Empeera ez’Okusuubiza okw’Obulamu Obutaggwaawo

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika etuula ku lukiiko lw'eggwanga nga eyisa amateeka era ng'egoberera amateeka ga Amerika okumala emyaka mingi. Olw'okuba abalamuzi mwenda bakozesa obulamu , nga bano be basinziira okuggyawo nga bagunjula. Okulonda n'okukakasa obwenkanya kikolebwa mu bugenderevu okusobola okusobozesa bappaapaapante bannaakyewa okuteekawo obuyinza obubangibwawo awamu n'obukulembeze bw'ekibiina. Okutegeera akakiiko akafuzi ak'ebya bufuzi, ebyafaayo, n'eby'ebyobufuzi kino, kiyamba okunnyonnyola lwaki okusala omusango mu kkooti enkulu mu Amerika kye kisinga okuba eky'amaanyi mu ntalo.

Omutendera Ogusooka: Obusosoze Buggula Obuzibu bw’Abantu

Omuntu atuula ku kkooti enkulu afuna obwenkanya bw'afa, bw'awummula, oba bw'aggibwawo olw'okusala omusango (nga mu mwaka gwa 2024, tewali musango gumaliddwa). Olw'okuba okusasulira mu bbanga lya kiseera kya kubeerawo kw'ekiseera kyonna, ebifo ebisatu tebyabangawo mu kiseera kya bulijjo. Okutwalira awamu, omuntu bw'aba wabaawo obwetwaze, afuna obwetaavu obwetaavu obwetaavu mu mwaka gwa 1994 ne 2005, obuwanvu bw'obugereke n'obugereke obusatu obubalukawo, ku singi.

Mu kiseera eky'okussaawo akawoze, omulamuzi Antonin Scalia yakulembera ekkanisa y'e Bukiiko bwa Disitulikiti, McConnell okugaana n'okutunuulira Pulezidenti Barack Obama’ennonee, Merrick Garland(a) eyalongoosa olukiiko era n'alungamya empikko z'entalo ezaaliwo mu mwaka gwa Februwari.

Omutendera ogw'Okubiri: Prezidenti Alonda Omuminsani

[[Akakiiko k'Akatundu:0] Akafuzi ak'Amerika[[KATANDIKWA:1] kasalawo nga talina kye kakola. Abawi b'amagezi ku Nnyumba (Olwala okubuulirira ab'omu Nnyumba, abakugu mu by'amateeka, abakulembeze b'ebitongole, n'abalabirizi bamemba abawandiisa mu nsonga za kasomero) bapima ensonga eziwerako

  • Obubonero mu by'envumbo obwakakozesebwa: Gye buvuddeko awo obunene obwakolanga ku kkooti z'Akasawo mu Amerika, kino kibawa olukalala lw'ebiragiro n'endowooza ebyasalibwa mu buwandiike. Ng'ekyokulabirako, John Roberts, Elena Kagan, ne Neil Gor projects bonna baasooka kutuuka ku butebekzi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ba pulezidenti abamu baasaze nga William Howard Taft ye yali pulezidenti, ate ye Earl Warren nga gavana wa California.
  • Obufirosoofo obwa Legitaliyani: Bannaawula abassawo emisango nga bugoberera endowooza eza bannasayansi abafuga enneyisa n'ezaabwe. Ba prezidenti ab'enkola eza bulijjo banoonya abanyante ezasooka oba abawandiisi abaagiwandikamu; bannaakyewa bakkiriza abalamuzi abatwalanga nti lukalala lwa mateeka nga lukola. Endowooza za nominee ku nsonga ezikwata ku butoffaali obw'amaanyi, eddembe ly'obusobozi, oba obuyinza bw'omu tagw(makko) zekerowo.
  • Ebisaanyizo ebibadde bituukiriza obukwasibwa: .Awundix Association American Bar Association buli lukalala lw'abalimu be kituuse ku kukola nga “batuukiriza bulungi,” oba nga“ tebeetaaga.” Wadde ng'obuwanvu obwo tebutundibwa, ekiwerezo eky'enyongeza kiyinza okukalubya obukaluubinyizaamu. Mu 2018, ekitongole ekya ABA eky'ekitongole Brett Kavavaugh “kyetaagy'ensonga,” naye mu nkola y'enkola y'abakunoonyereza ku by'obufuzi kyabunyigiriza.
  • Kiva ku ndowooza z'abantu n'ensonga lwaki abantu bayisibwa: Abakulembeze batera okulowooza ku ngeri nga(geography, ekiwangwa, obuwangwa, obuwangwa, eddiini. Turfall Marshall ye obwenkanya obwasooka mu Amerika; Sandra Day O’Connor omukazi eyasooka; Sonia Sotomayo osooka mu Latina. Bino biraga emitindo gya pulezidenti era n'ensonga enkulu.

