Enjigiriza eno ereetera abapangisa okusibibwa mu mateeka ag'ensi yonna okukuumibwa nga bagoberera etteeka ery'enkomeredde mu kkooti eya 11 ez'ensi yonna. Etteeka lino libawa obusongaanyi obw'amaanyi mu kusibawo ab'obuyinza abamenyi b'amateeka abasobola okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Enjigiriza eno ekuuma obutongole bw'ensi awatali kusosola bulombolombo obwa bulijjo, obutebenkevu obufuga ensi yonna, obufuga ensi yonna, obusobozi obugirimu, obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza okukibwa essuti, obukkebwawo enziko, era n'engeri ez'amateeka gye ziyinza okukolebwamu. Enjigiriza eno ekuuma eby'obugagga n'obufuzi bw'eggwanga, naye era eteeka obulamu bw'abantu bonna awatali busosoze, oba okumenya amateeka. Okutegeera mu bifo eby'okugobererwa kw'abantu mu bifo ebya waggulu ku bukulembeze mu b'obuyinza mu mateeka, bizingiramu okugobererwa mu n'abantu ab'omunnabukulembeze mu mateeka.

Okutegeera Obumu bw’Empisa y’Obufuzi bw’Ensi

Ekiragiro kino kifuga amateeka agafuga Isiraeri, nga gaasembezebwa era nga gasigibwawo okusinziira ku mpandiika y'amateeka n'ennyinnyonnyola z'amateeka. Mu mitendera gino, kitegeeza nti tekiriiko musango gwa nnannyini mu kkooti z'ensi okuggyako nga bakkirizza okusibibwa etteeka oba okuteekebwawo akakiiko akafuzi. Olukiiko olukulu olw'enkomeredde lukwate. Enkola y'enkola eya 11 eyagattibwa mu 1795, essomero z'ensi mu lukiiko olugguka olw'okuwulira essumenti ezimu, naye enjigiriza esingako empala empano y'empaka n'empandika eza bulijjo ezeesigamiziddwa ku mateeka agamu. Kkoluubiina ek'okufuga entebe ekola eno ekola mu ntegeka y'eby'obukulembeze, era egoberera embeera y'eby'eby'obuyinza mu gavumenti, so ng'entebe z'obuyinza ate nga terimu na banna ku buyinza, okuggyako nga gavumenti z'obuyinza ebituufu. Kkolangatikko, ekyo kikkirizibwa kiyinza okubaamu ebituufu mu nsonga enkulu n'ebyo ebimenyeddwa

Omukutu ogw’Akataano ogw’Okufuga n’Okugukozesa

Olukalala lw'eby'amateeka olw'ekkumi n'omusanvu lugamba: "Ebigambo eby'Ekirabo mu Amerika tebijja kutwalibwa ng'ebiragiro ebikkirizibwa mu mateeka oba mu ngeri esaanira, ebiwandiikiddwa abatuuze mu Amerika ab'eggwanga eddala oba Abatuuze oba Abatuuze oba Abatuuze mu ggwanga erinnaazo. Wadde ng'empandiikibwa ebigambo byabyo bisangibwa mu buyinza obw'enjawulo, Ssaze tekireetera kuziyiza masumenti zonna ez'enkola mu kkooti y'ensi emu, era n'ezo ezeezeezeegguka ku mateeka ga gavumenti y'ensi, okuggyako nga kikozesebwa mu nsonga nga [[FOLT] oba mu nzikkiriza mu nzivuunvu y'ekitongole ekimu ekiwandikiro, ekiwandikiddemu mu nzikkiriza enkola enzikkiriza obutongole ekimu mu kkooti z'ensi. Florida mu ngeri y'emu, ng'eraga ekkomera ku nsonga ezizimbi oba mu nzikkiriza okuzitoogisaze mu nzivuunvuzi z'ensi endala endala mu mateeka mu Amerika, ate nga kizik'ensi

Obutakkaanya mu Bizimbe n’Obumu bw’Okubeera Obumu

Obutakkaanya mu kuteekawo enkolagana ey'enjawulo wakati w'abapangisa n'ab'obuyinza mu mayumba. Obutakkaanya buno butera kuzingiramu okusosolwa okw'amaanyi okusinziira ku langi, obulema, oba embeera z'amaka; embeera ez'obubenje gamba nga langi ey'omutoffaali, enkula, oba obuwuka; okugobererwa mu by'okuzimba; n'okumenya amateeka aw'okuteekateeka enkola ey'okuteekateeka ebikolebwa. Singa ebiwandiiko bino bireetebwa ku b'obuyinza bw'eggwanga okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, obufuga ennyinzi kifuuka kizibu kya maanyi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuntu akkirizibwa okuteekawo amateeka agafuga ennyimba ezikkirizibwa okutuuka ku mitindo egya waggulu egifuga enfugeebirimu, ayinza okugezaako okuteeka ekitego mu kkooti y'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'enjawulo. Kyokka, singa obuyinza obuyinza butwalibwa ng'obuyinza obw'obuyinza, obutebe obutebe obutebe obw'entebe ekya waggulu bugo bugo busobola okugobeeba nga bufuzesebwawo, amateeka agayinza okugoberebwawo n'okugoberebwa mu mateeka ag'okugo

Ebika by’Abantu Abakyogerako Bikwatibwako

Enteekateeka y'okufuga terimu biragiro byonna, naye era nga bikugira obukujjukujju mu kkooti ezifuga gavumenti okulumba ebitongole bya gavumenti.

