Omusingi Ogubeerawo Emirembe Gyonna: Ensonga Lwaki Okukyusa Ebizimbulukusa Kikulu

Constitution eya United States, eyakkirizibwa mu 1788, yatandikawo sistemu y'enteekateeka y'eggwanga. Kyokka, abo abagikola baakitegeera nti tewali kiwandiiko kyali kisobola kuteebereza buli kizibu kyonna ekijjawo okusobola okufuna eddembe. Eyo ye nsonga lwaki baateekawo Akatundu V, nga kawa enteekateeka ez'okutereeza oba okwongera ku ebyo ebirala. Enkyukakyuka 27 zikyusizza, buli muntu afuna eky'okukola ku butali bwenkanya obw'omu byafaayo oba okukyusa emitindo gy'eggwanga. Enkyukakyuka zino teziwandiko buwandiikibwa ku ddembe ly'omutuuze lya Amerika lyennyini, era zisigala nga ziraga enkolagana wakati w'omulembe ogwo ne gavumenti, era nga zikyanywera emboozi ez'amaanyi mu kkooti, ebizingirwa mu biwandikiro, ne mu bifo ebisangi. Abayizi bategeera ebizigibwa mu bigambo bino nga(5 ne proceam) ne promotence of American.

Enteekateeka y’Okukyusa: Ekkubo Eritali Lyangu ery’Okukyusa

Okukyusa amateeka mu bugenderevu kizibu. Okukkirizisa ku kiwandiiko kino kuyinza okukkirizibwa buteeberezebwa na kasasitibiri mu mayumba ga Congress oba olukuŋŋaana olw'eggwanga olwasabibwa amapaaliyoniya abiri mu enkumi ssatu eza gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi zifuuse kitundu kya mateeka. Ekivaamu, amakonkona asatu ku buli lukiiko lwa gavumenti ze zikkirizibwa mu bya bufuzi (oba mu nkuŋŋaana za gavumenti, zikozesebwa mu kukyusaamu mu makyusa ga 21 bokka).

Ebiwandiiko Ebikwata ku Ddembe: Enzikkiriza Ekkumi Esooka

Mu 1791, Bill of Rights yakolebwa Anti-Federalist nga yeetaagibwa okukuumibwa eri abanyazi. James Madison eyasooka yagoba ab'obuyinza kkumi na babiri mu lukalala olwo. Ebiri ebyasooka(okugabanyizibwamu) n'okugobererwa kw'ekibiina tebyakkirizibwa mu kusooka. (Empeera eyo oluvannyuma yakkirizibwa mu 1992 nga Amereka 27.) Ekkumi n'ebiri ezasigadde ze zaasigazibwawo mu Amerika.

Omuteende Ogutandikiddwa: Eddembe Etaano

Olutemezi olwasooka lugaana gavumenti okussaawo etteeka eririna "okussa ekitiibwa mu kutandikawo eddiini, oba okugaana eddembe lyayo; oba okukendeeza ku ddembe ly'okwogera, oba ery'ebinyungo; oba eddembe ly'abantu okukuŋŋaana awamu mu mirembe, n'okukwegayirira Gavumenti okuzzaawo ensonga. Gavumenti zino ettaano zikuuma ekisinziiro eky'ennyimba ey'ennyimba ya demokulase. Olukiiko olukulu olukulu lufuga entegeka z'enkola ya demokulase. [[FL:][FL]] Tuker v. Des Mos[FL: [12]] [1969], Kkooti y'abayizi okuteekako enzikko mu buyinza obw'okuvuganyaye mu lutalo Vietnam, nga bategeeza nti abayizi b'enko baayusizza eddembe lyabwe lyabwe mu ku ddembe lyabwe oba okunyumya ebigenda mu ssomero. [194][5][5], nga bakkulembedde mu nsonga endala endala ezikontana n'okunoonyereza okunoonyereza okutawambulula, okuta oba okulabula okutaa ku nsonga.

Emisingi Egyasembayo: Eddembe ly’Okutambula n’Emikono

"Awuganyizidwa bulungi Militia, kubanga kyetaagisa okukuuma eggwanga eryetongodde, eddembe ly'abantu ery'okukuuma n'okusitula Emmundu, terijja kutyoboolebwa. Ensonga ey'okubiri ya kubuusibwa ku nsonga okutuusa ku kusalawo kwa kkooti enkulu mu . [[FLT:]]] [2001]] [2008] n' [[FLY]M]. [[FLT][3][20:][20][FLT]] Akkirirign'omukono w'omusolo okumanyisa emmu ku nnyumba ey'omugo, era n'enkujjunyuma. ['omula w'omukono ogumu ku nsonga ezimenyese.]

