Table of Contents

Izintatheli zisebenza ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho lapho isivikelo esihlukene sizenza zikwazi ukwenza indima yazo ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Lezi zindawo zomthetho zibalulekile ekulondolozeni imishini yokunyathelisa engenazibuthe futhi ziqiniseke ukuthi umphakathi uyakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, ukuziphatha kwenkampani, nezindaba ezithakazelisayo emphakathini. Ukuqonda izinga nokulinganiselwa kwalezi sivikelo kubalulekile kubo bobabili abantatheli nomphakathi abakhonzayo.

I - Constitution Foundation: Inkululeko Yezindaba

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba eUnited States ivikelwe ngokomthetho yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMyalo-mthetho wase-United States. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi: “ISiphendulo somthetho asisoze senza mthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqatshelwa kwayo; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.""

Le nkululeko ivikela ilungelo lokuqoqa ukwaziswa futhi ikubikelele abanye. Nakuba ngesikhathi sokudilizwa ngo-1791, isigqebhezana samaphephandaba esikhululekile esibhekiswe kumaphephandaba, manje sisebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuqoqa izindaba nokubika, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-emoptory. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkululeko yezindaba idlulela ngalé kwamaphephandaba angokwesiko ukuze ihlanganise ithelevishini, umsakazo, izincwadi ze-inthanethi, ama-mediom, ama-plugit, kanye namasiteji emiphakathi yezindaba.

Inkululeko yezindaba, evikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ibaluleke kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi lapho uhulumeni ezolandisa khona kubantu. Imisebenzi yezindaba ekhululekile njengenja engahlola futhi ibike ngezenzo ezimbi zikahulumeni. Lemisebenzi yokugada ibalulekile ekugcineni ukubonakala nokulandisa ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Izinga Lenkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Inkululeko yezindaba yilungelo elivikelwe kakhulu lokusakaza ngokukhululekile ukuxhumana nemibono ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zemithombo yezindaba. Inkululeko yezindaba ilinganisela ukulawula noma ukucubungula kukahulumeni kulokhu kulawula kwezindaba, ngaphandle kwengozi enkulu kakhulu yokuphepha kwesizwe. Lokhu kuvikela akudluleli ekukhiqizweni kokwaziswa kuphela kodwa nasekuqoqeni izindaba ngokwazo.

Inkululeko yezindaba ayivikeli kuphela umbiko wesihle, kodwa futhi nokuqoqa izindaba. Ngokuvamile, abezindaba banamalungelo afanayo nawomphakathi futhi abanakuhlasela izivikelo zomuntu siqu kwabanye. Nokho, izintatheli zinamalungelo athile uma kuziwa ekutholeni ukwaziswa nokuvikela imithombo yazo, esizoyihlola ngokuningiliziwe.

Iphephandaba alinelungelo lokuthola isivikelo esingokomthetho esihlukene uma siqhathaniswa nelungu lomphakathi elivamile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba izintatheli zinezivikelo zomthetho ngokomthetho ngomsebenzi wazo, ngokuvamile zingaphansi kwemithetho efanayo nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Umehluko oyinhloko utholakala ezivikelweni ezithile zemithetho eziye zabekwa ukuze kuvuselelwe amaphephandaba.

Ubani Ofaneleka Njengentatheli?

Enye yezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zenkululeko eyandayo efuna ukubukwa kwezindaba ezifanelekela ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho. I-Press ayigcini ezincwadini zobuchwepheshe noma izintatheli kodwa isebenza kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lommemezeli. Amanye amasu elungelo alinganiselwe futhi asebenza kuphela ezisebenzini zesikhathi esigcwele zezindaba eziphambili, kuyilapho amanye ebanzi futhi edlulisele kubantu abaqasha amafilimu, abadwebi bamabhayisikobho, abalobi bezincwadi, nabalobi bezindaba.

Kwabuswa okokuqala, iNkantolo Yezingcingo yeSiphendulo Sokuqala, ukuthi umqaphi unelungelo lokuvikela inkulumo ekhululekile njengentatheli futhi akanakubekwa icala lokunyundela ngaphandle kokuba umbhayisi-bhutshuli uthathe isinyathelo ngokunganaki. Esinqumweni, inkantolo yathola izintatheli nabaxhasi bezincwadi ukuba bavikelwe ngokufanayo ngaphansi kweSiphendulo Sokuqala ngoba "Izigwebo Zokuqala Zesimemezelo aphemezeli asiphenduki ukuthi ummangalelwa uyintatheli oqeqeqeshiwe yini, ohlangene nezinhlangano zezindaba ezingokwesiko, ohileleke nje ekuxazululeni kwempi, othathele ngalé nje ukuhlanganisa imibhalo yabanye, noma ukuzama ukuthola zombili izinhlangothi zendaba."