  • [[NT:0] Act wansi w'Akabonero aka Fair House Act, Amerika nga zikola nga zikosebwa era nga zigoberera akakwakkulizo aka 504 ku mutemwa ogugobererwa. Wadde nga mu mateeka agafuga etteeka lya gavumenti obuvunaanyizibwa obukolebwa ku bantu mwe muli okukakasibwa ku by'okugonjoolwa, kkooti ziteekwa okulaba obanga okukkirwa n'okumenyebwawo kwa gavumenti ku mateeka mu nkola eya 14 KG.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Obulungi n'obukuumi ebyesigamizibwa ku Act oba ku mateeka ga gavumenti ya United States Hourme-game. Ebirowoozo bino bitera okunoonya ebifiiriza olw'obubenje oba olw'ebintu, ne kisobozesa omuntu okwerwanako ku ngeri y'okwerinda.
  • '[[NKUMBO:0] Kino kitegeeza enkola etegeeza nti ekikolebwako[[[NKULA] kibala nti ekkomo oba nga emiganyulo gy'amayumba gigyibwako si kikyamu. Wadde nga Amereka agasooka kukolebwako tewakkirizibwa ku bakungu ba gavumenti okufuna obuweerero mu kukozesa Expace Young, ebisalibwa okusasula ebiva mu kudda mu kifo eky'okubiri bikkirizibwa.
  • [[Act:0] Ayogera nti mu tteeka nga sseminali mu tteeka eryafuga eggwanga oba mu buli w'aw'okusula. Eggwanga nyingi liremesezza obuvunaanyizibwa obwa nnannyini ku kika okukkirizibwa okukola endagaano ezimu oba okugattibwa nga tayiti ezimu, naye oyo alya ebiba bikozesebwa ayinza okukoma ku lukiiko lw'eggwanga oba okukaka ebisawo ku bye birengo.

Buli kitaasa kikwetaagisa okwekenneenya obanga enzijanjaba eyo egobererwa era oba nga waliwo ekkiriza abapangisa okugikola mu kkooti.

Kyeyava Ekireekera Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna mu Bizimbe bya Bonna

Wadde nga waliwo enkola eyinza okusobozesa okukugira obusobozi okulwanyisa endwadde, emirundi mingi ereetebwawo enzivuunula z'amayumba ga gavumenti esobola okutongoza amayumba mu kkooti z'amateeka. Bino bye biba mu mitendera esatu: Congregal articer, armose, arease, ne Expace Young. Buli emu erina emitindo gyayo egy'amateeka era n'obusobozi bw'ebyo ebigiwandiikibwa.

Okukuba Enkizo

Consert eyinza okussaawo amateeka agabakugira obutakwata ku bufuzi bwa gavumenti singa gateekebwawo wansi w'Ekitundu 5 ku Kitundu 14 eky'Empuliziganya, ekiwa Consert obuyinza okukakasa eddembe ly'amateeka. Kkooti esinga obukulu ekiraze nti okukakasa oba okukakala kuteekwa kuba "butegeerekeka bulungi" mu mpandiika y'amateeka era kirina okuba nga kikkirizibwa okukozesebwa mu Kitundu 5. Mu tteeka erigobererwa amayumba, amateeka agatali gamu agafuga ensi gakiddwa ku brookku tegalina kugaana gavumenti okugobererwa:

