Isingeniso

ISichibiyelo sesine kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States singenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela abantu ngabanye futhi bakhululeke ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeSigqi Samalungelo, lokhu kulungisa kumisa izindinganiso ezingokomthetho okumelwe zilandelwe ukugcinwa komthetho lapho kuhlolwa, kuboshwa, noma kuphangwa impahla. Kuyindlela eqondile yokusabela ekuxhashazweni kwabantu ngokuxhashazwa ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani, lapho izikhulu zivumela izikhulu ukuba zihlole amakhaya nabantu ngaphandle kwesizathu. Namuhla, iSichibiyelo sesine siseyisivikelo esiphilayo, silinganisele nezidingo zomthetho eziphoqediswayo namalungelo ezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda izimiso zaso eziyisisekelo kunika abantu amandla okuqinisekisa amalungelo abo ngokuqiniseka ekuhlanganeni neziphathimandla.

Umbhalo Nenjongo YeSichibiyelo Sesine

Umbhalo ophelele weSichibiyelo Sesine uthi:

" Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke kuphazanyiswe, futhi akukho maWarrant azakuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, asekelwe u-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okungaseshwa kuyo, nabantu noma izinto ezithinjwayo."

Lolu limi luqukethe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko. Eyokuqala, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Muicle Claus, inqabela ukusesha okungenangqondo nokuquleka. Okwesibili, i-Warrants Claus, isho ukuthi noma imuphi umbhalo kumelwe usekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yesizathu, usekelwe ngamazwi afungelwe, futhi uchaze ngokuningiliziwe indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi izimpawu noma abantu abazobanjwa. Injongo yalezi sivikelo iwukuvimbela isenzo sikahulumeni esiwubuhlakani obungenangqondo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yisiphi isikhala somuntu sithethelelwa yisithakazelo somthetho esingokomthetho esisekelwa yinzuzo engokomthetho. Le mvume isebenza kuzo zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nohulumeni, umbuso, nomthetho wendawo, kanye nezinye izikhulu ezifana nabaphathi besikole noma abahlola abanye abahleli besikole.

Yini Ebangela Ukufuna Noma Ukuzikhohlisa?

Ukusebenzisa iSichibiyelo sesine, izinkantolo kuqala zinquma ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni siyafaneleka yini njengo "search" noma "sethule". hlola lapho uhulumeni engenela endaweni noma into lapho umuntu elindele khona imfihlo enengqondo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukungena okungokoqobo ekhaya, ukuhlola imoto, ukuhlola okuqukethwe ucingo, noma ngisho nokusebenzisa i-metamscane eshisayo ukuze athole izindlela zokushisa ngaphakathi endlini. Icala lesibonakaliso [[FLT:] Katz v. United States (1967) yasungula "ukulindela okunengqondo kwendawo engasese", okubuza ukuthi umuntu uye wabonisa yini i-mcazakhombaza kanye noma ulindele ukuthi umphakathi ukulungele yini.

Impahla ikhona lapho uhulumeni ephazamisa ngokunengqondo isithakazelo somuntu kuleyompahla. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha i-laptop noma ukubeka imoto kuveza ukuthatheka. Ukuthatheka komuntu, njengokuboshwa noma [umthetho] kuvimbela isithakazelo somuntu kuleyompahla. (ijele elimfushane elisekelwe ekusondweni okunengqondo), futhi liwela ngaphansi kwesivikelo sokuthuthwa kwemoto. Akuzona zonke izingxoxo zamaphoyisa ezithatha imoto zibangelwa ukuquleka; izingxoxo zokuzithandela lapho umuntu ezizwa ekhululekile ukuphuma khona. Isihluthulelo singaba umuntu onengqondo angazizwa ekhululekile ukungazinaki izisulu zebhizinisi futhi angazi ukuthi ibhizinisi lawo lihamba.