Oku Amereka okw’okusatu: Okugabana abasirikale

Kino tekitera kukolebwako nnyo, era kivumirira okugattika ebitundu 25 eby'emirembe eby'abasirikale mu nnyumba yonna nga nnyiniyo tasaze. Kwali kukwata olukunkumuli lw'abatuuze b'omu Bungereza ekyanyiiza ennyo abaserikale. Wadde nga tekyakolebwa, kikkaatiriza omusingi ogw'okufuga abajaasi era kiwandiikiddwa mu nsonga ezikontana ezikwata ku kyama.

Okugaayirizibwa okw’Okuna: Okunoonyereza n’Okukyusa Obulamu bw’Abantu

Ekitongole eky'okuna kikuuma "eddembe ly'abantu okuba n'obukuumi mu bantu baabwe, mu mayumba, mu mpapula, ne mu bivaamu, nga banoonya ebibakwatako mu ngeri etali ya magezi oba nga bakwatibwa kanyirizi". Ekikuutizo kino kitegeeza "Ekisaanyirizo"", nga kyetaagisa obuwagizi obuba buwandikiddwa olw'ensonga eyo. Ekiragiro ekyetwayo, ekyateekebwa mu [ Mapp v. Ohio [1961] [1961]], tekikkirizibwa kukozesa bujulizi obubakiikiddwako okumenya enziko. Ebizibu bino bizingiramu okwegattira ku mikutu gya kompyuta.

Okutereezebwa kw'okutaano: Kiruubirirwa n'obuteefuga

Mu Amereka ey'okutaano mulimu obukuumi bungi: olukusa olukulu olw'omusango ogw'amaanyi, okukugira okusasulwa kw'amateeka, n'okusasulwa kw'ebintu ebyatwalibwa mu kifo ekyamalanga okukozesebwa abantu. Entegeka ya "Muranda" eva mu Mira] Manda v. Arizona [1966], nga k'okwetaagisa poliisi okumanyisa eddembe lyabwe ery'okusirika n'okubeera ne liba ne limuwamuwaamu omuyitusi mu ku nsonga ezibavunaanibwa.

Omuteende ogw’omukaaga: Okuwozesebwa mu Bujjuvu Kuwa Obukakafu

Ekitongole eky'omukaaga ekiweerezaamu omukaaga kikakasa nti omusango gujja kusalirwawo mu bwangu era mu lukumbo lwa bantu bonna, era nti gulina okusalirwa omusango ogutali gwa bwenkanya, okulabulwa kw'abajulirwa, okusabibwa kw'abajulizi, okusalirwa omusango, era n'okubuulirirwa. Gideon v. Wainwright[ (1963]) kiwa obukakafu nti gavumenti ziteekwa okuteekawo omuwagizi w'abamenyi b'amateeka aleme okuvunaanibwa abamenyi b'amateeka.

Okutereezebwa kw’Emisango okw’Omu Kumpi: Okugezesebwa mu Misango gy’Abatuuze

Mu mateeka aga bulijjo agasukka mu ddoola 20 (R12), Amereka agasooka gakuuma eddembe ly’okuwozesebwa mu kkooti era ne gaziyiza kkooti okuzza obujulizi obuzuuliddwa abalamuzi okuggyako nga bawa obulagizi obumu.

Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo

Kusabala, okulimu amasawo agasingako, n'okubonereza okw'enjawulo biremereddwa. Ebigambo eby'obukambwe era eby'enjawulo byesigamizibwa ku kubonereza okufa. Furman v. Georgia[[72], Kkooti eggiddwawo mu kiseera ekyo ekibonerezo ky'okufa kireetebwawo. [FLT:][FL]] [2] gg v.[7][7][7]][7]]

Emitendo Egya Kkumi n’Ogw’Omulundi Ogw’Omwenda: Ennaku Embi n’Ebirala Ebitaatereseddwa

Ekitongole ekyo kiwadde okulabula nti okusengeka eddembe ly'obufumbo tekiremereza balala kugibeerako. Ab'obuyinza baagezaako okukiwandiisa ku kukuuma eddembe ly'obwannannyini, nga bwe kiri mu .Griswold v.Connecticut[[[FL:1] [65], ekikkiriza eddembe erikkirizibwa mu bufumbo bwe butali bwa nfunamu ku bikwata ku ku kuziyiza engo. Ekitongole eky'okukyusaamu mu kkumi na ttuluba kire eri gavumenti oba amaga w'ensi ezitakkirizibwa mu gavumenti.

