Kulendawo eyinkimbinkimbi yokubusa, indima yezikhulu zendawo neyohulumeni ngokuvamile ihlangene, kodwa isebenza phakathi kwezakhiwo ezihlukene. Ukuqonda imithwalo yemfanelo yansuku zonke yalezizikhulu kunganikeza ukuqonda ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani nokuthi zithinta kanjani izakhamuzi emazingeni ahlukene. I-United States iqhayisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezithatha intela ezingu-90 000, kusukela esifundeni esincane kakhulu sokulawula umiyane kuya kuMnyango wezeNsitho. Ukulawula lendawo kudinga umbono ocacile wokuthi ubani owenzani, kungani kubaluleke, nokuthi ukugadla kosuku kuhluke kanjani kwibhodi lesikole emelene ne-Sénator yase-United States.

Izikhulu Zendawo: Imingcele Ephambili Yentando Yeningi

Izikhulu zendawo ziwuhlangothi olubonakala kakhulu lukahulumeni wesakhamuzi esivamile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha, umkhomishane wesifunda, umphathi-maya, noma isikhulu sesikole esimethembayo, laba bantu benza izinqumo ezithinta ngokuqondile inzuzo yempahla, ukuphepha komphakathi, nezinga eliphezulu zezikole zendawo. Umsebenzi wabo ngokuvamile ubonakala kakhulu emphakathini, futhi uthonywe kakhulu yizidingo eziqondile zendawo yabo.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Endaweni Yakithi

Imisebenzi eqondile yesikhulu sendawo iyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwakhiwa kukahulumeni wendawo. Isimiso esinamandla sibeka igunya lokuphatha ezandleni zesikhulu esisodwa esikhethiwe, kuyilapho itshemba lesimiso somkhandlu elikhethiwe eliqasha umphathi onguchwepheshe. Naphezu kwalokhu kungafani kokwakha, imithwalo yemfanelo eyisisekelo ihlala iqinile.

  • Ukuhlahlela nobumphathi be-Fiscal: Izikhulu zendawo zengamela ukwabiwa kwentela yempahla, intela yokuthengisa, nosizo lukahulumeni. Zivumela ukuhlelwa kwemali yeminyango yamaphoyisa, izinkonzo zomlilo, amapaki, imitapo, nemitapo yomphakathi. Ilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha lingase lichithe amahora lixoxa ngokwanda oku-2% embonini ukuze lixhase isiteshi esisha somlilo.
  • Izwe Usetshenziswa noZoning: Yilapha lapho injoloba ihlangana khona nomgwaqo. Amabhodi nemikhandlu yendawo inquma ukuthi umthuthukisi angakha isakhiwo samaqoqo angu 200, ukuthi iWalmart entsha ingakhiwa emapulazini, futhi uhlobo luni lwebhizinisi olungasebenza esifundeni esingokomlando. Lezinqumo ziveza ukwakheka komphakathi amashumi eminyaka.
  • Izikhulu zendawo zihlela indlela yokusebenza kweminyango yamaphoyisa, amahhovisi amaphoyisa, nezinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo. Ziqasha abaphathi bamaphoyisa, zibukeze ukusebenzisa imithetho ephoqelelweyo, futhi zinike izimali ezilungiselelweni zokuvimbela ubugebengu.
  • Imfundo yombuso: amalungu eqembu lesikole anomthwalo wemfanelo wokwamukela isikole, izincwadi zokwamukela, izivumelwano zokufundisa, nokubeka umbono wemfundo yomphakathi esifundeni sawo. Lendima iye yaba yeya ngokuphikisana kakhulu njengempikiswano yemfundiso yohlanga egxekayo, ukuvinjelwa kwezincwadi, nokulahlekelwa kobhadane lokufunda izihloko eziphambili.
  • Izinkonzo zobuKhomanisi: Isikhulu sendawo ngokuvamile siyindawo yokuqala yokuxhumana nesakhamuzi esikhungathekile. Imigodi, izikhalo zomsindo, izibani eziphukile, nezimpikiswano ngokuhlola impahla yonke edeskini laso. Ngokungafani nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha lingamiswa esitolo sokudla ngesazinge esinezikhalazo.