Izivikelo Eziyinhloko: Imbangela Ephumelelayo Nabaluleki

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sigxile ezidingweni zezizathu ezilindelekile nezindawo. Imbangela eqinisekile ikhona uma amaqiniso nezimo ezisebulwazini besikhulu kwanele ukuqinisekisa umuntu onokuhlakanipha ukuba akholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu bebukhona, bubodwa, noma buzokwenziwa, noma ubufakazi bobugebengu busendaweni ethile. Lena indingaka ephakeme kunentethelekiso enengqondo, edinga kuphela amaqiniso aqondile nakwaziyo asikisela umsebenzi wobugebengu. Imbangela engcono kakhulu yokuthola isiqinisekiso nokubopha.

Amaphepha angokomthetho akhishwa imantshi engathathi hlangothi nangabodwa, asekelwe ekubonisweni kwesizathu esingase sisekelwe isifungo noma isiqinisekiso. Isivumelwano kumelwe sichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi izinto zithathwe. Lokhu kudingekile okukhethekile kuvimbela izimvume ezigunyaza abaphathi be-carte bunteche ukuba bafake izimpahla zomuntu. Isibopho esikhishwe ngokufanelekile sisebenza njengesehlo eqapheni lamaphoyisa futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi umahluleli ozimele ulungisisile ukunqanda ukungezwa. Nokho, akudingi zonke izinto nokuqubuka nokuquleka okudinga isiqinisekiso; ngaphandle kwemfuneko ekhona, okukhulunywayo ngezansi.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi kunezici eziningana ezimisiwe lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kungase kuphenye noma kuthathe ibhamu ngaphandle kwemvume, uma lesinyathelo sihlala sinengqondo ngaphansi kwalezozimo.

Usizo

Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho mvume edingekile. Imvume akumelwe inikezwe ngokukhululekile ngenxa yokuphoqelelwa noma ukudunyiswa. Amaphoyisa akudingeki azise abantu ukuthi banelungelo lokwenqaba, kodwa ukuquliswa kwecala kunomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imvume ingeyokuzithandela. Imvume yesithathu ingasebenza futhi uma iqembu linegunya elifanayo ezindaweni noma empahlani. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ohlala naye angase avume ukusesha izindawo ezihlala ndawonye, kodwa angavumi ukuvikela.

Izimo Ezibi

Lapho kudingeka isinyathelo esisheshayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala okungokomzimba, ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, noma ukubalekela kosolwa, amaphoyisa angase angene endlini noma kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwemvume. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuzwa ukumemeza ngaphakathi endlini, ukuxosha ungabalekeleli, noma ukuhogela intuthu esikisela umlilo. Izimo kumelwe ziphuthuma ngempela futhi zingadalwa amaphoyisa ngokwawo.

Umbono Ongamanga

Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho endaweni futhi sibona ukuvinjelwa kwemoto noma ubufakazi obusobala, bangasithatha ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukuze lokhu kusetshenziswe, isikhulu kumelwe sibe nelungelo elingokomthetho lokuba sibe endaweni lapho sibheke khona into, futhi isimo sokuyibheka kumelwe sibonakale ngokushesha.

Funa Ithuba Lokuboshwa

Uma isikhulu sibopha ngokomthetho, singase sifune umuntu oboshiwe nendawo engaphansi kwesimiso saso ukuze sithole izikhali noma ubufakazi obungabhujiswa. Lokhu kushiyeka kuklanyelwe ukuvikela ukuphepha kwesikhulu futhi kugcine ubufakazi. Abudlulisi kulo lonke ikhaya noma imoto ngaphandle kokuba kuhlangatshezwe izimo ezithile.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto

I-Vhicles ingaphansi kokulindela okuncishisiwe kokungafihliwe ngenxa yokuhamba kwazo nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuziqondiseni. Uma isikhulu sikholelwa ukuthi imoto inesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi inobufakazi bobugebengu, singase sifune yonke imoto, kuhlanganise nanoma yiziphi izitsha zokuphatha ezingase zigcine ubufakazi, ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kuvela ecaleni leNkantolo Ephakeme Carroll v. United States (1925) futhi kuye kwacwengwa ngemithetho elandelayo. Qaphela ukuthi ukuma okuvamile kwezimoto kuphela akunikezi isizathu sokuhlola izimoto okugcwele.