Ebigambo Ebitongozebwa: Eddembe Erikendeeza Enteko n’Eby’Abantu

Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo Omunnoomu, enkyukakyuka ssatu ez’enkyukakyuka zaakolebwa okuggyawo obuddu era ne bassaawo enjawulo wakati w'abantu b’omu Afirika mu mateeka.

Omutemeobi w’ekkumi n’omusatu (1865)

Kkooti era ewa kakiiko akafuzi akawa obuddu obuyinza okusobozesa abaddu okukakasibwa okuyitira mu mateeka ageetaagisa. Wadde nga keetongodde eryasa ery'ekkumi n'okusatu, okugoba obuddu, okubonerezebwa okwo kwaviirako abasibe okuteebwa ate oluvannyuma ne bateekebwa mu kkomera. Okutereezebwa okwo kuyitiddwa mu ngeri ez'amaanyi ez'okukaka n'okutunda abantu.

14 Amereka (1868)

Oboolyawo, ekitongole ekya 14 ekiwandiikiddwa kiwa obutuuze obwa bulijjo enzivu z'eggwanga eryo, era kigaana obutuuze obwa "enkizo oba obutagobererwa," era kikakasa n'obukuumi obw'ebiragiro. Etteeka eryo likozeseddwa okugatta ebitundu ebisinga obungi mu mateeka. Ekiragiro kino kikuuma obutuuze obwa bulijjo BN v. Komiti ey'Enjigiriza (1954), eyasalawo okugatta olubala mu masomero ga bantu, era n'okusalawo okw'engeri endala ezenkanankanankana ezikwata ku n'abakazi. [LGTQ+], n'ebibiina ebirala byonna birimu obusosoze obw'ekiragiro.

Emisingi 15 (1870)

Ddaala ery'okukuba akalulu "terijja kugaana oba okubbibwa gavumenti ya Amerika oba gavumenti yonna olw'eggwanga, langi, oba obuddu obwali bubadde eyo." Wadde nga kisuubizo kino, gavumenti ez'omu bukiikaddyo zaateekawo okugezesa okumanyisa oba okusoma, okusooza, n'ettemu okunyigiriza banki okulonda okutuusa ku Kkaadi y'Eddembe ly'Abalabudde mu 1965. Olulango olw'okukwata ku ddembe lya bannannyini lwali mu kifo kya waggulu ku mateeka agaago agagibwa mu vootenta, okufiiga, n'okusooza, n'okusengeka kwa decutimenti ya 'prective' kweyoleka mu County' v. Harder

Okugaziya olukalala lwa Franchisse: Empeereza eya 19, eya Amakumi abiri mu Ttaano, n'ey'Amakumi abiri n'erya Abiri

Ebyafaayo bya Amereka bitwaliramu okufuba okugaziya akalulu.

  • [[NKULULA]] Nentenentence Amereka (1920): Oluvannyuma lw'ebbanga lya makumi g'emyaka egy'okugoberera enkola ya kkansa, abakazi baafuna eddembe okulonda nga bayitira mu kukyusa kkansa. Akalulu akasembayo mu Tennessee kaasalibwawo omu muteesi omu eyayamba ekitooyi ekimyufu. Okukyusa kwakyusa eby'obufuzi n'ebifo by'abakazi mu Amerika mu bulamu.
  • 'Akawulu n'Fourth Amendment (1964): Emisolo egikozesebwa mu bitundu eby'ebukiikaddyo okusaza obwavuwansi okugoba abaddugavu abadduukirize, gyagaana okulonda mu nvirooti z'eggwanga. (Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda, emisolo egyateebwawo kkooti esingako akawayiro era ne kigiwalibwa wansi w'obukuumi obwa bulijjo mu v. Virginia Boards of Evolutions, 1966.)
  • [[Act:0] 'Akawumbi n'akasiimuula akadda ku ntandikwa y'empapula (1971): 'Yanukulamu empaka nti abo abaali abakulu ekimala okulwana mu Vietnam baali bakulu ekimala okulonda, okutereezebwa kwaleetera emyaka 18 egy'okulonda okugwa mu kalulu. Yakkirizibwa mu kiseera nga wayiseewo emyezi egisukka mu esatu gyokka.

Entegeka Ennungi: Ekyusa Gavumenti Bwo Kubwe

Tekiri nti buli kimu kikolebwa ku ddembe ly’omuntu kinnoomu.