Usuku Olufanayo: Impicabadala Yokubusa Komphakathi

Isimiso sesikhulu sendawo siyinhlanganisela yokwengamela, imihlangano yomphakathi, nokuthembisana umphakathi.

Ukubuza: Usuku luvame ukuqala ngokubukeza umbiko wezisebenzi womhlangano wesigungu ozayo. Ilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha lingahlangana nomphathi wedolobha ukuze lixoxe ngengxoxo yokusebenza esele nenyunyana yamaphoyisa. Ilungu lebhodi lesikole lingase libukeze imininingwane yezibalo zenani nokuhlelwa kohlelo ngonyaka ozayo. Lena yisigaba somsebenzi wesikole, lapho amabhukwana ayinkimbinkimbi kumelwe athathwe khona ngaphambi kokuhlolwa komphakathi.

Usuku oluphakathi: Nzanhla kuvame ukulawulwa yimihlangano. Ummeli wedolobha angahlala phansi nomthuthukisi ofaka umsebenzi oxubene nemisebenzi ephakathi nendawo. Ikhomishane yesifundazwe ingahlangana nabameleli abavela emnyangweni wezempilo wendawo ukuze ixoxe ngenyathelo elisha lokwelapha le-opiyoid. I-Lobbyers elifuna izithakazelo zendawo, njenge-Creenter of Instrust noma inhlangano yomphakathi, ngokuvamile ihlela isikhathi sokudingida indaba yabo.

Imali engemva kwe-Pronoon: Iqophelo lokugada izimali liyiqophelo eliphezulu. Isikhulu sendawo singabuyisela izingcingo ezivela ezakhamuzini ezicasukile ngenqubo entsha yezimoto noma ngokwanda kwentela okuhlongozwayo. Bangase bavakashele indawo ukuze babone udaba olugcwele mathuphana. Lokhu kuxhumana komphakathi kuyisici esichazayo sokubusa kwendawo.

Umsebenzi awupheli lapho ilanga lishona. Ibhizinisi likahulumeni lendawo liqhutshwa emihlanganweni yakusihlwa ukuze kuhlangane nezakhamuzi ezikhona. Umhlangano wedolobha ungasebenza amahora amaningi, uveza izinkulumo zomphakathi ngezihloko eziphikisanayo njengegunya lesisifihlabuso noma i-vraise. Imihlangano yebhodi yesikole ingaba amankundla anamandla emidlalo yemidanti eqondene phezu kwezifundo zemfundo nezincwadi zomtapo. Ngesikhathi isikhulu sesikhulu sesiyawa, isikhulu seze sasebenza ngokubusa izihloko eziphelele zezindaba ze-12 kuya ku-14-hour.

Izikhulu Ezizimele: Amaqhinga Esimiso Sesizwe

Izikhulu zikaFederal zisebenza ngesilinganiso esihluke kakhulu. I-Senecator yase-United States imelela izigidi zabantu, ilungu leNdlu yabameleli likhonza amakhulu ezinkulungwane, futhi uMongameli uyala ithuluzi lempi elinamandla kakhulu nelezomnotho emlandweni wesintu. Imithwalo yemfanelo mikhulu, izigxobo zikhona, futhi ukugadla kwansuku zonke kuyingxubevange yezingxoxo eziphezulu, ukulawula kweqembu, kanye nenqubo yezenhlangano.

Izikhulu Ezintathu Zegunya Likahulumeni

Umbuso wombuso awukho kuphela ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe. Ijaji likahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezinkulu zifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekulolongeni ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda abadlali abahlukene kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba khona kwangempela kosuku kuhulumeni.