Imithetho Evikelayo: Ukuvikela Imithombo Eyimfihlo

Phakathi kwesivikelo esingokomthetho esibaluleke kakhulu sezintatheli kunemithetho evikelayo, evikela izintatheli ukuba zingaphoqelelwa ukuba zembule imithombo yazo eyimfihlo noma ukwaziswa okunganyatheliswanga. Shiyelela umthetho, eUnited States, noma yimuphi umthetho ovikela izintatheli ekudalulweni okuphoqelelwe kokwaziswa okuyimfihlo, kuhlanganise nokukhishwa kwemithombo yazo, noma ukuphoqelelwa kokukhishwa kwezinto ezibhaliwe eziqoqwe ngesikhathi sokubuthana kwezindaba, njengamaphuzu.

Imbangela Yemithetho Evinjelwe

Ngenxa yokuthi abantu abangase banikeze ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo noma okuzwelayo kubantatheli cishe ngeke bakwenze lokho ngaphandle kokuba kungaqiniseki ukuthi bangaziwa, imithetho yokuzivikela ibalulekile ekusebenziseni amaphephabhuku aphenyayo futhi kanjalo kube khona imithombo yamaphephandaba engakhokhelwa. Izintatheli zithembela emithonjeni ukuze zinikeze izindaba ezizisakazayo, futhi leyo mithombo ingase ingahlanganyeli ukwaziswa okungaqondakali noma okugxekayo ekungabini kwabo abantu abangaziwa, ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi bazojeziswa ngokuhlanganyela nabo. Ngakho amalungelo athuthukisa ukuvikela intatheli, ngenxa yokuthi kunesithakazelo somphakathi ekukhuthazeni ukwaziswa okumelwe kunikezwe yizindaba.

Abasekeli bemithetho yezihlangu baphikisa ngokuthi lapho ohulumeni besebenzisa izimpondo ezingaphansi ukuze besabise abezindaba, izintatheli kumelwe zibe nelungelo lokuvikela imithombo yazo; kungenjalo, amaqiniso ngenkohlakalo kahulumeni nezinye izindaba ayocishwa noma ahlolwe, eqinisweni, uma kungekho ngamagama. ngaphandle kwalezi sivikelo, abafuyi bekhwela ikhwelo nemithombo eyimfihlo ngeke baveze ukwaziswa mayelana nobubi, inkohlakalo, noma izindaba zomphakathi.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Evikela

Kusukela ngo-2018, izifundazwe ezingu-49 ne-Foourth of Columbia zinikeza uhlobo oluthile lwezivikelo zezifunda ezingamashumi amane (Pp.D.C.) zidlulise imithetho yezihlangu. Izifunda 48 ne-Folity of Columbia zinemithetho yezihlangu, kodwa izivikelo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. nguWyoming kuphela ongenayo yomiyalo yomthetho nesibonelo sokwahlulela sokuvikela ilungelo lentatheli.

Eminye imithetho ivikela abantu ekudaluleni imithombo eyimfihlo, kodwa hhayi eminye imininingwane. Ukuhluka kwemithetho yombuso evikelayo kudala iqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi lezinqolobane okumelwe zihambe kuye ngokuthi zisebenza kuphi nokuthi zisebenza kuphi futhi kuphi.

Izifundazwe ezingamashumi amathathu nane nesifunda saseColumbia ziye zamukela imithetho yezivikelo ezihlukene zezokuvikela imithombo yezindaba kuma-pona. Eminye imithetho evikela izintatheli ekufuneni imithombo yazo yezindaba eyimfihlo ngempoqo kodwa hhayi ezokwaziswa okunganyatheliswanga. Eminye imithetho inikeza isivikelo esiphelele noma esifanelekayo ngokohlobo lwezehlakalo ezingokomthetho ezihilelekile (i-avil noma isigebengu) noma indima yomcosheli wezindaba eqenjini lesithathu eliqhubekayo (i-dendendive noma elizimele).

Ukuvinjelwa Komthetho Wezivikelo

Okwamanje awukho umthetho kahulumeni wesivikelo. Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwaba nezindleko zemithetho kahulumeni yesivikelo eUnited States Congress; nokho, akukho nanye yalezikweleti eye yadlula eNdlunyeni. Lokhu kungabikho kwesivikelo sikahulumeni kusho ukuthi izintatheli zingaphoqeleka ukuba zifakazele ekuqulweni kwezindaba zikahulumeni, futhi ukuntula isivikelo esifanayo kuye kwadala izinselele ezinkulu kubacosheli bezindaba bezwe.

Isenqaba esiyinhloko semizamo yamuva yokukhipha umthetho kahulumeni wesivikelo kuye kwaba ukukhathazeka ngokuvuza kokwaziswa okungahlelwanga, ikakhulukazi ukunikeza amandla anamuhla okuvuza okunjalo ukuba kukhishwe emhlabeni wonke yi-inthanethi abamukela i-intanethi abangewona amaWikiLeaks, abangase bathi bango-"abasekeli bezwe" ngaphansi komthetho wesivikelo ongasifanele. Lokhu kukhathalela kuqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kwezithakazelo zesizwe nenkululeko yokunyathelisa.