  • [[NKULA] .Sixteenth Amendment (1913): Kino kyawa kaweefube ow'okusasula omusolo ogw'okusasula ogwa lev so nga tegugattiddwa ku gavumenti. Kino kyavuunika kkooti enkulu mu kusalawo ne kisobozesa enkola y'omusolo ogw'omulembe guno.
  • [[NKULA]] Emperamyatententh (1913):[[FULT:1] Yakolerwa okulonda abatuuze ba Amerika mu kifo kyayo, ne kidda mu kifo kya bannaago. Kino kyayongera ku nkola eya demokulase era ne kinafuwa n'enkola z'ebitongole ebikola ku gavumenti.
  • [[NKUMBO:0]] Amakumi abiri-emperamyance (1951): Ba prezidenti ba fayiro babeere na bigambo bibiri, nga kino kikwata ku Franklin D. Roosevelt olw'okuba ennaku nnya ez'obukulembeze tezibangako.
  • [[AK:0]] Entegeka eyasembayo mu mwaka (1992) ( mu 1789], okutereezebwa kuno kugaana empewo ez'okukuŋŋaana okutuuka ng'okulonda kuddako kuwedde. Mu nkomerero yatongozebwa waawuddwamu emyaka egisukka mu 200.

Okutegeera Enkolagana Yo ne Katonda

Gano ge ngeri ez’enjawulo abantu ze bayinza okukozesa okutegeera obulungi eby’enjigiriza n’eby’obulamu obwa bulijjo:

  • Obubonero mu kkooti ey'omu nukuta ez'enjawulo. Endowooza eziri mu [[FLT:] Marbury v. Madison, ] Brown v. Akakiiko k'Essook'Essook'oku mutwe gw'amawulire[, [[FLT:]]RY],[[[FLT][FLY]][F:7], ne Obergecell v. Hodges[FL:9] Kino kiraga engeri eziyinza okukyusibwa mu biseera. [FLT:] Entez'ex [FFFF]]
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Explare enzivvuunuzi z'etterekero.[[AK'AMU][AKATANDIKWA] Etterekero ly'eggwanga [[KATANDIKWA:2] liba liraga ebifaananyi eby'ennono n'eby'ebiwandiiko eby'omu nyiriro ebyasooka.[FULT]
  • [[NTL:0] Enkaayana eziriwo kati. Ziyinza okubaamu ensonga nga ezo eziziyisa ku kufuga emmundu, okwogera awatali kuwalirizibwa ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya, amateeka g'omuvwooteesi, n'enkwalo zonna zizingiramu okuzza obuggya mu lubuto ennukuta ez'enjawulo. Empaka z'emboozi ziyamba abaana okumanya endowooza ez'enjawulo.
  • [[Act:0] Kino kitegeeza nti buli muntu lw'ayogera ekiba kimuli ku bukulu bwa kika kye kimu.[[Act:1] Buli lw'aba ayogera ekiba kisengekeddwa mu nzikiriza ye, bw'oyogera ne munnamateeka oba bw'alonda, aba agoberera eddembe erya tteeka erya nkalala. Omuntu bw'abaako ky'asalawo, akyusaamu mu ngeri gy'ategeera era n'akyusaamu mu mateeka ge.
  • [[AKYONGERA:0] Kano kaleetera ekiragiro okukozesa ebiwandiko ebisukka mu kimu.[[AKYONGEZEBWAKO:1] Kino kitegeeza nti kkooti enkulu efaanana [[[KATANDIKA:2] [[FOLT]] [[FOLT]]] [[FOM]], enfunze ez'omu nnukuta ez'enjawulo [], ennyunzi ez'ekiwandikiro ze zikola nga []] Kitongole eky'amateeka eky'eggwanga [FLT]] Kisobozesa omuntu okuyiga bingi.

Ekibuuzo ekisembayo: Ebyava mu Kuganzibwa kw’Amateeka

Obusobozi bw'enkola ya Amereka si kye kintu ekigobererwa mu museum; bye bikola mu kusala omusango n'eddembe. Buli mulembe guddamu okuziddamu nga guwa obukakafu ku bizibu ebyakatandika.[1] Gavumenti zinoonya obutuufu obw'enjawulo mu nsi yonna, obutujju n'empuliziganya ezikwatagana n'enkyukakyuka ezigoberera enkola za gavumenti. Obusobozi bw'entegeka obwa DGGGGUS, obutongole obwa Ddooka bwagobeddwawo mu kifo kya IDikoni obusinga obukola mu gavumenti. Omuntu okuzzaawo enzijijima yasuubiza okwenkanankana naye ate nga kyetaagisa okumeseereza ekikumi eky'okumanyibwa. Okutegeera obufunvu n'obusobo, n'ebyo ebikolebwa mu byafaayo, n'ebyo ebikolebwako okulwanirira eddembe lyabwewandisizza mu nkola y'ebitundu bya Amerekalmy. Ate, abayigiriza babuuza nti: