Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna Bikwatagana n’Okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu okw’Enkunaaliyo

Enjigiriza ey'okwefuga mu kkooti z'amateeka, emaze ebbanga ddene nga tereetereezebwa okuva ku kkooti z'ensi mu ngeri ereetebwawo. Omusingi guno guteeka ku mukutu ogw'ekkumi n'omusanvu ogw'amateeka era ne gaba nga gulina etteeka, era ne gukakasa ekitiibwa n'okwefuga bya gavumenti okusobola okuvunaanyizibwa ku buli muntu kinnoomu. Kyokka, ensalo za kkooti enkulu eza Kaseti eza Kaseera, zigezese enzivuse emitindo egy'okwefuga okuva ku bufuzi bw'eggwanga okutuuka ku ddembe ly'eddiini n'obukulu. Kkooti bweyongera okutereeza engeri yaakwo, ebibuuzo ebikwata ku mukiikiikiina kyayo, ekkulu, ne ku mitendera egikwata ku biseera eby'omu maaso ebiva ku nkola ya Amereka.

Wadde nga gavumenti teyinza kufuga gavumenti, Congress eyinza okugattika mu mbeera ezimu, era gavumenti ziyinza okukkiriza kyeyagalire okukkiriziganya n'ebyo ebisalibwawo.

Eggwanga ly’Obumu obw’Obufuzi bw’Eggwanga

Omusingi ogugamba nti nnannyini ggwanga tasobola kutongozebwa awatali lukusa lwayo okuddayo mu mateeka g'Ekingereza era n'okwatongozebwa amatwale ga Amereka. Oluvannyuma lw'okutongozebwa kwa Constitution, kkooti enkulu emalirimu 1793 esalawo kkooti mu Chjolm v. Georgia yakkiriza abantu okuwakana mu kkooti y'eggwanga mu ngeri entongole, okusiikiriza abatuuze mu bwangu olukiiko olw'Akamanvu mu 1795. Okuterekawo akakiiko akafuzi ka United States tek'okutongoddemu etteeka lyonna erikkirizibwa mu mateeka oba eb'eb'ebbeetaagibwa, oba okutongozebwa mu ggwanga erimu ery'omu Amerika eriva mu ggwanga eddala, oba abantu abava mu ggwanga erisinga obungi.

Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, kkooti ya Bulaaya yayongera amaanyi mu ngeri gye yali esobola okutuuka ku bintu ebisinga obunene. Hans v. Louisiana (1890), yagamba nti abantu tebasobola kwegatta ku sisuti zaabwe, naye era nti okuggyako nga gavumenti ekkiriza oba ekiwandiiko eky'okuva ku kakiiko akategekwa ku mateeka, olukalala luno lukakasa nti olukalala lw'amateeka olw'okwerinda obwannaawula mu bantu lubadde luteekebwawo. Obuteesooso ne ku kkooti y'ensi entongole ekkiriza ebizikosebwa, era n'ensonga ezimu ezikwata ku by'obudduukirize, singa gavumenti tezikkiriza oba singa zikkiriza kukkirizo ebizingirwamu ebiva mu kakiiko akafuzi kaayo okukiikiikirirwa mu Kitundu kya 5 eky'okutementi ekigamba eky'okufuga eggwa mu ttuluka.

Kyokka, gavumenti tezisobola kukuuma bulangiti. Kkooti ekkiriza enkola ezikolebwa Amerika, ez'okukugira abakungu ba gavumenti okufuna obuweerero wansi wa Ex pace Young Ek'enjigiriza era n'ebiwandiiko ebiziyiza obusobozi bw'ebyewandikiro. Okugatta ku ekyo, gavumenti tezirina bukuumi ku buwaze bwa masudumu mu kkooti zaabwe bwe zisobola okuwa abafuzi abo abawandikiro oba amateeka eddagala eriyinza okugonjoola ekizibu.

Ebyafaayo n’Ekiwandiiko Ekyakkumi n’Ekkumi n’Emwe Okuzza Obubonero nga Tebinnabaawo

Obubonero obwasooka nga [[NKULU:0] Ekirala eky'eggwanga okuv. Georgia (1831) obwalaga okugattibwa kwa kika n'obusobozi bw'eggwanga. Kkooti yagamba nti Kkooti ya Kerokee Nation teri “mu ggwanga” wansi w'Akakiiko III era n'olw'ensonga eyo tekyasobola kusussa mu GGGGGawumu. Wadde nga tekirina mu kkooti enkulu ate nga tekisobola kunnyonnyola butereevu ngeri ya mu bujjuvu olukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka, naye nga kyawulawo kyamanyibwa nti ebika byo byombi birina eddembe ebifuga ebifuga oba ebifuga ebibye. Oluvannyuma, mu ekitundu ekitono (1910), kkooti yawatulwa butereevu mu ngeri ey'okwegoberamu: abakungu balwooze balwooze bakko amateeka, era ne bakireetera obukumenti obuyinza okumenya amateeka agamu. Oluvannyuma ekyo tekiyinza okuba eky'ensonga enkulu.