  • [[NTANDIKA] .Awubonero 'Fair Homess Act : FHA egaana obusosoze mu mayumba era ekkiriza obusobozi bwa buli muntu obw'okuteekamu ebisago. TANSASEASEA v. Lane [2004], Kkooti enkulu yawagira omutwe Omutwe II ogw'Abaamerekama mu Amerika oguva mu bulema nga gukola akabonero akalaga nti obusosoze obw'ebiragiro bukkirizibwa okuzza ku nsonga ezizingiramu eddembe ek'ennamba, naye akawayiro akakwata ku b'obutunzi kasigala nga ke kalina amakulu aga bulijjo.
  • Americans Act (ADA)[FLT:]]: omutwe II ku ADA gugaana obusosoze mu mirimu gya lukale, nga mw'otwalidde n'okuteekamu amayumba ga bantu bonna. Kkooti enkulu esala eky'okukolanga olusenseera mu Lane[ gukakasa nti olukalala olw'ebiragiro olw'okukubiri olw'okulaga eddembe erya II olw'okutuuzibwa mu kkooti, naye nga lutuuka ku bizimbe ebirala ebya lukalu obugambo obuli wansi tekyeyoleka bulungi. Kko kooti bulijjo kisalawo nti olusemba II lukwata ku bukakafu obw'enkola entegeka ez'enkola ya koluti, oba nga ku nsonga ez'enjawulo ezimenyebwawo, oba nga kikolwa eky'ekitongole ekimenyebwa ssemateeka mu mateeka.
  • [[NT:0] Okukkirira 504 ku 'LT Act': Etteeka lino erigaana obusosoze mu programu eziweebwa gavumenti nga zigoberera ensawo, lizingiramu okukakasibwa nti obusosoze tebulina kye bukolawo. Kkooti zikkiriza nti okulwozako kukkirizibwa kubanga kuliko kawyiro kubanga kuliko kalina akakwate n'ensimbi y'ensimbi ekkiriza kyeyagalire. Eri ab'obuyinza abapangisa gavumenti gye bawandikidde ssente eza gavumenti, ekyo kye kya maanyi eri abapangisa nga balina ebizizo bye bamalako obwewaawo.
  • [[NT:0] Obukambwe ku bakazi Act (VAWA): VAWA ekuuma abo abayisibwa obubi mu maka, nga mw'otwalidde n'eddembe ery'obutagobebwa ku lw'ekikolwa eky'ettemu. Amateeka gatwaliramu enkola ey'okutemagana naye tegakakasibwa mu bujjuvu mu kkooti enkulu.

State Waivers

Gavumenti ziyinza kyeyagalire okumenya amateeka ageefuga, amateeka g'okufuga, oba nga zikkiriza ssente za gavumenti. Abagoba amateeka bateekwa okunnyonnyolwa obulungi; kkooti tezijja kutegeeza muntu kuggibwa mu mateeka oba okubaako ne ky'akola mu nteekateeka za gavumenti.

  • Akkiriza ensawo ya gavumenti. Wadde nga Kooti enkulu ebadde egamba nti, bwe wabaawo ensawo y'enkola tekkiriza kugaana ssente eziweebwa basatu eza buli muntu wansi w'amateeka agakkiriza olukusa okuzigo ssi ya bbaasi, era nga lissawo essente ezizirimu zikkirizibwa (ona nga College Saving Bank[[[FLT]3]), Akakiiko kalina esobola okussaawo ssente eziva ku kiteeso. Amaka ga gavumenti mangi agafuga enzikkiriza enkola ekyetaagisa ebizikwata ku ku ku kufuna ssente.
  • Ssatamentis states': Eggwanga ezimu ziragidde ebikolwa oba ebikolwa eby'okuteeka mu byuma ebiremesa ebizingirwamu okusattulula ebika bya gavumenti, gamba ng'okumenya endagaano, obutakwata, oba obutakwata bantu mu ngeri etali ya mateeka. Abawagizi bano batera okukomya ekkomo, nga okuteeka ekisaanyizo eky'okufuga nga obiwandiiko nga ogenda okusala ekiwandiiko, ekikobera ku bulabe ku bitaaguzi (g. .500,0000,000). Ng'ekyokulabirako, California bwe kigaana endagaano ezikolebwa ku bibiina ebifuga ebitongole ebifuga ennyiikibwa enfuga gavumenti ya New York, ne '' ebibarsiveivessssssss' bye bikola ku by'omu kkooti ya kkooti.
  • [[NT:0] Kkonsole'okutongoza mu lukiiko [: Abakulu b'amayumba abamu ab'ensi, naddala abo abakola ng'ebibiina ebiddiriŋŋana, bayinza okukkiriza mu ngeri ennukuta empanvu mu mateeka gaabwe agabasobozesa. Kkooti zinoonya olulimi olutegeerekeka obulungi olwanditegeezebwa mu kkooti y'ensi yonna, so si kkooti ya gavumenti yokka.

Okutabula Enjigiriza Egito

Enjigiriza Extrate Young eyatandikibwawo mu 1908, ekkiriza abakungu ba gavumenti okutwalibwa mu kkooti y'eggwanga mu buyinza okukomya obuweerero mu mateeka okukugira abapangisa okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Enjigiriza eyo yeesigamiziddwa ku ndowooza nti omukungu wa gavumenti akola mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya aggibwako obuyinza bwe era nti asobola okuvunaanibwa ng'omuntu omu. Mu buli muntu, kino kizibu nnyo mu bapangisa okukoma okumenya emitindo gy'obusosoze egy'eby'amateeka, oba okuwakanya emitindo gy'okumenya amateeka egikwata ku by'obusosoze. Kyokka, enjigiriza erina ekkomo ekkulu: tekkiriza ssente ezo kukolebwa olw'okumenya amateeka, era tezikkiriza okumenyebwa obuwaanyisiddwawo, era teyinza kukozesebwa mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'olukiiko lwokka. Ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebinoonyereza ebinoonyereza ebinoonyereza mu mateeka na bye bivumirira okunnyonnyola, era biteekwa okubaamu okumenya amateeka.