Kusukela ngo - 2019, okungenani izintatheli ezingu - 22 ziye zaboshwa eU.S. ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuvumelana nezicelo zokwembula imithombo yokwaziswa. Ezinye izintatheli eziyisikhombisa ziye zaboshwa futhi zakhokhwa ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo. Lezi zibalo zigcizelela imiphumela yangempela intatheli ezibhekene nayo lapho zivikela imithombo yazo lapho kungekho isivikelo sikahulumeni esibanzi.

Isinqumo SaseBranzburg

Icala elivelele leNkantolo Ephakeme elaguqula isimo esingokomthetho selungelo lezintatheli iBranzburg v. Hayes. eBranzburg v.Hayes (1972), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. yanquma ukuthi (5/4), nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe bezintatheli, asibaniki ukuvikeleka emajajini amakhulu afuna ukwaziswa okuhlobene nobugebengu noma nomphakathi. Ilungelo elinjalo lingamiswa kuphela ngomthetho, inkantolo yaphethe.

EBranzburg v. Hayes (1972), iNkantolo yanquma ngokucacile ukuthi abasakazi abanalo ilungelo elikhethekile lokugodla ubufakazi obubuthwayo lapho bebika izindaba. Lesi sinqumo senza kwacaca ukuthi ilungelo lentatheli kumelwe livele emthethweni wemithetho yezindaba kunokuba lichazwe ngomthetho-sisekelo.

Nokho, umbono ophikisanayo eBranzburg uye waba nethonya emithethoni elungisa izihlangu. Ngokusho kuka Stewart, kufanelekile ukufuna ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo kubacosheli bezindaba kuphela uma (1) ukwaziswa kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni, (2) uhulumeni unesithakazelo esishukumisayo nesiyinhloko ekutholeni ukwaziswa, futhi (3) ukwaziswa akunakutholakala ngezinye izindlela. Imithetho eminingi yombuso yokuzivikela iye yamukela loluvivinyo lwengxenye ezintathu.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinto Ezikhethekile Zokuvikela Imithetho

Abanye abahluleli baye banquma ukuthi le mithetho kufanele ivumelane nezinye izinto nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kufanele kuvikelwe imingcele yokwaziswa okulinganiselwe.

Ngokuvamile kuyodingeka ukuba intatheli yezindaba yembule ukwaziswa okuyigugu uma kufanelekile futhi kuyinto engenakutholakala kwenye indawo. Lezi zici zisekelwe cishe ekuphikisaneni kukaMahluleli uMbumbi uStewart esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme eBranzburg v.Hayes.

Kwezinye izimo, intatheli ingabhekwa njengehluliwe ilungelo lokuvikela intatheli ekutheni ikhulule ukwaziswa noma ukuthi ingubani ngaphambili, ukuze kungabe kusayimfihlo. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuveza ingxenye yokwaziswa okuyimfihlo kungalisusa ilungelo ngokwaziswa. Ilungelo lingase lincishiswe futhi uma intatheli nomthombo bengasungulanga ukuthi ubuhlobo babo noma ukwaziswa okutholakale kuyo kungaba yimfihlo.

Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza okuhlukile okukhethekile, njengezenzakalo zokuhlanjalazwa lapho ukwaziswa okufunwa kuzo kuyoveza khona ubufakazi obuphathekayo obuhilela ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza isenzo sonya esingokoqobo yini.

Isivikelo Ekushoni Ukuthi Uyamphikisa

Esinye sesivikelo esingokomthetho esibaluleke kakhulu kubacosheli bezindaba sihilela umthetho wokuhlambalaza, oye waklanyelwa ukulinganisela amalungelo abantu ukuze bavikele idumela labo mayelana nesithakazelo esiqinile emphakathini ekubikeni izindaba ezikhathaza umphakathi.

Indinganiso Yangempela Yemalice

Icala elivelele elasungula isivikelo esinamandla kubacosheli bezindaba ekuhlanjalazweni yiNew York Times Co. Sullivan (1964). INkantolo yanquma ukuthi amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko nezindaba ezikhululekile adlulela ekunyatheliseni izinkulumo zamanga noma zokudelela ngohulumeni. INkantolo yachaza ukuthi inkulumo eqalayo ngohulumeni nangezindaba zomphakathi ibalulekile ekuvikeleni kwethu kweSimemezelo sokuqala.

Njengoba uMahluleli Brennan aphawula, "inqaba ezindabeni zomphakathi kufanele ingabi namingcele, ibe namandla futhi ivulekile." iNkantolo yeNew York Times yamisa futhi indinganiso yangempela eqinile edingayo yezenzo zonya ngokumelene nezindawo zokusakaza imithombo yezindaba.

Ngaphansi kwendinganiso yangempela yenzondo, izikhulu zomphakathi nezikhulu zomphakathi kumelwe zifakazele ukuthi intatheli yasakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga ngolwazi ukuthi kwakungamanga noma kungabonisi qiniso noma amanga. Lokhu kuwumthwalo ophakeme kakhulu wobufakazi kunobunganaki obuvamile, futhi kunikeza isivikelo esikhulu kubacosheli bezindaba ababika izindaba ezithakazelisayo umphakathi.