Enkola ey'okwefuga yatandika n'ekya Pennhurst State School & Hospital v. Halderman (194), ekigamba nti enkooti ez'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'omusanvu ez'ekkumi n'emba ziragira abakungu obutagondera mateeka ga gavumenti. Kkooti yakiggumiza nti amateeka ga gavumenti galina okussibwamu ekitiibwa eri obufuzi bwa gavumenti ne bwe kiba nga etteeka erifuga. Ekyo kyanyweza ekirowo nti okuteesobozesebwa si kye kiba ekiteeso eky'okufuga kyokka naye ekigo ekifuga.

Okusalawo Okwaliwo Gye buvuddeko awo okw’Omu Kkooti Enkulu Kuviirako Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna Okutabaganyizibwa

Mu myaka asatu egiyise, Kkooti ey'oku ntikko ewa olukalala lw'ebiragiro ebigonjoodde era ebikkesezza omuwendo gw'abantu abakuuma gavumenti. Ebyo ebisalibwawo ebyo byoleka kkooti ey'enjawulo, era ng'emirundi mingi ensala y'amateeka ereme okusoberwa era n'okusala emisango egiwagira okuvunaanibwa okw'amaanyi.

Seminole Friest of Florida (1996)

Ekiragiro ekifuga abantu ab'obuyinza kisalawo nga 5-4 mu kkooti efuga enkola y'okufuga olukalala lw'ebiwandikiro, Florida, 517 U.S.1996). Mu kusalawo okw'ekika 5 mu 4 okwawukana, Kkooti yakkiriza nti Consert tesobola kukugira bufuzi obw'enfuga ku bufuzi bwaayo nga Kkaawuka ya Claus. Omuteedenti ya Claus Classione. Omusango gwava ku Bumenti ya Bumenti ya Bumenti ya Bumenti, ekyawawaasebwa ebika eddembe okuteesa ebigereke mu n'okukkiriza. Kkootikko ya Kkootikko ya Kkootikko ya Kkolanga olukunkuna ku k'obuyinza okumanyiralaafu mu buyinza bwa pulinsiko. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekitongole ekyo kyagamba nti: Leactivev Union.[F][F]199898], ekyawamu wansi w'ekiso kyawandiki

Enkola eno yaviirako okukomya obukodyo bw'ebiwandiiko bya Consell okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti nga bagoberera amateeka g'ensi eyo, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebyo ebikwata ku kuwaayiriza, n'eby'obusuubuzi mu nsi. Okusala kwaviirako okusattululwa kwa maanyi oba okumenyebwa kw'amateeka. Obubonero bwonna busobola okukkirizibwa nga obwa bulijjo obwali ng'obukalu [[FLT:] College Move Refications Bank v. Florida Prepareace Secondary Education Confective Board [ (1999]) ne[FLT] Froritada Ressionsion Reservation Reservation But But[Force'. College [Fod][Foldent]][FFowerce')]

Alden v. Maine (1999)

Mu Maine, 527 U.S. 706 (1999), kkooti yayogera ku oba nga etteeka eryawula addecutyo likwata ku buli omu mu kkooti y'eggwanga. Abakungu abakungu abamalako, baavunaana mu kkooti zaabwe ez'omu ntebe z'amateeka. Kkooti zaatwala obutemu mu ngeri nti ekitongole esobola okuwa essente ezisingako mu biseera eby'omulembezo mu biseera eby'omu maaso mu kifo kya Factory Act. Kkooti ewaawo yakkiriza nti ebbeesitemu esobola okutaasasulibwa mu kkooti y'ensi yonna eyinza okuzikkiriza okuzimalako ssente ezisingako. Abasinga obungi baatwala nti “enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'emu ku n'obutebe bw'amateeka okuggyako nga mu ggwanga erimu ne mu nkola ey'ekiragiro ekyo ekkirizibwa mu mateeka eky'ennya ekyo, era nga teri mu mateeka ekigo eky'ennyago, ekitongole eky'ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitegekeddwa

Justice Souter yawakanya enjigiriza eyo era n'agamba nti endowooza y'abasinga obungi teyali nkyamu mu byafaayo era nti okulwanirira eddembe ly'okwefuga mu kkooti ya gavumenti tekwalina kigendererwa kya kukuuma nsiige okuva ku lukugiro ezeesigamiziddwa ku mateeka ga gavumenti. Okugaana okwo kwalaga obukulembedde wakati wa mateeka ga gavumenti n'okukulembereza eddembe ly'eggwanga. Wadde nga waliwo abakugunjula, Alden enywera ku njigiriza ey'enkola eya bulijjo ekwata ku bukuumi.

Federal Maritime Commission okugyenjula South Carolina Ports Authority (2002)

Kkooti eyo yatongoza obuteetwaze ku ngeri y'okufuga mu Federal Maritime Commission v'o'. South Carolina Ports Authority, 535 U.S.743 (2002). Kkomyuniti ya Federal Maritime yatandikawo olukiiko lw'okulangira olugenda okulwana ne South Carolina Ports Authority oluvannyuma lwa kampuni ey'okwewalira ddala olw'okugoba obusosoze mu ssente ezikulwa ku kitongole. Kkomyunizimu yakkiriza nti olsenseteesitemu ey'okugoba omusingi n'obuwawunzi obwa 'Cuniverse' eva mu bibiina ebitongole ebikola ku butongole.

Fulton n’ekitundu ky’ekibuga Philadelphia (2021)

Wadde [[NKULA] Fulton v. Ekibuga ky'e Philadelphia[FULT:1], 593 U.S_(201), nga kyalina ensonga enkulu ekwata ku ddembe ly'eddiini wansi w'Oluvannyuma lw'okukyusa, ebikwata ku kwefuga birina amakulu ag'amaanyi. Omusango gwajjawo okuva ku Philadelphia okulekera awo okwogera ku baana mu Bitongole by'Abakatuliki (CSS) olw'okulabirira obufumbo obwa CSS olw'abafumbo n'abafumbo ab'enzikiriza enzikiriza zaabwe. Ekibuga kino tekikola ku nsonga ey'okwerinda kiwandikiro okutaakiribwa obutuufu ku CSS mu ngeri y'okuteekawo enkola ey'okugonjootagonjola mu biseera eby'omu maaso ebiddako. Kyokka, okusala kw'ekitongole ekyo ku Kkootikko kya Kkootikko kya CSnyuse okusobola okuteekawo olukalala lw'enkola mu nzivubirome z'enkola mu ngeri envubirira y'emu ng'emu ng'envubirira mu buteennyonnyonnyo.

Okugatta ku ekyo, [[NTANDIKO:0] Fulton era kilekawo omukisa nti kkooti za gavumenti ziyinza okuleka empalana eri abakungu ba gavumenti okubayisa mu mateeka agakwata ku by'omenya amateeka ne bwe kiba nti gavumenti yennyini terina kye ekolawo. K'awuliddwako, kiraga nti obuteefuga tekukugira buli muntu kukugira ddembe lya mu ntegeka ya lukalala lwa mateeka; okusingira ddala kisobozesa obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okuteeka mu bifo ng'empandika yennyini esobole okukikolako.

Ensonga Enkulu n’Ebigambo Ebiba Bizirimu

Eky'okuyongera mu kusalawo kuno kwe kunyweza obusosoze mu gavumenti ne mu bifo ebirala ng'ate ne Congress eteekamu enzirukanya y'amateeka. Wano wammanga, kyewumbawumbako obutonotono obusinga okuleetawo akabi mu nsonga ezo era n'ensonga ez'enjawulo ezizingirwamu.

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][FOLT]Nation v. Georgia [[FLT]] obwawulibwawo nti ebika tebiri mu ‘ bitundu bya bugwira” olwa kigendererwa Artic III, nga bitegeera nti amawanga n'ebika birina enkumbo engabako ku biragidwa obulaga nti tebikwata ku busika obugalimu obw'enkola yaabyo. Kino kikwata ku bukuubayi n'ebika eby'enjereere wakati w'ebika eby'ennamba ez'omu nsi ez'enjawulo.
  • [FLT][FOLT]] FIRINI OW'OKU Florida v. Florida (1996): Yakigatta nti Consert tesobola kufuga buwagizi obwa kakiiko wansi w'Akakiiko I. Empandika zino zikola ku by'obusobe mu mateeka nga ku mateeka agafuga ekika kya Fair Labor Act, Abaamerekan'okubaako obuk'okitaaze (Adititi I), ne ku kika ky'ekiseera ekya Kkomero mu mulimu, okuggyako nga kikolera ku Kitundu 5 eky'omuteeko ekimu eky'ekikumi kya 14 ekiko.
  • [[NKULA:0] Maine [[FLT]] (1999): Kino kitegeeza nti kkooti z'eggwanga zisobola okuwa abaami ba gavumenti obukwasiddwa empaka. N'olwekyo, abakozesa ab' Leta tebasobola kusasula mukama waabwe mu kkooti yonna okuggyako nga bakkirizza oba baasemba Congress okuzza ku mateeka 5.
  • [[Akawayiro:0][FLT][FOLT]] Maritime Commission v. South Carolina Ports Guvernet obusobozi bw'enfuga obwa nnanyini ku bufuga obwa gavumenti. Buli kika kya magye tekisobola kukozesa kakwate akakwatanyisiddwawo okukaka gavumenti okugoberera amateeka agafuga enfuga, era balina okwesigama ku ku ku nkola ezikolebwa gavumenti y'ensi eno kwennyini.
  • [[NKULA:0][FLT] Fulton v. Ekibuga ekya Philadelphia (2021): Wadde nga si kye kisazeewo ekyetwalidde ddala obuteefuga, kyanyweza enkola y'ekiwandikiro [[] Ek'enjigiriza eyo ey'ekitooto [[] Ek'enjigiriza ekozesebwa mu buli kantu etali ya mateeka. Ate era Amerika tezisobola kuziyiza bakungu kukwata ku ddembe olw'okumenya eddembe erya bulijjo.

Buli omu ku bo akola enteekateeka ezisobozesa ensi obutakwatibwa kkooti z'amateeka, naye nga si ba ddembe eri obuweerero n'ensuti ebireetebwa gavumenti. Emigugu giba mingi nnyo kati ku bannabyabufuzi abagezaako okukakaatika etteeka erikwata ku gavumenti, nga kiba kibeetaagisa okulaga nti Consert yalina ekigendererwa eky'okuziyiza okukwatibwa era nti ekyo yakikola wansi w'obuyinza bwa mateeka.

Obulagirizi n’Okusoomooza mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Ekiwandiiko kya kkooti enkulu kigamba nti gavumenti esobola okwerwanako ennyo, naye ensonga eziwerako ezitagonjooleddwa era n'enkyukakyuka eziyinza okugonjoolwa, zisobola okutereeza enjigiriza eyo.

Okutongozebwa kw’Ekizimbe mu Kitundu 5 eky’Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennya

Kkooti eyo yagamba nti, ‘ (1997]) era [[FLT]] NVADA [Kitongole ky'eby'ewandike eky'okufuga mu kiseera kya 14 mu kukakasa olukalala olw'eby'empewo, [[FLT:]][FLT]][FLT] [[FLT]] [[12]], era ne [[[FLT] Kkooti], Kkooti ewagira okuzikkomya wansi w'amaka n'okulabirira oba okulekawo n'okusosola, okuzuula engeri ey'okusosola mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Kyokka, mu [[FFOFO][FO][FOLT] mu Nyunzi y'obutebe bw'obulwadde obutongole bw'omuyaga, kiyinza okuteekawo amateeka agamu ku nsonga ezigobeennyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyola eyinza okugoma. Singa ewagibwawonna okumanyibwa mu kkooti z'envubiga,

Ekiwandiiko Ekya Okukkiriza ne Waiver

Ebitongole bisobola okusesa obusobozi bw'okwefuga mu ngeri eyoleka obwesigwa oba nga byenyigira mu nkola ezikolebwa mu gavumenti eziganyulwa mu kivvuula. Kkooti eyo ennyonnyola nti ekiteeso tekirina kye kifuga. Mu Sossamon v. Texas [2011], kyakkiriza nti, okukkiriza ensalo ya gavumenti mu Nsi y'Ekgeebitundu by'eddiini ne Instialityalal Act tekola ng'ekifo ky'ekiteeso eky'okwerinda. Mu ngeri y'emu, , Ofiisi y'ekifo ekiyambaza ekuumirwamu n'empalo, ekiyinza okumanyibwa mu ngeri y'okukwata ku by'okutangiriramu. (2011) (2011).[2011) kitegeeza nti tekireetera buteesobo obutuufu okuleetawo ebiragirowo mu ngeri enfumo oba mu ngeri endala ey'okuyingiza mu kukwata ku ekyo ekigamba nti ekigamba nti ekigamba

Engeri gy’Oyinza Okukozesaamu Ebitundu Ebipya: Amanyi Bye We Bibuulira, Enkyukakyuka mu Nkyukakyuka y’Enkyukakyuka y’Enkyukakyuka y’Enkyukakyuka y’Ennyanja, n’Ebambuyaga