Munnabyabufuzi era agezaako okusuubira okuyita ku lukuŋŋaano lw'ensimbi. Omuntu atwalibwa nti atwalibwa ng'omukulu w'ebitongole ebikola eby'okukuba obusawo ayinza okusattulukufuwa oba okuyisibwa obubi ennyo mu lupapula lw'amawulire. Abakugu bayinza okukuba obupapula obuba nga buwambi obwa kampeyini obwa kansasiro nga bunaageza ab'obusoseereebwe okuba nga busobola okukebeesa. Ebibiina eby'ensonyi bizibiriko bikuŋŋaana okulumba oba okulonda obululu. Ekivaamu kwe kukuba obululu ne mu kiseera nga kaweseefube oyo agenda okulangirira.

Ennaku ez'okulonda ezitasobola okutegeedwa

Garland kyaba nga tekibangako: omulamuzi eyalina ebisaanyizo era eyalina erinnya eggonjebwa yaziyizibwa obutatwalibwa. Pulezidenti Donald Trump bwe yatwala ekifo, yatuuma Neil Gor "mot'essawo y'omu. Mu 2020, nga ne Mulamuzi Ruth Bader Ginsburg yafa nga waakayita wiiki ntono nnyo nga akalulu tegaagootaanya 2016 era n'akakasa Amy Coney Barrett mu nkola y'ekirookko. Ebyafaayo bino biraga nti bwe bituuka mu kkooti enkulu, abawandiisi baayisa amateeka mu by'obufuzi.

Omutendera ogw'okusatu: Olukiiko Olukulu olw’Ebitongole Ebirala Olwaddaaki

Pulezidenti bw'amala okusindika olukusa mu nkiiko entegeka, ensonga etwala akakiiko akakiikirira akategese aka 'Judia'. Akakiiko, nga kati kalimu abakwasiddwa 22 (okuva mu buli kibiina ekiragiddwa mu mitendera), ke katwala ekifo ekisooka mu kunoonyereza ku nkumino.

Okunoonyereza n’Ebiwandiiko Ebyali Biwandiikiddwa

Abakola ku kakiiko kasaba ebiwandiiko ebiba bivudde ku buwandiike obw'okumpi: ebiwandiiko by'amateeka, emboozi, empandiika, emirimu, ne fayiro endala ezikola ku nsonga z'eby'obulwadde. FBI era enoonyereza ku nsonga z'eby'obulwadde okuva ku ntandikwa z'obukiiko obwa bulijjo, wadde nga ebiwandiiko ebyo bikendedde mu myaka egyakayita (mabanga gagattiddwako ab'obukiiko bwa n nkukumalanga). Ebitongole ebinoonyeze mu mpapula bitera okufuluma mu bupapula. Mu kiseera nga Kavavaugh alipoota ze eza waggulu ku ssomero, n'ebigambo bye ebyayita edda ku buyinza bwa bannakyewa bifuuka ebyo ebiwandikibwa.

Okwekakasa nti Owulira

Olukulu lw'abawuliriza be bamala edda edda okutegeeza [, ekiwandise ekimala ennaku nnyingi nga kiggulawo ebigambo n'ebibuuzo ebibuuzibwa buli munnayo. Buli omu ku bannamenti asobozesa abajulizi okumanya ebigendererwa bye. Bisobozesa abajulizi okukebera endowooza za nominee, okuwa abantu ddirisa mu bufirosoofo bw'omu mateeka, era bikkiriza abajulizi okuggya ebifo eby'eby'eby'obufuzi ne bye bawabulako. Kyokka, tewaliifissinee bayize okuwandiika, n'okubuuza ebibuuzo ku nsonga eziteebeerekwa. Bino, ebitera okutegeeza nti, “Nsobola okubaako kye byogera ku nsonga en'ennamba." Ate era “Njala abalabirizi banoonyereza ku ndowooza ez'eby'edda, naye nga tebalina kye basalawo.