Lendinganiso iqaphela ukuthi amanye amaphutha angenakugwenywa ekuqoqweni kwezindaba nokuthi usongo lokuhlanjalazwa lungathuntubeza ukubika okubalulekile ezindabeni zomphakathi. Ngokudinga ubufakazi bobubi bangempela, umthetho ukha indawo yokuphefumula ukuze izintatheli zibike ngonya ezindabeni zomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi zinecala ngamaphutha aqotho.

Iqiniso Liyisivikelo

Iqiniso lihlala liyisivikelo esiphelele ekuhlanekezeleni izinkulumo. Uma intatheli ingabonisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okunyathelisiwe kuyiqiniso kakhulu, akunakubekwa icala lokuhlanjalazwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwaziswa kulimaza idumela lothile. Lokhu kuvikela kukhuthaza ukubika okunembile futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izintatheli zingasakaza ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso ngezindaba zomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba imiphumela engokomthetho.

Ukuphendula Nombono Oqondile

Izintatheli ziyavikelwa nalapho ziveza imibono noma izinkulumo ezilungile ezindabeni zomphakathi ezithakazelisayo. Izinkulumo zombono, ngokuphambene nokugomela iqiniso, ngokuvamile azinakubeka isisekelo sokusho okuhlanjalazwayo. Lokhu kuvikela kuvumela izintatheli ukuba zihileleke ekuhlaziyweni, ekugxekweni, nasekuhlaziyweni kwezindaba zomphakathi, okubalulekile endima yezentando yeningi emphakathini.

Ukufinyelela Ulwazi Namarekhodi Omphakathi

Ikhono lokuthola ukwaziswa kukahulumeni liyisisekelo sokuthola amaphephandaba. imithetho ehlukahlukene ezingeni likahulumeni nohulumeni inikeza izintatheli nomphakathi amalungelo okuthola amarekhodi kahulumeni nezenzakalo.

Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Ithatha Isinyathelo (FOIA)

UMthetho weNhlangano yenkululeko yolwazi kahulumeni unikeza inqubo yokuba izintatheli namalungu omphakathi bacele ukufinyelela amarekhodi kahulumeni kahulumeni. FOIA uveza umbono wokuthi amarekhodi kahulumeni kufanele atholakale emphakathini, nemibandela ethile yokwaziswa okungahlukaniswa, ukuzifunela izinto zomuntu siqu, amarekhodi okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, nezinye izigaba ezibucayi.

Nakuba i-FOIA isebenza ngokufanayo ezintathelini nasezakhamuzini ezivamile, izintatheli zivame ukusebenzisa izicelo ze-FOIA njengethuluzi lokubika uphengululo. Umthetho udinga izinhlangano ukuba ziphendule izicelo ezisezingeni elithile futhi zinikeze inqubo yokuphika okukhangayo ukuthi zingangena. Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho efanayo egciniwe esebenza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni nasezindaweni ezihlala kuzo.

Imithetho Evulekile Yemihlangano

UFederal nombuso uvula imithetho yemihlangano, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "imithetho ekhanyayo," ifuna ukuba imihlangano ethile kahulumeni ivuleke kumphakathi nakubezindaba. Lemithetho iyaqaphela ukuthi ukubonakala komthetho owenziweyo kuyimfuneko ekuphenduleni kwentando yeningi. Izintatheli zifeza indima ebalulekile ekubeni kule mihlangano nasekubikeni ngemisebenzi kahulumeni emphakathini wonke.

Imithetho yemihlangano evulekile ihlanganisa ukungenzeki kwezinye izindaba ezibucayi, njengezindaba zezisebenzi, ukubheka phambili, noma izindaba ezihilela ukulondeka kwesizwe. Nokho, icebo elivamile livumelana nokuthulula, futhi izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zilandele izinqubo ezithile lapho zivala imihlangano emphakathini.

Ukutholakala kwenkantolo

Izezindaba nomphakathi ngokuvamile zinelungelo lokungena enkantolo ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lelilungelo lisekelwe esimisweni sokuthi ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembela esimisweni sokwahlulela nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa. Nakuba izinkantolo zingavala izenzakalo ezilinganiselwe ukuze zivikele izithakazelo eziphoqelelwe njengelungelo lommangalelwa ekuqulweni ngokulunga noma ekulondekeni kofakazi, ukuvala okunjalo kumelwe kulungiswe ngokulinganiselwe futhi kuthethelelwe yilokho okutholakele.

Izintatheli nazo ziyakwazi ukuthola imibhalo yasenkantolo, nakuba amanye amaphepha engase avalwe noma afakwe kabusha ukuze kuvikelwe izithakazelo zomuntu siqu, izimfihlo zezohwebo, noma ezinye izinto ezidinga imvume.

Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Okungenamthetho Nasekuthuleni

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeki sisebenza ezintathelini nasezinhlanganweni zezindaba. Nokho, ukusebenzisa lezi sivikelo emongweni we-medialism kuye kwaba yindaba yempikiswano ephawulekayo engokomthetho nentuthuko.

