Ukusungulwa Komthetho Wesigebengu

Umthetho wesigebengu uyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho eUnited States, uchaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe nokunikeza izijeziso labo abephula imithetho yomphakathi. Ngokungafani nomthetho womphakathi, oxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, umthetho wobugebengu uhilela ukuqulwa kohulumeni noma izinhlangano ezimangalelwa ngokwenza ubugebengu. Uhambo lokuboshwa ukuya enkantolo luyinqubo ehlelwe ngokucophelela ehloselwe ukulinganisela ukulondeka komphakathi namalungelo omthetho amangalelwa. Ukuqonda isigaba ngasinye kuyagxeka ochwepheshe bezomthetho, abafundi, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha noma ukuqonda isimiso somthetho wokwahlulela.

Isisekelo Somthetho Wesigebengu

Injongo Nezinga Lemithetho Yezigebengu

Umthetho wesigebengu ufeza izinjongo eziningi: ukunqanda, ukubuyisela isikhala, nokubuyisela isigwegwe. Izithiyo zichaza ubugebengu kuhulumeni, umbuso, nasemazingeni endawo, kanye nezijeziso ezisukela emalini kuya ekuboshweni ukuphila konke. Amacala amaningi obugebengu afakwa ekhophini, njenge U.S. Isihloko 18 sobugebengu obusemthethweni. Izici zobugebengu zihlanganisa u-rectus [[[FLT:]] (isenzo sobugebengu]) ne[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [4]] i-rectum] (ingqondo enecala). Ngaphandle kokungabaza kokubili, akunakuma kwesiqinisekiso.

Ukuhlelwa Kobugebengu

Ubugebengu buhlukaniswa kakhulu njenge izigwebo noma imidenarensi[. Imikhosi, njengokubulala, ukuphanga, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, iphethe izigwebo ezingenzeka esikhathini esingaphezu konyaka ejele. Amaphutha, kuhlanganise nokweba okuncane noma ukuhlasela okulula, ayikho kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile isijeziso singaphansi konyaka wokubulala noma ukukhokhisa. Ezinye izifunda zisebenzisa futhi ekujezisani amathikithi amancane okuphula umthetho.

Inqubo Yokuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kuphawula ukuthi umuntu osolwayo uqala ukuxhumana nesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu.

Imbangela Enengqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuba ukuboshwa kusekelwe yimbangela engaqondiwe[[[FLT:]] `inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni nasezimweni, ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa noma sebuzokwenziwa. Imbangela engenzeka ingavela ku:

  • Ukuphawula ngokuqondile kwesikhulu esithile
  • Izinkulumo ezivela ezisulwini noma kofakazi
  • Ubufakazi obungokomzimba buhlobanisa umsolwa nobugebengu
  • Ulwazi oluvela kubaqondisi abanokwethenjelwa
  • Ingxenye yesilinganiso semali noma ubufakazi be - computer

Izinkantolo zihlola imbangela okungenzeka ibangele ukusebenzisa umkhawulo wezimo uvivinyo, njengoba luqinisekiswe izinkonois v. Amasango[ [19983]].

Ukuboshwa Kwabantu Ababoshiwe Ngaphandle Kwempi

Ukuboshwa kungaboshwa noma kungabanjwa ngemvume. kudinga umahluleli ukuba akhiphe incwadi engokomthetho esekelwe entweni efungelwe ebonisa imbangela okungenzeka. ukuboshwa okungenacala kuvunyelwe uma isikhulu sibona ubugebengu, kungenzeka ukuthi sibangele ukukholelwa ukuthi inhlekelele iye yenzeka, noma lapho izimo ezishayekile zikhona zenzakalela cishe zibonise imbangela. Nokho, ukuboshwa okungenalusizo kuvumelekile kuvunyelwe ukuphinde kuhlolwe ngokuqinile.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Phakathi Nokuboshwa

Izikhulu eziqapha umthetho zingasebenzisa amandla anengqondo ukuze ziboshe. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Graham v.Connor (19989) isungule ukucabangela [ okungaqondakaliyo [ indinganiso, ukuhlaziya amandla ngokombono wesikhulu esinengqondo esisesigcawini. Amandla adlulele angaholela ekubekeni icala noma ekucini ubufakazi.

Inqubo Yokwehla kwangemva

Ukubopha

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsoli uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa ukubhalisa [, inqubo yokuphatha ehlanganisa:

  • Ukuqopha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu (igama, usuku lokuzalwa, ikheli)
  • Ukuthatha umnyatheliso weminwe neminwe
  • Uhlu lwezinto zomuntu siqu
  • Ukubhala lokho okuthiwa ubugebengu nombiko wokubopha isikhulu
  • Ukuhlola impilo nokuhlola ingozi yokuzibulala

Ukubopha akuyona indaba yokwahlulela; kumane nje kudala irekhodi elingokomthetho. Umsoli angase abekwe esitokisini esilindele ukubonakala kokuqala enkantolo.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala (Ukusola Ngokukhononda)

Phakathi namahora angu-48 okuboshwa (noma ngokushesha, kuye ngegunya), umsoli kumelwe avele phambi komahluleli noma umahluleli we- ukubukeka kobukhomakhazi [. Phakathi nalokhu kuthethwa kwecala, umahluleli:

  • Iveza ummangalelwa wamacala
  • Umangalela ummangalelwa ngamalungelo awo omthetho - sisekelo
  • Ithola ukuthi ummangalelwa uyasifanelekela yini iseluleko esimisiwe
  • Imisa ibheyili noma izimo zokukhululwa

Ukuvela kokuqala kuyithuba lokuqala lokuba ummangalelwa asebenzise ilungelo lakhe lokuthula acele ummeli. Uma lamacala eyiphutha, ukubukeka kokuqala kungase kusebenze njengelungelo lokuthula.

Ibhayile Nokukhululwa Kwama - computer

UBail uyisiqinisekiso sezimali sokuthi ummangalelwa uzovela esikhathini esizayo. IsiHluzi seSichibiyelo seNguquko se-8 senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, kodwa akubona bonke abamangalelwa abanelungelo lokukhululwa. Izici ezithonya ubugebengu, umlando wobugebengu, izingozi zezindiza, nengozi emphakathini. Izindawo ezingezona ezemali zihlanganisa ukukhulula ukugcinwa kabusha kweminyango [, ukuqondiswa, ukugadelwa, ukugcinwa kweminyango yezemishini, noma ukuboshwa kwendlu. Izimiso eziningi zemali eziye zashintshwayo zinciphisa ukuthembela ekuboshweni okusekelwe engcebwebweni.

Inqubo Ebangela Ukushuba

Ukuhlakanipha Okuhambisana Nokumangalelwa

Umshushisi unquma ukuthi kufanele abhale phansi izikhalo ezingokomthetho, okumelwe azilethe, nokuthi afune ukumangalelwa kwabahluleli abakhulu. Lokhu kukhetha kubanzi kodwa kumelwe kusetshenziswe ngokholo oluqinile nangaphandle kobandlululo. Abashushisi babukeza umbiko wamaphoyisa, ubufakazi, nomthetho osebenzayo ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo.

Izindlela Zokweluleka

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokumangalela:

  • Ulwazi:[ Umshushisi ufaka ibhukwana elikhomba icala ngokuqondile enkantolo, elisetshenziselwa amaphutha amaningi kanye namaphutha.
  • Icala: Ijaji elikhulu lizwa ubufakazi ngasese futhi livote ukuba likhiphe icala elingokomthetho (icala). Amajaji amakhulu ayadingeka ekumangalelweni kukahulumeni kanye nokuqulwa kwezigebengu eziningi zikahulumeni.

Zombili lezi zindlela kumelwe zisekelwe yimbangela okungenzeka ikhona.

Izinhlobo Zokumangalela Kwezigebengu

Amacala ahlukaniswa ngobukhulu nangezinto ezithile. Isenzakalo esisodwa singaholela ekumangalelweni okuningi, njengokuhlasela, ibhetri, nokuba nesikhali. Abashushisi bangase bafake amacala (umz., ukubulala njengokungamangalelwa okuncane phakathi kokubulala) ukuze bandise amathuba okukholeka.

Inqubo Yama - computer

Icala

[[QULT:0] [ imvume yokufundwa kokuqala kommangalelwa kwamacala asenkantolo evulekile. Ummangalelwa ucelwa ukuba angenise isikhalo:

  • ukulutyo: ukuvuma icala, ukulahla amalungelo okuqulwa kwecala, nokuqhubekela phambili ekugwebeni.
  • ungabi necala: ukwenqaba ukukhokhwa nokufuna icala.
  • [ Akukho mncintiswano (nolo imantinere): Awuvumi icala kodwa ukwamukela isijeziso, ngokuvamile osetshenziswa lapho icala lomphakathi liyindaba.
  • Ima ithule: Inkantolo ingena isikhalazo esingesona esinecala kumangalelwa ummangalelwa uma benqaba ukuncenga.

Ngemva kokuquliswa, icala lidlulela ekutholeni nasekuthatheni isinyathelo.

Ukubukeza Nokulungisa Umzimba

Izimo ze-bail zingabukezwa lapho kuqulwa izindlebe ezilandelayo. Uma izimo zishintsha . "njenge bufakazi obusha obuphathelene nengozi yokuhamba ngendiza""-keythini ingacela umahluleli ukuba alungise ibheyili. Ukuphucwa kwemiba yebheyili kungaphumela ekuncishisweni kwe-apply futhi ukukhishwa kwemvume yokubopha.

Ukuthola

Ukuthola kuwukushintshana kobufakazi phakathi komshushisi nokuzivikela. Umshushisi unomsebenzi womthetho-mthetho ngaphansi kwe- Brady v. Maryland (1963) ukuveza [ ubufakazi obuyimfihlo [ obungasiza ummangalelwa. Okwatholakala ngokwesibonelo kuhlanganisa:

  • Imibiko yamaphoyisa nezinkulumo zofakazi
  • Ubufakazi obungokomzimba nemibiko yaselabhulini
  • Amavidiyo kanye nemisindo
  • Umlando wobugebengu owandulele (uma ufaneleka)
  • Imibiko yokufakaza kochwepheshe

Imithetho etholakalayo iyahlukahluka kuye ngemithetho kodwa iklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukumangala lapho kuqulwa icala futhi ikhuthaza ukuqulwa ngokufanelekile.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kokuhlolwa

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bathatha amafayela ukuze baxazulule izindaba zomthetho. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi kokwahlulela zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuxosha: Ukuphikisana ngokuthi amacala awanele ngokomthetho noma kuphazamisa ingozi ephindwe kabili.
  • [[NT.0] Ukuthatha ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi: Ukufuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungavumelani nomthetho, ukuquleka, noma ukuphenywa.
  • [ Ukuguqula indawo: Ukucela indawo ehlukile ngenxa yokusakazwa kwezindaba noma ubandlululo.
  • [Motion in limine: icela inkantolo ukuba inqabe ubufakazi obuthile noma ubufakazi obunganikezwa.

Ukunqoba ukucindezelwa kungalinciphisa kakhulu icala lomshushisi, ngezinye izikhathi kuholele ekuxoshweni.

Ukudla I - “lea ”

Icala elikhulu lobugebengu — elingaphezu kuka-90% — lixazululwe ngokuncintisana kunokuba liqulwe icala. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala, ngokuvamile ngokuqaphana noma ngesigwebo esituswayo, ukukhulula abashushisi. Izinzuzo zihlanganisa ukuncishiswa kwecala ezicatshangelwe izinkantolo, ngokuqinisekile, nokugwema ukuqulwa kwecala elide. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuncenga abamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba bavume ukungenwa ngenxa yokwesaba imigwebo enzima. Enkantolo yombuso, .S. Actneys ye-Active [FLT]

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo Nokusobala

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala nomphakathi. Ukulibala okubangelwa umshushisi noma inkantolo kungaholela ekuxoshweni. Ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi kungaqinisekisa ukuba sobala futhi kuvimbele ukuqulwa kwamacala okuyimfihlo, nakuba inkantolo ingavala inkantolo ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, njengokuvikela ufakazi omncane.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Emacala anecala nasemacaleni amaningi angalungile, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhetha ontanga. Ukukhetha kwe Jury kuqala kuyingozi, lapho ijaji nabameli bengabaza khona amajaji angaba nobandlululo, ulwazi ngecala, nekhono lokungakhethi. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungasebenzisa:

  • Iqophelo ngenxa yesizathu: Elingenamkhawulo, elisekelwe ekucwaseni okubonisiwe (umk., ijaji elisebenzela amaphoyisa).
  • Izinselele: ilinganiselwe ngenani, ivumela abameli ukuba bakhiphe ijarisho ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, uma nje ingasekelwe ngokohlanga noma ubulili (] Batson v. Kentucky[, 1986).

Ijaji lifungela ngemva kokukhethwa, futhi icala liqala ngokomthetho.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Izinkulumo zokuvula azibonakali kodwa ibhodi lejaji lejaji. Ama-attorney anqatshelwe ukwenza izimpikiswano noma ukukhulumela ubufakazi obulindelekile.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi uthwele [[QUE:0] umthwalo wobufakazi [ ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukuzivikela kungaveza ubufakazi bakho kodwa akudingeki ukuba kwenziwe kanjalo. Ubufakazi buthatha izindlela eziningi:

  • ubufakazi obuyi-oyile:[ oFakazi bafakaza ngaphansi kwesifungo, ukuba bahlolwe ngokuqondile futhi bahlolwe.
  • ubufakazi obungathathi-mfantu: Amakhonkce, izinhlamvu, amarekhodi ezokwelapha.
  • [[Ubufakazi obungokoqobo: izinto ezingokomzimba, njengezikhali, imilaliso, noma izingubo.
  • Ubufakazi obubonisayo: Imidwebo, amashadi, noma izifanekiso zecomputer ezisetshenziselwa ukufanekisa ubufakazi.

Zombili izinhlangothi zingase zibize ofakazi abangochwepheshe ukuze banikeze imibono ekhethekile.

