akunakho uma ummangalelwa esezimisele kakade ukwephula umthetho.
  • [[UMTHO: 0] Ngezikhathi eziphakathi:[ Ummangalelwa wenza icala ngenxa yosongo lokufa olusheshayo noma ukulimala okukhulu emzimbeni wakhe noma omunye. I-Duress ayilona isivikelo ekubulaleni.
  • Isidingo:[ Ummangalelwa wathatha isinyathelo sokuvimbela ingozi enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugqekeza endlini ukuze kuphunyuke ibhuzizard kungathethelelwa uma ayikho enye indlela. Umonakalo ogwetshiwe kumelwe udlule umonakalo owenziwe.
  • Iphuzu:[ Ukungaqondi kwangempela yiqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo kungalahla amadoda athathe ama-rea. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha ingubo yomunye okholelwa ukuthi yiyakho akukona ukweba uma iphutha linengqondo.
  • I-conect:[ Emacalani athile, njengokuhlasela, imvume yomuntu yokuzithandela ingaba isivikelo (umz., imidlalo yokuxhumana). Imvume ayinakunikezwa ingozi engathi sína emzimbeni ezigungwini eziningi.

Izivikelo Zemvelo Nezomthetho - sisekelo

Lezi zikhungo zokuvikela azikhulumi ngokuqondile ngokuba necala noma ukuba msulwa kodwa zigomela ngokuthi ukuquliswa kwecala kuvinjelwa ukuba kuqhubeke.

  • Ukungaqondi Ukulinganiselwa: Umbuso kumelwe ulethe amacala phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe ngemva kobugebengu. Amacala amakhulu njengokubulala ngokuvamile awanasikhathi esilinganiselwe.
  • U-Reopardy ka-kabini:[ Isichibiyeli sesihlanu senqabela ukuqulwa kwecala kokwesibili ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunywa kwecala.
  • Icala lejubane:[ Isichibiyeli seSithandathu sidinga ukulingwa okuzokwenzeka phakathi nesikhathi esifanelekile; ukuphulwa komthetho kungaphumela ekuxoshweni.
  • Ukukhishwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo:[ Uma ubufakazi butholakala ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni, ngokuvuma izono ngokuphoqelelwa, noma ngosizo lweseluleko olungaphumeleli, bungakhishwa ngaphandle — noma ukugwetshwa kwesiqinisekiso ngokudluliswa.

Ukuqonda indawo ephambili yesivikelo kubalulekile. Ukuchaza okunegunya ngokutholakala kwezivikelo ezivamile, [[FLT: 0] i-American Bar Association inikeza imithombo yezokuvikela emacaleni obugebengu.

Indima Ebucayi Yobufakazi Ekulingweni Kwezigebengu

Ubufakazi buyimali yenkantolo. Ngaphandle kolwazi, ubufakazi obungagunyaziwe, umshushisi akakwazi ukusuthisa umthwalo wakhe. Imithetho yobufakazi — ngokuyinhloko egunyazwe ku- Imithetho engokomthetho yobufakazi [ futhi ibusa izigigaba — ibusa lokho amajaji angakucabangela.

Izinhlobo Zobufakazi

  • Ubufakazi obubonakalayo: Izinto ezinjengesampula le-DNA, iminwe, izikhali, nezidakamizwa. i-chain yelungelo lokuhlala [ kumele ibhalwe ukuthi ingenwe ukuze kuvinjelwe izikhangiso zokuguqula.
  • Ubufakazi obungakholekiyo: Izinkulumo zobufakazi obungaqondakaliyo (lokho abakuqondayo) nofakazi abangochwepheshe (ofakazi abasekelwe olwazini olukhethekile). Unikezelo lofakazi lunganikeza imibono; ochwepheshe kumelwe bafaneleke futhi bathembele ezindleleni ezithembekile ngaphansi I-Daubert[ noma Izindinganiso.
  • Ubufakazi obungathathi hlangothi: Ama-Contract, ama-imeyili, izithombe, ukuqoshwa. Isiqiniseko siyadingeka — umsekeli kumelwe abonise into yilokho ethi iyiyo.
  • Ubufakazi obungaqondile: ubufakazi obungaqondile obuvumela abahluleli ukuba basho iqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola iminwe yommangalelwa esigcawini akubonisi ngokuqondile ukuthi benze lobugebengu kodwa kusekela incazelo. Ubufakazi obuyikho busebenza ngokufanayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukubonakala Nokuphakama

Ukuze kuvunywe, ubufakazi kumelwe bube bungabesikhathi. Kumelwe ikwenze iqiniso libe khona noma kungabi lula. Ngisho nobufakazi obubalulekile bungakhishwa uma inani lalo lokuveza isilinganiso liqiniswa kakhulu ubandlululo olungafanele, ukudideka kwezindaba, noma ukuchithwa kwesikhathi. ukuzwa [[[FLT:] — inkulumo engaphandle kwesihloko se-onkethi enikezwa ukufakazela iqiniso lento egodiwe kakhulu — ngokuvamile ingenzeka, ngezindlela eziningi ezingekho mthethweni eziphambili, imilando yezentengo, izinkulumo ezimelene nenzalo).

Umthwalo Wobufakazi: Naphezu Kokungabaza Okunengqondo

Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephakeme kakhulu emthethweni. Akudingi ukuqiniseka okuphelele, kodwa umshushisi kumelwe afakazele isici ngasinye sobugebengu esiqinisekile ngokuziphatha — ukuze umuntu onengqondo aqiniseke ngecala lommangalelwa. Ukuvikela akudingekile ukuze kukhiqizwe ubufakazi; uma umshushisi ehluleka, icala liphelela ekuthethelelweni.

Ukuze kuhlolwe kabanzi imithetho esobala enkantolo kahulumeni, iMiyalo ye-Federal yobufakazi igcinwa yizinkantolo zase-U.S..

Isiphetho

Umthetho wesigebengu uwumkhakha onamandla olinganisela umsebenzi kahulumeni wokujezisa ububi ngelungelo lomuntu lokuzivikela ngokulunga. Kusukela emibonweni eyisisekelo ye-actus futhi nendoda kuya ebunkimbinkimbini benqubo yokuhlola nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zobufakazi kanye nezikhungo, isimiso silwela ukunikeza ubulungisa. Ukuqonda indlela amacala amangalelwa futhi avikelwe ngayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhileleka ngokunenjongo ngezindaba ezingokomthetho, kungaba njengabafundi, abafundisi, abagcini bamajaji, noma abahlanganyeli ezinkululweni zomphakathi. Njengoba imithetho ishintshashintsha kanye nezindinganiso zomthetho, ukugcinwa kobulungisa kuhlala kuseyitshe lendawo yomphakathi wentando yeningi.