Ukuphenyiswa Kwezindaba

Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kuZurcher v. Stanford Daily (1978), eyayithi amagumbi ezindaba angaseshwa ngomthetho ngisho nalapho izintatheli zingasolwanga ngezenzo zobugebengu, uKhongolose wadlulisa i-Associal Protection Act ka-1980. Lomthetho uvame ukuvimbela ukugcinwa komthetho ekufuneni noma ekuthatheni imikhiqizo yezemisebenzi noma izinto zokubhala, okunemingcele elinganiselwe yezimo ezihilela ukulondeka kwesizwe noma lapho kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi intatheli iye yenza ubugebengu.

I-Aspen Protection Act inikeza izindodla zezokuvikela ezibalulekile kubacosheli bezindaba ngokufuna ukuba umthetho uqashelwe ukusebenzisa izimpondo ezingaphansi kunokuba ufune izimpawu ezikhona ezisezimweni eziningi. Lokhu kunikeza izintatheli isaziso nethuba lokubekela inselele yezinto ngaphambi kokuba zithathwe, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni imithombo eyimfihlo nokwaziswa okunganyatheliswanga.

Imishini Ye - electronic Nokulondeka Kwamanani

Ukunyuka kwezwe lokhuseleko nokwanda kobuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlola kuye kwadala izinselele ezintsha zenkululeko yezokuxhumana. Futhi naphezu kwethuluzi elikhulayo lokuhlola, izintatheli kumelwe zenze umzamo omusha ukuze zivikele imithombo, futhi, ngokwengxenye, ilungelo lomphakathi lokwazi.

Kusukela enkathini yemishini, izintatheli zibhekana nezinselele ezintsha ekuvikeleni imithombo yazo nasekwazisweni kukahulumeni. Ukuxhumana ngeposi, amarekhodi ocingo, nama-odate amanani konke kungavunyelwa ukuba kungene kuhulumeni ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho. Izintatheli kumelwe zisebenzise izindlela zokubhala ngokufihlakeleyo nezinye zokuvikela ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo ngemithombo.

Ikhono likahulumeni lokuthola amarekhodi ocingo, izimeta-mayile, kanye nolunye ulwazi lwezinombolo luye lwabangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngenkululeko yokunyathelisa. Nakuba kukhona ezinye izivikelo ezingokomthetho, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe kuye kwadlula ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso ezicacile zomthetho ezindaweni eziningi.

Isivikelo Ekuvinjelweni Okusengaphambili

Enye yezivikelo ezinamandla kakhulu ezijatshulelwa izintatheli ukunqatshelwa ngaphambi kokuba zivinjelwe, “‘ isenzo sikahulumeni esivimbela ukunyatheliswa kwalencwadi ngaphambi kokuba yenzeke. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathola ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe imithetho engokomthetho ilungile futhi ingathethelelwa kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu.

Icala Le - pentagon

Elinye lamacala enkululeko enkulu kakhulu ezithombe emlandweni wase-U.S. lafika phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam. Ngawo 1970, iNew York Times yakhipha iPentagon Papers — imibhalo ehlukanisayo eveza ukuthi uhulumeni wase-U.S. uLungu Nixon wazama ukuvimbela ukunyatheliswa kwezincwadi, ephikisa ukuthi zazisongela ukulondeka kwesizwe. ITimes yaphikisa ukuthi umphakathi wawunelungelo lokwazi. INkanto Ephakeme yanquma i - Times, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezinto ezithathelwanayo zazinganyatheliswa uma inikeza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Isinqumo sePentagons Papers sasibaluleke ngokukhethekile ngoba sabonisa ukuthi inkantolo yayizimisele ukuvikela inkululeko yezindaba ekuphazanyisweni ukugomela kwesizwe okusho ukuthi uhulumeni ulondekile kwesizwe. Amajaji abonisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sakwenqabela cishe ukuvinjelwa kwazo zonke izincwadi cishe ngaphandle kwalezo ezaletha usongo oluqondile emikhankasweni yezempi eqhubekayo, njengokumemezela indawo noma inhlangano yamabutho, kodwa abahluleli abaningana baphawula ukuthi uhulumeni awunqatshelwanga ukumangalela iphephandaba elalilandela incwajana.

Leli cala labonisa ukuthi nakuba uhulumeni ngokuvamile engenakuyivimbela incwajana, izintatheli zingase zibhekane necala lobugebengu ngemva kokunyatheliswa ezimweni ezithile.

Isivikelo Semvuthuluka Nenkululeko Yokusakaza

Abacuphi babhekene nokumangalelwa ngaphansi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala-eraiga Act ngenxa yokuvuza ezindabani ezithakazelelwa umphakathi. Uhulumeni uye wamisa ukuhlasela okungakaze kubonwe kwabafushanizi bekhwelo, izintatheli ukuze athole imithombo yazo. Ukuqulwa kwabafuphi bempepho abanikeza ukwaziswa okunemiphumela emikhulu yokucindezela inkululeko, njengoba kungavimbela imithombo ukuba iphumele phambili ngokwaziswa okuphathelene nobubi bukahulumeni.