  • IGafa Elinomthetho (Ikhonsathi): Abameli banomthwalo wokuqamba, ukuphikisana, nokuvota kumthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yonke into ethathwe esivumelwaneni sokuvikela inqubo yezempilo yokuguqulwa kwenkambiso yentela. Baphatha futhi ukuphathwa kwegatsha eliphethe intela, baqinisekisa ama-mine (umthetho kuphela), futhi baphatha amandla esikhwama semali.
  • Igatsha Eliphethe (Presidenti kunye neKhabhinethi): UMongameli umisa uhlelo lwenqubo, izibonakaliso noma i-vetoes umthetho, futhi enze njengoMphathi-i-Chieef. Omabhalane beKhabhinethi (umz., Ukhuselo, Impilo NeNkonzo Yobuntu, Umnyango wezezimali) ophethe iminyango ebanzi namakhulu ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi. Umbuso wezwe, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano ezinjenge-Evironmental Protection Agement Agency (EPA) ne-FDARC), uhileleke emsebenzini ogxekayo wokubeka imithetho, okuyiwo okuhunyuselwa kuyo ezindisweni ezigcinwayo.
  • Ijaji likaFederal Judicary: amajaji ahlangene, kusukela ezinkantolo zesifunda kuya eNkantolo Ephakeme, achaza umthetho kahulumeni noMthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo zabo zingashaya imithetho edluliswe yimithetho yeKhongolo noma izenzo zesikhulu ezilula. Isinqumo esisodwa seNkantolo Ephakeme singasiguqula isimo sokuphila kwaseMelika, njengoba kuboniswa ezindabeni eziphathelene nokukhishwa kwesisu, amalungelo esibhamu, kanye nezokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Usuku Olufanayo: Ukuhamba Ngesikebhe SaseCapitol Nesebhelhwayi

Ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwesikhulu sikahulumeni kuphawulwa ngejubane elingapheli, inqwaba yokwaziswa, nesidingo sasikhathi sonke sokulinganisela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo.

Ukuhlela: Usuku lwe-Senator luvame ukuqala ngokuhlelwa kokuhlakanipha kwalabo abasemakomitini ahlobene. Ummeleli angaya emhlanganweni we-caucus lapho umholi weqembu ehlela khona icebo lomthetho wezomthetho. Lokhu kulandelwa inqwaba yama-imeyili, izikhawu, ne-actranda ezindaba ezisukela kumaketanga afana nawamakhompuyutha ezokulima.

Usuku olubanzi: Ukuqulwa kwezindaba zamakomiti kuyisici esiyinhloko sokuphila kwemithetho kahulumeni. Isikhulumi seKomiti yeBankingi singafaka inhloko yeFederal Reserve enkambisweni yemali. Ummeleli weKomiti YezeMwezi nezentengiselwano angachonga umthetho wezentengo zenetha. Lokhu kulalela kuhlelwe kahle, kuhlelwe kahle kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile kuklanyelwe ukuveza izihloko zezokuxhumana. Lobbybytes namaqembu anesithakazelo angase adlale indima enkulu kulendawo ezungezile, ukuhlela imihlangano ukuze athole izintambo ezithile noma amalungiselelo.

Imali yeNdlu: Izinkonzo zesikhulu zihlala zibalulekile, kodwa isikali sihlukile. Izisebenzi zesikhulu sikahulumeni zisingatha izinkulungwane zezicelo zezezimali ezihlobene neNyuselo yezeNkathi, izikhulu zezobuchwepheshe, amafastela okufuduka, kanye nezimpikiswano zeposi lokungena ezweni lakubo. Isikhulu ngokwaso singahlangana nezithunywa zemeya ezivela kuzwe lakubo ezifuna izivumelwano zikahulumeni. Imali ingeyeqiniso eliphikelelayo. Izikhulu zezesizwe zichitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sazo sokushayela ngocingo lwazo lwezezokuthutha abantu, amabhukwana emali eposini lokungena kwamanye amazwe ukuze zikhokhele umkhankaso wokhetho olulandelayo.

Ukupholisa: Usuku luvame ukuphetha ngamavoti endlu noma eSigele. La mavoti angahlelwa kuze kube sebusuku kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuphela konyaka wohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali. Ngemva kokuvota, kungase kube khona imikhosi yesidlo sakusihlwa nezazi zetanki, imihlangano nabanikeli beqembu, noma izamukela ezisemthethweni. Ijubane liyi-frenetic, futhi ibanga eliphakathi kwesikhulu sikahulumeni nesakhamuzi esivamile lingazizwa likhulu.

Izindlela Zokulingisa Izwe, Imigomo Engaqondakali: Ukuqhathanisa Okuningiliziwe

Nakuba kokubili izikhulu zendawo nezohulumeni zikhonza umphakathi, uhlobo lomsebenzi wazo, uhlobo lwamandla azo, nemingcele ezibhekene nayo kuhluke kakhulu. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyisihluthulelo sokuhamba ngesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika.

Umphakathi Unethonya Eliningi Futhi Ube Nethonya Eliningi

Lokhu kuphawuleka kakhulu. Isikhulu sendawo sinethonya elincane kodwa elinamandla. Banquma ukuthi indawo ehambayo iyalungiswa noma isakhiwo esisha sendlu sivunywa. Isikhulu sikahulumeni sinethonya elikhulu kodwa ngokuvamile lingaqondile. Intela kahulumeni yamandla avuselelwe ithinta izigidi zabantu kodwa ayidingi ukuxhumana okuqondile noyedwa kubo. Isikhulu sendawo siyakwazi ukufinyelela, ngokuvamile siyaya emasontweni afanayo nasesitolo esivamile. Isikhulu sikahulumeni sihlala emaqashaneni ezisebenzini, ekuvikelekeni, nasemthetho osemthethweni.

Ijubane Lokuthatha Isinyathelo Nezinkampani Zombuso Zasebugadeni

Uhulumeni wendawo ungathatha ngokushesha ezindabeni eziqinile. Umkhandlu wedolobha ungavota ukulungisa ukuhlangana okuyingozi kwemigwaqo phakathi namasonto ambalwa. Uhulumeni we-Federal uklanyelwe ukuba uthathe ijubane futhi ukhiphe isigwebo. Ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu kahulumeni kungathatha iminyaka, okuhilela ukuqongelela amakomiti, izimpikiswano, amakomiti engqungquthela, nokusayina komongameli. Lokhu kuthatha ijubane ngokuklanywa, kuhloselwe ukuvimbela isenzo esiphuthumayo, kodwa kungakhungathekisa kakhulu kulabo abafuna inguquko enqubweni.

Izilinganiso Zemali Nemithombo Yengcebo

Umehluko wemali ushaqisa. Idolobhana lingase libe nemali esetshenziswa ngonyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa zamaRandi. Idolobha elikhulu elinjenge-New York noma iLos Angeles linemali esetshenziswayo emashumini ezigidi zezigidi. Imali kahulumeni ilinganiselwa ngezigidigidi. Isikhulu sendawo sivame ukuphoqeleka ukuba senze izindleko ezibuhlungu phakathi kokuxhasa ipaki elisha nokuqasha amaphoyisa amaningi. Isikhulu sezwe singakhokha kokubili, kodwa kumelwe silwe nokulahlekelwa kwesizwe kanye nemali ekhungweni lemali.

Isimo Sokwehlukana Nokucusumbula Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Okhetho abaningi bendawo abakho ombayimbayi ngokomthetho, futhi izikhulu ngokuvamile ziyaziqhenya ngokusebenza ngapha nangapha kwemigqa yeqembu ukuze zixazulule izinkinga ezisebenzayo. Imbobo ayinayo i-partisan. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-Federal ayithathi-kartisan. Ukuhlola kwe Media kukhulu, futhi yonke imivoti ihlolwa ngelebula lemijikelezo yezindaba yamahora angu-24. Isikhulu sezwe kumelwe silwele njalo ukuvikela umbhalo waso ekuhlaseleni kweqembu eliphikisanayo, amaqembu enzalo, namaqembu ezithakazelo, kanye nemithombo yezindaba. Lokhu kwakha isimo esishukumisayo esihlukile kakhulu.