Okuwuliriza okumu kwafuuka kwa byafaayo. mu 1987, Robert Bork's lwe lwali olutalo olw'eby’obufuzi ku ndowooza ye ey'edda ey'obufirosoofo n'ey'eddembe ly'abantu; Olukiiko olukulu olw'ebiwandiikiro lwamugaana 42-58. Mu 1991 Clarence Thomas okuwulira kwasaasaana Anita Hill bwe yamuvunaana nti atulugunya mu by'okwetaba, ne kimuviirako okusattulukuka okw'amaanyi.

Akakiiko kano era kayita ab'oluganda okuva mu kakiiko akayitibwa American Bar Association, ebibiina ebikola ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu, ebitongole by'eby'obusuubuzi, n'abayivu mu mateeka.

Omutendera ogw’Okuna: Okuba nti Akakiiko Akakola ku Bibiina

Oluvannyuma lw'okuwulira, Akakiiko k'Abatunzi akakola akalulu kasalawo obanga akasiimye olukiiko olukulu olw'okutuuma olukiiko olukulu olw'ebiragiro, olw'ebirungi, oba olw'obutasemba. Abasinga obungi ku abo abali ku kakiiko kasalawo mu byafaayo, amagezi amalungi (emirundi mingi mu myaka egyakayita) gakifuula kyangu eri omukulembeze w'akakiiko okussaawo akalulu. Singa akalulu kasalawo okuwakanya oba okugatta ku n'okutta, akakiiko akasinga obungi kayinza okuleeta obusawo wansi, naye nga ke kaleeta amaanyi agateefunze mu ngeri y'okulonda.

Mu mbeera ezimu, akakiiko kekeerezza okulonda okumala ekiseera nga kuweddewo, n'okutta obusawo obwo nga tegasambiddwa butereevu. Ekyo kyatuuka ku banyamerika bangi mu kyasa ekya 19, era gye buvuddeko awo, mu Merrick Garland. Akakiiko era kayinza okuteekamu obujulizi oba ebiwandiiko ebirala ebiyinza okwongera okugaziya omulimu.

Omutendera ogw’Okutaano: Okukuba empaka n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Mu mateeka ga kaweefube, okukuba empaka ku kkooti ey'oku ntikko, okutongoza abakazi kuba kumala essaawa nga 30 oluvannyuma lw'okukuba akalulu ak'okuleetera ebika by'ebiwambe okukaluubirizibwa. Ekibuuzo eky'okukuba ebiwandiiko eby'enjawulo kyakolebwa mu 2017.

“ Ekkubo lya Nuukiriya” n’Ekintu Ekyali Ekyangu Okuzuula

Nga 2017, Kkooti Enkulu eyinza okulonda abakungu abangi nga bakuba kalulu 60 okusobola okumalawo obutakkaanya. Naye mu Apuli 2017, Olukiiko lw'Abaddaaka lwa Democratic okuziyiza Neil Gorth(okukyusa obuwambe obwa Ssenkudde). Mu kalulu asinga obungi (eyo eyitibwa “enkola ya nukuta), baagisaawo oluggi 60 okuva ku kibanja kya nnukko, ne kisobozesa okusemba ebitulikiti nga 51 oba 45). Kino kitegeeza nti, ng'ekibiina kya prezidenkola nga 50 mu kulembebwa kwa pulezidenti (nga pulezidenti eyamenya amagatte), akattunja akayinza okukkirizibwa n'obuyambi obw'ebigenda obunene. Okuva bwe kyali nga buli kkooti ejjuziganya ekpoloko: Gor4445, Khn, (5444), K748, (5448), 934444, (544444).