Ukuqeda Ukungcola Nokungaphumeleli

Ukuhlola isiphambano kuyithuluzi elibucayi lokuhlola ukuthembeka kofakazi abaphikisayo. Ama-athorney angabheka ofakazi ngezinkulumo eziphikisanayo, ubandlululo, noma ubuntu bokungamanga. Ukunxusa kungaholela abasizi ekubushayeni indiva ubufakazi noma ekubushayeni indiva.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sebunikezeke bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lwenza impikiswano efingqayo [ ifushanisa icala futhi inxusa abahluleli ukuba bafinyelele isinqumo esithile. Ukushushisa kuqale kunikeze impikiswano ngemva kokuzivikela. Izinkulumo azikwazi ukuveza ubufakazi obusha noma ukuchaza umthetho kabi.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho ohambelana nomthetho, kuhlanganise nezici zobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi, kanye nencazelo yokungabaza okunengqondo. Iziqondiso zibuthwa amaqembu futhi zivunyelwe inkantolo. Kwezinye izifundazwe, kusetshenziswa iziyalezo zenqubo yamajaji.

Ukudalulwa Nokulahlwa Kwezigigaba

Abahluleli bakhipha isahlulelo ngamabomu ngasese, bafinyelele isinqumo esihlangane ezicaleni zobugebengu. Uma bengenakuvumelana, iziphumo zejaji eziwubulungu , umahluleli angase akhiphe icala elingafanele. Inkantolo ingalilungisa icala. Isinqumo esingase sihlanganise:

  • Guilty:[ Umshushisi wafakazela icala lakhe ngokungenakungatshazwa.
  • Awunacala: Ijaji aligculiseki ngecala (izivalo ezilahliwe ziphinde zahlulelwe ngaphansi kwengozi ephindwe kabili).
  • Ukucutha kwento encane kuhlanganisa ukuphambuka: Uma ubufakazi busekela ubugebengu obungangathi sína kakhulu kunalapho bubekwe khona.

Ukugwetshwa

Ukucwaninga Nombiko Okukhona

Ngemva kwesinqumo esinecala noma isikhalo, inkantolo iyala ukuba kuhlolwe ukukhomba [ okwenziwa izikhulu zokugwetshwa. Lombiko uhlanganisa umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, isizinda somuntu siqu, izinkulumo zezisulu, nokugunyaza isigwebo. Bobabili bangase baphikise ukunemba kombiko.

Ukugwetshwa Kwezindlebe

Ukugwetshwa kwesigwebo kuvumela ummangalelwa ukuba akhulume ( ukuqubuka ), izisulu zokukhuluma enkantolo, nabameli ukuphikisana ngesigwebo esithile. Abahluleli bacabangela iziqondiso zomthetho, izici ezihlanganisa (umk., ukusebenzisa isikhali, umbiko werekhodi), kanye nezici (umk., ukubambisana, ukuntula umlando wobugebengu).

  • Ukuthunjwa ejele
  • Ukuvumelana nezimo (isib., ukuhlola izidakamizwa, ukufika ngesikhathi, inkonzo yomphakathi)
  • Imali emihle Nenzuzo Ezisulwini
  • Ezinye izigwebo ezinjengokuboshwa endlini noma izimiso zokwelapha

Imigwebo ye-Federal ilawulwa United States Sentensing Guidelines, enikeza uhlu olusekelwe ezingeni lobugebengu nasemlandweni wobugebengu. Izwe linamaglasi alo siqu nemithetho elinganiselwe ebotshelelwe.

Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Ummangalelwa okholelwa ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho enziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala angase afake isikhalo enkantolo ephakeme. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa izinqumo ezisobala eziyiphutha, ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi, usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko, noma amaphutha okuyala abahluleli. Izikhalo aziwathathi amaqiniso; zibukeza amaphutha angokomthetho. Uma imvume isekelwa, ummangalelwa angase afune usizo ngezicelo ze-past corpus noma ngenkani yokukhipha isigwebo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokwahlulela yobugebengu kusukela ekuboshweni kuya ekuqulweni kwecala iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yamalungelo omthetho-mthetho, imithetho esemthethweni, nezindinganiso ezisobala. Isigaba ngasinye (kusukela ekuthatheni isigwebo sokugcina) kuya ekutholeni isigwebo sokugcina (ukubonisa izivikelo ezingokomthetho ezicophelelayo ezihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa. Kungakhathiseki ukuthi ungumfundi womthetho wobugebengu, udokotela ongokomthetho, noma ilungu lomphakathi, ukuqonda loluhambo kuthuthukisa ukwazisa okukhulu ngemithetho yomthetho nesivikelo esinikezwa wonke umuntu omangalelwe ubugebengu. Ukuqhubeka nokufunda, isimiso seNkanto ecatshangelwayo yecala lobugebengu