Ukuhlangana: Ukucindezeleka Kwabantu, Izilwane, Nezinkinga Zangaphakathi Kahulumeni

Ohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni abasebenzi e-silos. Baboshelwe kakhulu ngesimiso sezipho, izimvume, nokukhululwa. Iqiniso lesikhulu sendawo lansuku zonke livame ukulolongwa ngezinqumo ezenziwa eWashington, D.C.

IGrants: Uhulumeni wezwe unikeza izimali ezinkulu ezizweni nasezindaweni ngenjongo ezithile, njengokuhamba (imali ephakeme), imfundo (Izikole engizinika zona eziphansi), kanye nempilo yomphakathi (iMedicaid). Lemali ihambisana nezintambo ezinamaqoqo. Isifunda sesikole sendawo kumelwe sihambisane nezindinganiso zikahulumeni ukuze sithole imali yaso. Idolobha elifuna isimiso esisha sokukhanya kumelwe lisebenzise inqubo yokuhlola indawo ezungezile.

Ama-Mandaday angakhohliswanga: Okunye okukhungathekisa kakhulu kuziphathimandla zendawo ukubekwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemali ehambisana nayo. UMthetho we-Ceaf Water udinga ukuba ohulumeni bendawo basebenzise indle ezindinganisweni eziqinile, kodwa izindleko ngokuvamile zincipha kubakhokhi bemali bendawo. Akukho mntwana Oshiyekile Kumthetho (nomlandeli wakhe, uMfundi Wonke Amalungelo Asemthethweni) obekwe ngokuqinile ekuhloleni izikole kodwa akakwenzi ukukhokha izindleko zokusetshenziswa.

Ukukhulula nempi: Kukhona ukungezwani okungapheli phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nokulawula kwendawo. Imithetho yoMbuso nohulumeni ingasula imithetho yendawo. Idolobha elifuna ukuvimbela ukuhlikihlwa lingazithola likhashelwe uhulumeni. Idolobha elizibiza ngokuthi idolobha "elingadingi" labafuduki abangabhalwanga ukuthi lingase libhekane nokulahlekelwa yimali egunyaziwe. Lempi yangaphakathi iyisici esichazayo se-mageomentistism yaseMelika.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Kokubili Kubaluleke

Umnyango wokhetho wasendaweni uphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile uhlala umi phezulu cishe ku-20-30%. Izakhamuzi eziningi zigxile kakhulu edrameni yezombangazwe zikamongameli kunasezinqumweni ezenziwa yibhodi lesikole sendawo. Lokhu kuwukuhlukana okukhulu. Uhulumeni oseduze kakhulu nabantu unethonya eliqondile ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, labo abangene shí kwezombangazwe zendawo ngezinye izikhathi balahlekelwa umbono wezindaba eziwuhlelo ezingaxazululwa kuphela ezisezingeni likahulumeni. Uhulumeni wendawo ngeke axoxe ngebhizinisi lezohwebo, alawule ikhabhoni ezweni lonke, noma athumele indiza yokuthutha izindiza. Zombili lezi zilinganiso zokubusa zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kweriphabliki.

Isakhamuzi esithembisene kumelwe siqonde imvelo yokubusa. Yiba khona emhlanganweni wedolobha ubone ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani izinqumo ngasendaweni yakini. Bhala ilungu leSishaya-mthetho ngendaba yesizwe ebaluleke kuwe. Qaphela ukuthi imbobo esemgwaqweni wakho ingumthwalo wendawo, kodwa uhulumeni unikeza imvume exhasa i-asphalt yaphuma esikwesigebengu esidluliswa yiKhomishane. I-democracy isebenza kangcono kakhulu uma incintiswana, iqondwa, futhi ihlanganyela kuwo wonke amaqembu.