Ukuma NoFrisk (Ukuma Kwesimo Somjaho)

Ngaphansi Terry v.O. (1968), amaphoyisa angabopha umuntu okwesikhashana ukuze ahlole ukuziphatha okusolekayo uma enendlela enengqondo yokusola izenzo zobugebengu. Phakathi nokuma okunjalo, uma isikhulu sinokungabaza okunengqondo ukuthi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi, bangathatha ukuphenya okulinganiselwe kwezikhali. Lokhu akukona ukuphenya okugcwele kobufakazi kodwa isilinganiso esivikelayo. Ukuma kumelwe kube kwesikhashana futhi kungabi okungenangozi kakhulu.

Okunye Okuyingqayizivele

Okunye okuhlanganisa ukuhlola izimoto (lapho imoto ingasaphathwa), ukuhlola imingcele yomhlaba wonke (ebhekwa njengevikelekile), ukuphenya ngezidingo ezikhethekile (njengokuhlola izidakamizwa kwezisebenzi ezithile noma abafundi), nokuphenya okusekelwe ezivumelweni zokuqondisa (njengokuhlola impilo), ukushiyana ngakunye kunemingcele eqondile futhi kumelwe kwenziwe ngokucophelela.

Ukubusa Kwama - declear Nomphumela Wako

Umthetho owenqabela ukuphatha kwemithetho uyimfundiso engokomthetho enqabela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obutholakele ekuphulweni kweSichibiyelo sesine ekuvulweni kwecala lobugebengu. Lomthetho usebenza njengesithiyo sokuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa futhi usekela ubuqotho besimiso sokwahlulela. INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa umthetho wezwe weWeeks v. United States (1914) futhi yawusebenzisela ukukhipha izinkantolo enkantolo eqophelweni lezekwahlulele. [FLT:]].[1961] [FL:5]. [196] [i-FLT]].

Nokho, umthetho wokuhlukanisa unemingcele. Awusebenzi embusweni womphakathi, emacaleni amakhulu abahluleli, noma lapho amaphoyisa enza ngokuthembela kokholo evumelwaneni kamuva ebonakala ingasebenzi (ukungakholwa okuhle). Izinkantolo ziyaqaphela futhi ukuthi umthetho akumelwe usetshenziswe lapho izindleko zokuhlukanisa zidlula izinzuzo zokuvinjelwa, njengasecaleni okuhilela ubugebengu obungathi sína lapho ubufakazi bubucayi khona. Naphezu kwalokho, umthetho owehlukile uhlala uyithuluzi elinamandla lokufaka iNguquko Yesine.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho Ngendlela Asebenza Ngayo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesine kuyadingeka lapho usebenzelana nokugcinwa komthetho.

  • Unelungelo lokuthula. Akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokunikeza igama lakho nokwaziwa kwezinye izifunda. Ungathi: "Ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula.”
  • Buza uma ukhululekile ukuba uhambe. Uma ungaboshiwe, ungabuza isikhulu, ukuthi: "Ngiboshiwe, noma ngikhululekile ukuya?" Uma isikhulu sithi ukhululekile ukuhamba, ungahamba ngokuthula. Uma uvalelwe, unelungelo lokwazi ukuthi kungani.
  • Awudingi ukuvuma ukuseshwa. Amaphoyisa angacela imvume yokuhlola umuntu wakho, imoto, noma ikhaya. Unelungelo lokuvuma. Isifundazwe sicacile: "Angivumi ukuphenya" Ngisho noma amaphoyisa eqhubeka, ukuphikisa kwakho kungasetshenziswa kamuva ukubekela inselele ngokomthetho wokuhlola.
  • Uma amaphoyisa enemvume, ungacela ukuyibona. Hlola isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi inekheli elilungile, sisayinwe umahluleli, bese uhlela izinto ezithile. Uma isiqinisekiso sibonakala singasebenzi noma sibanzi kakhulu, ungaphawula ukuthi kodwa akufanele umelane ngokomzimba.
  • Ungaphikisi ngokomzimba. Ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphulwa, ukumelana ngokomzimba kungaholela ekumangalelweni okwengeziwe futhi kukhulise isimo. Kunalokho, vuma futhi kamuva thintana nommeli ukuze ubhale isikhalo noma uphikise ukuphenya enkantolo.
  • Akha ukuhlangana. Uma kuphephile, qopha ukuxhumana nocingo lwakho. Qaphela inombolo yebheji lesikhulu, inombolo yemoto, nanoma yimiphi imininingwane. Ungaphazamisi imisebenzi yamaphoyisa uma uqopha.