Umbango phakathi kwezinkinga zenhlalayenza nelungelo lomphakathi lokwazi uye wakhula kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Nakuba izintatheli ngokwazo zingavamile ukumangalelwa ngokukhipha ukwaziswa okuhlelwa ngokwezigaba, ukuqulwa kwemithombo yazo ngonya kungaba nethonya elishaqisayo ekubikeni kophengululo. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwemithetho yezihlangu kanye nezinye isivikelo ezivumela izintatheli ukuba zigcine imfihlo yemithombo yazo.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngenkululeko Yokucindezelwa Kwemishini

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ngokuyinhloko ezivikelweni ezingokomthetho e-United States, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imingcele yenkululeko ecindezelayo iyahlukahluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu seZizwe Ezihlangene sango- 1948 sithi: "Wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yombono nenkulumo; lelilungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokuba nemibono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, nokufuna, ukuthola, nokudlulisela ukwaziswa nemibono nganoma yimuphi umnyuziyalu.

Amazwe ahlukene aye athatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela inkululeko yezindaba, kusukela eziqinisekisini zomthetho - sisekelo zokuvikela izimiso zomthetho ezivamile. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso zomhlaba wonke kunganikeza umongo obalulekile wokuhlola isivikelo senkululeko yezindaba eUnited States nokuhlukanisa izindawo ezingase zithuthuke.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Ukuchaza "Uluhlu Losuku" eNkathini Yezinombolo

Inkinga lapha, iwukuthi ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kuye kwayiphazamisa imizamo yokuchaza izintatheli nezincwadi. Ukukhula kwezincwadi, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nezindaba zezakhamuzi kuye kwafiphaza imingcele engokwesiko yokuba umuntu afanelekele ukuba intatheli enelungelo lokuvikela ngokomthetho. Nakuba izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela kakhulu ukuthi isivikelo seSiphendulo sokuqala siyasebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyini isikhundla sobuchwepheshe, ezinye iziphetho zomthetho zisachaza "ustnastlist" ngezindlela ezingase zingabafaki abaqoqi bezindaba abangekho ngokwesiko.

Le nkinga yencazelo inemiphumela ebalulekile. Uma imithetho yesivikelo nezinye ilinganiselwe kunonontatheli bendabuko, bangase bangavikeli ngokwanele imisebenzi yokuqoqa izindaba eyenzekayo ezindaweni zezindaba zanamuhla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuchaza "ompersing" kakhulu kunganikeza isivikelo kubantu abangahileli ngobuqotho ekubhaleni amaphephandaba.

Ukulinganisela Inkululeko Yemishini Amanye Amalungelo

Inkululeko yokunyathelisa kumelwe ilinganiswe kwezinye izinto ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise nokulondeka kwesizwe, amalungelo okuqulwa kwecala, ukuzifihla komuntu siqu nokuphepha komphakathi. Izinkantolo kufanele zisebenzise lezi zindaba ezincintisanayo njalo, futhi imiphumela ingahluka kuye ngezimo eziqondile zecala ngalinye.

Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba izintatheli zinezivikelo eziqinile ekuhlanjalazweni lapho zibika izikhulu zomphakathi, lezisivikelo kumelwe zilinganiswe ezithakazelweni zabantu ezingokomthetho ekuvikeleni idumela labo. Ngokufanayo, nakuba amaphepha-zindaba enelungelo lokungena enkantolo, lelilungelo ngezinye izikhathi lingaphikisana nelungelo lommangalelwa lokuqulwa kwecala noma ilungelo lesisulu lokuzifihla.

Impikiswano Engaphezu Kwamalungelo Akhethekile

Abaphikisi bathi imithetho yokuzivikela inikeza izintatheli amalungelo engeziwe nokuthi asikho isakhamuzi okufanele sikwazi ukushaya indiva isikhulu senkantolo esiyalelwe.

Le mpikiswano iveza imibuzo eyisisekelo ngendima yezezindaba emphakathini wentando yeningi. Abasekeli bezokuvikela kwezindaba ezinamandla baphikisa ngokuthi ukubheka amaphephandaba kufeza umsebenzi okhethekile womphakathi ovumelana nesivikelo esikhethekile esingokomthetho. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ukwakha amalungelo akhethekile ezintatheli akuvumelani nezimiso zokulingana phambi komthetho futhi kungalulaza ukuzimela kwezindaba.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Ngo-2022, i-U.S. yabeka izigaba ezingu-42 kuyi-Areports Without Borders’s Press Freedom Index. Lesisigaba sisikisela ukuthi naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esinamandla, i-chofoza inkululeko e-United States ibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo. Izenzakalo zamuva ziye zaqokomisa kokubili izinsongo zokucindezela inkululeko nemizamo yokuqinisa izivikelo zezintatheli.