Okugatta ebifo ebibaamu enkola ey'okwerinda nga biringa ebyo ebimenyebwa ebitongole bya gavumenti, embeera y'obudde ekyuka okumenya enzivuunula ez'eby'okulwanyisa, era n'okusoomooza okussaawo etteeka erikwata ku by'okulwanyisa.[1] Nga wansi wa desensiyonsincencer Portability and Accoubility Act (HIPAA), abawagizi tebayinza kuvunaana data kubanga HIPAA tekikukugira kukugira. Mu ngeri y'emu, okumenya amateeka agakwata ku by'obukuumi mu by'obudde ne kiwaŋŋanyula amataba oba amataba gayinza okubuusibwa ku nsonga ezikwata ku gavumenti. Kkokkokko kiyinza okubuuzibwa obanga ebitongole ebikola ebizimbulukusa ebizimbulukusa ebipya.

Ku bikwata ku kukyusa okwokubiri, oluvannyuma New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FL:1], amateeka ag'omu mateeka galina okwekenneenyezebwa. Amateeka agamenyebwa mu by'amateeka gayinza okuzibuwaza abakungu ba gavumenti mu Ex erroup , naye tegayinza kuzzaawo ebiva ku gavumenti yennyini. Kkooti etereeza amateeka ku nsonga zigikwata ku mateeka ga Ga Gavumenti gayinza okusobozesa abantu okufuna obuyambi obw'enjawulo mu kugigobeetaasa.

Enkyukakyuka Ezibaawo mu Kkanisa n’Enzikkiriza

Abeekenneenya abamu bawa amagezi okusazaamu enteekateeka y'obuteefuga kkumi na nkumi ey'okuleka Congress obutakwatibwa bukya wansi wa Article I, bwe kityo ne kikyusa SAMINOLE F TB. Abalala bawagidde gavumenti amateeka agakkiriza nti obuteesiteesi y'obuwagizi obwa gavumenti ewandiisa ssente ku nsonga ezitakugira ku bulimba okutakkirizibwa ku bulimba ku nsonga eziba zimenyesebwawo.[1] Kkooti eyo terina bulambulukusi. Ku ludda lw'amateeka, kkooti esobola okukendeeza ku ku ku ku ekyo ekiteesobo ekyo nga kiteegereddwawo eky'okukkana okwa Nayiyenye, naye kino kirabika nga tekisuubirwa nti kko eyo eweereddwamu ku nsonga eyo gye buvuddeko okubaamu.

Ate era, ekiyinza okulongoosebwa kwe kukozesa ekigambo ekitegeeza Ex Young Obufunze obw'enkukunala okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okusasulira abakungu ba gavumenti ne bwe kiba nti omutindo guba gukwetaagisa abakungu ba gavumenti okugonjooza enkola y'okwerinda. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Whole Maday’s Health v. Hellertt[ [20]] (2016), Kkooti ekkiriza okusoomooza kwa gavumenti ey'oku Texas okuggyamu etteeka eriko abakungu ba gavumenti bye baagala okuggyawo nga tekwewalako. Ebibaawo ebigenda okubaawo mu biseera eby'omu maaso ebireetezo biyinza okulaba engeri y'okukwata ku kkooti nga ya kiwandikiddwa oba nga n'okugisibwa mu kko.

fundikira

Ebiseera eby'omu maaso eby'okwefuga byandibadde bifugibwa kkooti ey'oku ntikko era nga bigoberera enkola ya gavumenti eyo era n'obusobozi bw'okussaawo amateeka agaasigala nga gageekebwa mu Kitundu 5. Okusobola okutuuka ku ekyo, eggwanga lirina obukuumi bwa maanyi okuva ku lukunkumuli lwokka, naye okuggyako obuweerero n'ensuti gavumenti by'ewa gavumenti, bireetawo ensonga ezibavunaanibwa olw'okumenya amateeka agafuga enfuga. Abayigiriza, n'abakulembezza amateeka mu mateeka balina okulambula ensonga nga bakoppa enzibeetoozi z'ebyo ebireeteetwawo, ebiragiro eby'obutonde, n'amateeka okulonda, n'okulonda, nga biwa essuula endala eyagobeegobeegoberedde mu lugero luno olugenda okuddawo.

Olw'okuba kkooti yeeyongera okwetegereza ensonga ezikwata ku bantu, enjigiriza egamba nti abantu tebafugibwa gavumenti, teriimu mateeka ga ggwanga lyonna, era ng'olulala kireetawo okukaayana. Okutegeera ensala z'amateeka ga Amerika ezaasalibwawo gye buvuddeko awo n'enkola zaazo, kikulu nnyo omuntu yenna ayagala okubunyisa amateeka mu kyasa ekya 21.