Lamalungelo asebenza kwizakhamuzi nakubantu abangewona amabele ngokufanayo e-United States. Izikhulu ze-Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) nazo kumelwe zinamathele ezindinganisweni zeSichibiyelo sesine, nakuba imithetho ekhethekile isebenza eduze kwemingcele namachweba okungena. Ngaso sonke isikhathi iphatha izimpawu, kodwa khumbula ukuthi ezizweni eziningi, akudingeki ukuba ubonise i-ID ngaphandle kokuba ushayela imoto noma uboshwe ngokomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Enkathini Yezibalo

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye baphakamisa imibuzo enzima mayelana nendlela iSichibiyelo sesine esisebenza ngayo ekwazisweni kweze-tem-mnual. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba izinto zomshoshaphansi ezikumakhalekhukhwini abo. Riley v. California (014]], iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokuhlola umakhalekhukhwini obambe isenzakalo, ingasho ukuthi imishini enjalo inemininingwane eminingi yomuntu siqu.

Ezinye izikhankaso ze-inthaneti zihlanganisa ukulandelela i-GPS, ukwaziswa kwendawo okuvela emathunjini, ama-imeyili, ukugcina amafu, kanye nemithombo yezembutho. Carpaent v. United States (2088), iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni ufuna isiqinisekiso sokuthola ulwazi olungokomlando lwendawo ye-cell, olungaveza ukunyakazazisa komuntu ngesikhathi. Lesi sinqumo savuma ukuthi isimo esiyingqayizivele sokwaziswa kobuchwepheshe singahlanganisa izigwegwegwe zesine ezithinta ngisho nalapho i-data ibanjwe izigaba ezintathu. Njengoba ezobuchwepheshe zishintsha, izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zisebenzisa izimiso ze-Promende yomthetho ukuze zivikele ulwazi lwesine ngaphandle kokuvimbela imizamo esemthethweni yokugcinwa komthetho.

Imiphumela Yesici Sesine Sesichibiyelo Sezwe

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathonya incazelo yeSichibiyelo Sesine:

  • Mapp v.O.1961) - Sebenzisa umthetho ohlukanisayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, uvimbela ngokungemthetho ukuthola ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala lomthetho.
  • Terry v.O.1968) - - Yasekela ukuma nomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa yalinganisela ekusoleni okunengqondo kobugebengu nengozi.
  • Katz v. United States (1967) - - yamisa ukulindela okunengqondo kokuhlolwa kobuso becala, esikhundleni sendlela endala esekelwe kwimpahla.
  • United States v. Jones (202) - Ibizwa ngokubopha i-GPS emthumeni futhi ihlola ukunyakaza kwayo kuhlanganisa ukuseshwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesine.
  • Florida v. Jardines (2013) – i-Pregist ethi ukuletha inja efaka izidakamizwa evulandini wendlu ukuze kuphenyiswe indlu ukuseshwa okudinga isiqinisekiso.
  • California (2014) - Inqume ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokuhlola ukwaziswa kocingo oluphathwayo phakathi nokuboshwa.

Lezi zimo zibonisa umzamo oqhubekayo wejaji wokulinganisela isikhathi somuntu siqu nezidingo zokugcinwa komthetho ezweni elishintshayo.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo sesine asisona isilinganiso kodwa ilungelo eliyisisekelo elilondoloza ukuzibusa komuntu siqu nesithunzi. Ngokumisa izindinganiso ezicacile zokusesha nokuquleka, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswa ngokuzibamba nangokulandisa. Noma ubhekene nokumiswa kwemijaho yezemgwaqweni noma umsebenzi wokuhlola ngemishini, wonke umuntu kufanele aqonde isivikelo salokhu kulungisa kunikeza. Ukwazi amalungelo akho kukunika amandla okuwaqinisa ngokuzolile nangempumelelo, ukusekela izimiso zomphakathi okhululekile. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, hlola imithombo enjenge [[FLT: 0] ACLU's Yazi amalungelo akho noma ukhulume nommeli ofanelekayo.