Imizamo Yokuphumelela Ekwenqabeni Umthetho Oqinile

I - Device Reporters eMthethweni weSizwe Esikhulu (PRESS) ihlose ukugcwalisa igebe lomthetho wezwe ngokunikeza izintatheli isivikelo ezimbili. Imizamo yokukhipha umthetho kahulumeni wesivikelo isaqhubeka, nakuba ibhekene nezithiyo ezihlobene nokukhathazeka ngokulondeka kwezwe kanye nencazelo yokuthi ubani ofanelekela ukuba umcosheli wezindaba.

Umthetho kahulumeni wokuzivikela wawunganikeza isivikelo esifanayo kubacosheli bezindaba zezwe futhi usiza ekusingatheni umsebenzi wamanje wesivikelo sikahulumeni. Nokho, ukwenza umthetho ovikela kahle inkululeko kuyilapho ukhuluma ngokusemthethweni ngokulondeka kwesizwe kanye nobukhulu belungelo kuseyinselele enkulu.

Izinselele Zeminyaka Yobuchwepheshe

Ukuguqulwa kwemisebe ye-metarianism kubangele izinselele ezintsha zomthetho nokungaqiniseki. Izihloko ezinjengokuvikelwa kwezokuxhumana ngemishini, ukusebenzisa imithetho yezihlangu ku-inthanethi, kanye nekhono likahulumeni lokuthola amarekhodi obuchwepheshe konke kudinga ukuthuthukiswa nocaciswe ngokuqhubekayo.

Izikhungo zezokuxhumana ziye zaba izindawo ezibalulekile zokusakaza amaphephandaba, kodwa isivikelo esingokomthetho esisebenza emaphephandabeni angokwesiko singase singadluleli ngokucacile njalo ezindabeni zezokuxhumana. Izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso zenkululeko ezingokwesiko zezindaba ezisekelwe kumanani.

Usongo Kubacosheli Bezindaba

Ukusongela ngokomzimba ezintathelini, kokubili eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe, kuhlala kuyinto ekhathaza kakhulu. Nakuba ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho kubalulekile, ngeke zikwazi ukusingatha izingozi ezibhekene nazo lapho zibika ngezindaba eziyingozi noma endaweni enenzondo. Ukuphepha kwezintatheli kubalulekile ukuze kunyatheliswe inkululeko, futhi isivikelo esingokomthetho kumelwe sihlanganiswe ngezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwentatheli.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezintatheli

Ukuqonda isivikelo esingokomthetho kubalulekile ukuze izintatheli zenze umsebenzi wazo ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho zinciphisa izingozi ezingokomthetho. Nazi ezinye izindlela eziyinhloko:

Yazi Umthetho ovikelayo wezwe Lakho

Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo kungasiza izintatheli ukuba zenze izinqumo eziwulwazi ngokuthembisa imithombo yezindaba eyimfihlo nokusabela ezinkolweni ezingaphansi kwezikhulu.

Bhala Inqubo Yakho Yokuqoqa Izindaba

Ukulondoloza imininingwane enembile yenqubo yokuqoqa izindaba kungaba usizo ekuvikeleni ukuhlanjalazwa nokubonisa ukuthi ukubika kwenziwa ngendlela efanele.

Ukuqonda Imikhawulo Yesivikelo

Izintatheli kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho asisona esiphelele nokuthi ukuthembisa ukufihla imfihlo emthonjeni kuyingozi. Kwezinye izimo, izintatheli zingaphoqeleka ukuba zembule imithombo noma zibhekane nesijeziso sokudelela. Ukuqonda lezi zingozi kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini ngezivumelwano eziyimfihlo.

Funa Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

Lapho zibhekene nezimpoqo ezingokomthetho, ukusongelwa, noma ezinye izinselele ezingokomthetho, izintatheli kufanele zifune iseluleko kubameli abanokuhlangenwe nakho kwezezindaba. Izinhlangano eziningi zezindaba zinezeluleko ezingokomthetho ezitholakalayo ukuze zelulekise izintatheli, futhi izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zisekela ngokusemthethweni izintatheli ezingenakho ukukhokhela iseluleko sangasese.

Sebenzisa Izindlela Ezilondekile Zokukhulumisana

Kulezi zikhathi zemishini, ukuvikela ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo kudinga ukusebenzisa izindlela ezilondekile zokuxhumana njengokukopisha. Izintatheli kufanele zijwayele amathuluzi namasu okuvikela imishini yokuxhumana ngemishini futhi kufanele zithathe izinyathelo ezifanele lapho zixhumana nemithombo eyimfihlo.