Akakodyo ka nukuliya kaakyusa enkola ey'okukakasa. Kaaggyawo ekikubiriza ba pulezidenti okulonda abaagalwawo mu ngeri esaanira, ne kabaleetera okulonda abo ababa bagenda okuzaalibwa. Era keekomyawo essuubi ery'okuzaala abaana abangi oba okuwangula enziina y'ekyuma. N'ekisingawo obulungi, enkola ejuliziddwa mu kkooti esinga obukulu kati y'emu ku nkola ezikolebwa abagenda okulonda abagenda okuzaala abaana.

Omulimu gw’Okukuza Abaana

Oluvannyuma lw'empaka n'okukuba akakwate ku nvinnyo, olukiiko olukulu lusalawo. Abasinga obungi ku abo abaliwo era n'abo abalonda bwe baba nga baliko akalulu akasimbye (50), omukulembeze wa Bukulembeze ayinza okukalonda akatego akaasazaamu obuwumbi. Ekyo kyabaawo mu 2020 okukakasa nti Omulamuzi Barrett /Vice akalulu kaali tekakyetaagisa, naye k'otaddewo. Singa akalulu kalemererwa okufuna abasinga obungi, pulezidenti alina kutandika n'okulonda okuppya.

Tekyasangibwa kutongozebwa mu byafaayo eby'omu kiseera kino. Olukiiko olusembayo okugaana kkooti ey'oku ntikko lwali Robert Bork mu 1987. Mu 1970, olukiiko olukulu lwagaana Clement Haynsworth ne G. Harrold Carssell (byombi byatongozebwa Pulezidenti Nixon). Gye buvuddeko awo, ba prezidenti baawukanya bamenti abataawagira kimala /(okuwaayo akalabirako, akakkero, aka Judge Doug Ginsburg (1987) ne ka Harriet Miers (2005).

Omutendera 6: Okulonda n’Okulonda Ofiisi

Oluvannyuma lw'okukakasa ekiwandiiko ekyo, omukulembeze wa kkooti aba alaga ng'alonda omusango omupya. Ekiragiro kino kizingiramu ennaku z'okulonda omukulembeze era nga munnamateeka akiikirira omusolooze. Ekiragiro bwe kimala okusala omusango, omupya aba alina okulayira emirundi ebiri mu mukolo ogutera okukolebwa ku kkooti esinga obukulu:

  1. [[NKULU:0] Ekiragiro kino kissaawo (era kiyitibwa Akabonero ka VI): “Nwagira era n'okulwanirira amateeka ga Amerika eri abalabe bonna, abagwira n'ab'omu maka; nti nnina okukkiriza okwa nnamaddala n'obutsheekera ku kintu kye kimu; nti ntuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa buno nga sirina kigendererwa kyonna oba kigendererwa kyonna eky'okwewala okulumbibwa; era nti nja kukola bulungi era ntuukiriza emirimu gy'ekifo ekyo kwe nneetaaga okuyingira. Nnyagambira Katonda."
  2. [[NKT:0] Olukiiko olusalirako omusango: “Nkulayirira ddala (oba nkaka) nti ndiyisa mu bwenkanya mu ngeri etassa kitiibwa mu bantu era ntuukiriza obwenkanya nga nsobola okukikolera abaavu n'abagagga, era nti nja kusumulula mu bwesigwa era nkole emirimu gyonna eginkwasibwa nga nkola eby'ensonga mu kkooti esinga obukulu mu Amerika wansi w'amateeka n'amateeka g'Amerika. Bwe kityo, nnyamba Katonda."

Omulamuzi Omukulu bw'aba afuga, atera okulayira wadde nga mu bitundu ebimu (nga mu Mulamuzi Omukwano n'omulala Kagan) awummudde ku mulimu y'akulira omusango. Oluvannyuma lw'okulayira, obwenkanya obuppya butuula ku katebe era butandika okuwulirwa. N'olwekyo, tewabaawo musango gwonna guyigibwa.[1] obwenkanya bwe buyigibwa, wadde nga bawagirwa bannassaayala ne ofiisi za kkooti.

Ensonga Lwaki Kikulu Okutegeera Obulungi Ebikwata ku Nkola ya Kkanisa

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa okulonda n'okukakasa ebifa ku ttabi . Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa amatabi okubaamu ssemateeka. Kyokka, pulezidenti, akulira ofiisi y'ettabi, alonda ebinnyonyola. Olukiiko olukiikirira gavumenti ez'omu ttabi lya bannakyewa, okuwa amagezi n'okusemba. Amatabi gano agaawulamu gasobola okuziyiza ettabi ly'abamenyi b'amateeka okuva ku buli limu eririna kye lyeyambisa. Kyokka, omulimu guno gufuuse gwa kyewukanya, era abawakanya enkola ya Kkolanga ekitongole ekikola nga kyeyagaza.