Imithombo Yabacosheli Bezindaba

Izinhlangano eziningana zinikeza imithombo yengcebo, ukusekela okungokomthetho, nokusekela inkululeko yokucindezela kanye nezokuvikela intatheli:

  • Ababikeli beKomiti yenkululeko ye-Press: Inikeza imithombo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nomqondisi obanzi welungelo lentatheli ezweni ngalinye, futhi inikeza usizo olungokomthetho kubacosheli bezindaba.
  • Isivumelwano somphakathi waseMelika i-Liberties Union (ACLU): Abameleli benkululeko yokunyathelisa futhi banikeza imvume engokomthetho emacaleni ahilela amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala.
  • Icebo lezintatheli ezingochwepheshe: Inikeza imithombo yezindaba nezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nabasekeli benkululeko yokunyathelisa.
  • Committee ukuvikela izintatheli: Igxila ekucindezeleni inkululeko emhlabeni wonke futhi inikeza imithombo yokuphepha kwezindaba nesivikelo esingokomthetho.
  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala [: Abameleli bakahulumeni ovulekile futhi banikeza imithombo yokuthola amarekhodi omphakathi nemihlangano.
  • News Media Alliance: imelela abamemezeli bezindaba kanye nabameleli bezimiso ezisekela ukudayisa nokucindezela inkululeko.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenkululeko yokunyathelisa neSichibiyelo Sokuqala, vakashela i- Committee of Freedom of the Press kanye ne 's Freedom of the Press transfer transfer transfer transfer transfer systemment, "/'inkululeko ye-'inkululeko yekhasiCIPTY'.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Semishini

Izindawo ezingokomthetho ezivikelwa abezindaba ziyaqhubeka zishintsha ngenxa yezinguquko zobuchwepheshe, ukukhathalela ukulondeka kwezwe, nokushintsha kwemibono yomphakathi ngemithombo yezindaba.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubhala Ngephutha

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokubhala ngokukopisha buba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, izimpikiswano mayelana nekhono likahulumeni lokuxhumana ngokuyimfihlo ziyokhula. Izintatheli zincika kakhulu ekubhalweni kwemibhalo eyimfihlo ukuze zivikele imithombo eyimfihlo, kodwa izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuvulwa kwemibhalo eyimfihlo kungaphazamisa ukuhlola okungokomthetho. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kwalezi zithakazelo ezincintisanayo kuzoba yinselele eqhubekayo.

Ukunemba Nokulinganisela Kokwaneliswa

Indima yamaprofesche ezokuxhumana ekusakazeni izindaba nokwaziswa iphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nenkululeko yokunyathelisa nokulinganisela okuqukethwe. Nakuba amapulatifomu ngokuvamile evikeleka ekubekeni izihloko ezifakiwe ngaphansi kwe-Cults Decency Act engu- 230 ye-Dicencys, izimpikiswano ngokulinganisela kweqophelo kanye nezinguquko ezingase zivele engxenyeni engu-30 zingaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo ye-messageism ye-inthanethi.

Inkululeko Yokusebenza Embulungeni Yonke

Inkululeko yokucindezela isengozini ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, futhi indlela ye-United States yokucindezela isivikelo ingathonya izimiso zembulunga yonke. Ukuqinisa imithombo yezindaba ukuvikela kwezemisebenzi emakhaya nokusekela inkululeko yezindaba emhlabeni wonke kokubili kubalulekile ekulondolozeni indawo eqinile yembulunga yonke ezungezile yokusakaza amaphephandaba.

Ukulondolozwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo Ezomnotho

Nakuba kungekona okungokomthetho ngokuqinile, ukusekela kwezomnotho kwezezimali kuhilela inkululeko yokucindezela. Uma izinhlangano zezindaba zingenakukwazi ukuzisekela ngokwezimali, isivikelo esingokomthetho sodwa asinakuqinisekisa iphephandaba elinobungqabavu.

Isiphetho

Isivikelo esingokomthetho sezintatheli sibalulekile ekulondolozeni iphephandaba elikhululekile futhi siqinisekise ukuthi umphakathi uyakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa ngezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Lezi zivikelo zihlanganisa isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo senkululeko yokunyathelisa, imithetho evikela imithombo eyimfihlo, izindinganiso zokuhlanekezelwa ezinikeza ithuba lokuphefumula eliqinile lokubika, nemithetho eyenza ukuba izintatheli zikwazi ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni.

Nokho, lezi sivikelo azizona eziphelele futhi kumelwe zilinganiswe nezinye izinto ezibalulekile. Izindawo ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe, ukukhathalela ukulondeka kwesizwe, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngendima yezezindaba emphakathini wentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo nokulinganiselwa kwazo kubalulekile ukuze izintatheli zenze umsebenzi wazo ngokuphumelelayo futhi umphakathi uqaphele indima ebalulekile efezwa yisivikelo esingokomthetho ekulondolozeni inkululeko yokunyathelisa.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buguqula ukudayiswa kwezincwadi nezinselele ezintsha zokucindezela inkululeko, kuyodingeka ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokuqapha ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kuqiniswe izivikelo ezingokomthetho zezintatheli. Ikusasa lenkululeko yokunyathelisa alixhomekile kuphela ezivikelweni ezingokomthetho kodwa nasekusekeleni komphakathi ukuthunyelwa kwamaphephandali nokuqaphela indima ebalulekile efezwa imithombo yezindaba ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo entatheli futhi ucindezele inkululeko, hlola imithombo yemali ethathwe ku- i-Sociation of Professional intathers, Commenttee ukuvikela izintatheli[, kanye Freedom Forum Institute].