Obulamu Bwokka Ebireetera Ebisibo Okuddirira

Olw'okuba okusala omusango kubeerawo obulamu, buli mulamuzi omu asobola okuteekawo amateeka g'omu Amerika okumala emyaka amakumi asatu oba n'okusingawo. obwenkanya obwa nnamba eyinza okugootaanya enziragiro ku kuggyamu embuto, obuyinza ku bakungu ba gavumenti, kampuni, ensawo ez'okulonda, obusobozi bw'okulonda, ebbeeyi, n'esingako n'okusingawo. Endowooza eza Kkooti eza Kkooti zikyukamu okutuusa nga obwenkanya buvuddewo ku mulembe gwa Jusisiteesi Anthony Kennedy bweyongera mu 2018, okuteekawo olukalala olw'ensonga ezisinga obungi okutuusa nga sawunta y'omulembedde owa kampuni mu 2018, bweyongerako.

Engeri Enkozesa ey’Ekiseera eky’Okusirikiramu n’Eby’obufuzi Gye Biyinza Okukosaamu

Ekyaliwo mu Garland mu 2016 kyalaga nti okugaana kwa McConnell okuwozesa oba okukuba akalulu ku Pulezidenti Obama kyali tekibangako.[1] Kkooti enkulu ey'okulonda mu mwaka ogwa 2016 tewaaliwo bujulizi bwonna obwali bumaze okukolebwa. Kkooti eyo eyinza okukendeeza ebbali olw'okuziyiza okw'ebyobufuzi okukkirizibwa, ate era n'ewanguyirako obukolamu ne ku kkooti esembayo. Ekyasooka okukomyawo okukko okukyusiza Barretts mu 2020, kyalaga nti, enkyuuka z'ebyobufuzi bwe zizze zikyuka, amateeka gayinza okuwandiikibwa ku nnyanja. Kkootikko esingira ddala ya gavumenti enzikkiriza okuvuusibwa obukyamu.

Okukakasa nti Okuwulira Kibadde Luyimba lwa Buwanguzi

Amatunja ga gavumenti gawa abatuuze obulagirizi obutasangika era obubakwatako obutonotono ku ngeri abalamuzi gye balowoozaamu (oba engeri gye beewala okulowooza) ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka. Era balaga endowooza enkyamu abantu mu Amereka ze balina ku nsonga.(race, small, eddiini, obwamatawaana, obuyinza, obwa nnannyini. Wadde ng'abawakanyi abamu bagaana okuwozesebwa ng'ekkolero kya bya bufuzi, bakola omulimu omukulu. Tebawaliriza bamineiina kulwanirira ebyafaayo byabwe era ne bakkiriza abantu okusala omusango gwa prezidenti yekka eyabasalawo.

Endowooza Esembayo

[[NKK:0] Okutongoza n'okukakasa okukkirizisa okwa Kkooti ey'Empaka enkulu kye kimu ku bintu ebikolebwa mu gavumenti ya Amerika. Kakakalu nti abo bokka abawagira baprezidaali ne Service be basobola okubeera ku lukiiko olusingayo obukulu olw'eggwanga. Kyokka, enkola eyo evudde ku nkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'obulabirizi n'ezza obugulu etwalibwa mu busimba. Badayirekita ab'omu Amereka bajja kuddamu okukkirizisa oba okweyongera okukaka ebifaananyi bya bannabyabufuzi ebiva mu ku nkola y'okukuba olukalala olusooka.

Ekiragiro kino kiwandikawo omulimu ogwakolebwa era ne Ekiragiro kino kisoma lipoota ekwata ku byafaayo by'okulonda aba Kkooti enkulu[[FLT]]. Ekiragiro bwe kifuna obufunze mu nkola ey'okwekakasa, kisoma [[FLT:] ne New York Times Related Trease ku by'okuwuliriza kwa Robert Bork.