Obukiiko Obutongole n’Ekibinja ky’Abamasaza

Bwe kiba nti etteeka erikwata ku by'amateeka lirina okugonjoolwa, abapangisa n'abayingi balina okukola enteekateeka ez'okuvvuunuka enkonge eziba ziyinza okugobererwa, era ne bafuna obuweerero. Omuntu bw'alonda forum, ekiyinza okuganja, n'obujjanjabi obw'engeri eyo, buli omu ayinza okusobola okutuuka ku buwanguzi.

Okulwanirira Ebyo Ebyayogerwa mu Kkooti

Obukodyo obusooka kwe kuleetawo ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti ebigendera ku nkola y'entebe mu kkooti y'eggwanga, nga mu kifo ky'okugoberera etteeka ery'ekkumi n'omusanvu ery'ekkumi n'omusanvu. Eggwanga nnyingi ziwagidde okugaana okukola endagaano, okugattibwa oba okukaayana kwa nnannyini nnyumba, era nga zitera okubeera n'ebimenyeddwa ku bikolerwako. Kkooti za AD zimanyidde nnyo ebikwata ku ku ku ku bannannyini nnyumba era ziyinza okuwa abapangisa ensumenti eza gavumenti entonotono nga tebalina mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Kyokka, kkooti ziyinza okuteeka obutereeze obw'enkola mu bujjuvu mu nsonga ezo n'obufunze mu ngeri y'obutongole obugonjoogezi, era n'abapangisa tebayinza kuteekamukenne w'obugo mu kifo eky'okuteeka mu birowoozo by'abateebuzi mu nsonga enkulu mu mateeka ag'okugobera mu mateeka ag'okumenya amateeka ag'obuvubi.

Etteeka Eryawulwawo Etteeka Eryawulwawo

Singa kkooti ya gavumenti esalawo nti toyagala kukozesa buyambi bwa 'FHA' obw'enjawulo oba okuba nti ADA' alina okufuna ssente ze yawa munnamateeka() era nga abalema balina okuzuula omuwayi oba omuwayi oba omulema. Ekitundu 504 ku buli mu kkooti egoberera enkola y'okugonjoolerako ekitongole kya maanyi kubanga embeera y'eggwanga ekwataganyizibwa n'eby'ensi yonna era ewagirwa mu ngeri y'ensi yonna. Okusosola okw'eggwanga mu n'empalo kwalina okujjuulibwa FHA, abakunguzi balina okukkiririzaamu ensonga eziraga obusosoze obw'amangu oba obukyasifu, eziyinza okuleetera abakungu okuteeka ebirowoozo ku nkola ebibakwatako, kubanga embeera y'amaka ereeteddwawo mu ngeri y'emu. Ebibiina by'obusokebereberye eby'obusobozi bisaanidde okujjuzaamu abaana mu kkooti, ebiba bisobola okusobozesa okukyusiza mu ku ku nsonga eziba nga zigobe, ebiba biyinza okukyuuka ebiba bikolerwamu.

Ekikolwa eky’Ekibiina

Obukuubagano mu kuzimba amayumba butera okukkirizibwa mu kibiina singa wabaawo abapangisa bangi, ne kiba nti kya muganyulo nnyo okugagoba mu kibiina. Omuntu obutawa bannabyabufuzi bwewandiikivu, naye era n'abali mu kibiina nga baagala okufuna obuyambi okuva mu bakungu ba gavumenti nga bagoberera Expace Young, era nga bwe kikkirizibwa, okunoonya ebitakkirizibwa mu kibiina singa wabaawo enkola ey'okumenya amateeka mu kibiina. Kyokka, okuteeka mu nzikkiriza okw'ekitongole kino kiyinza okuba ekizibu ennyo singa kiremesebwawo olukalala lw'ebyeggulo olw'eby'okulwanyisa endwadde. Ebikolwa ebikolebwa mu kibiina bitera okuwangula obuwandikiro n'okumenya amateeka, gamba ng'okumenya amateeka oba okutereezebwa ennyo, era ne byesiga ebitundu ebitongole ebikola mu ggwanga ebitongole ebikola eby'okugoba obugookkulembedde mu ngeri enfumo.

Obuzibu bw’Okufuna n’Okufaayo

Wadde nga waliwo ebintu bingi ebikolebwa okusobola okugootaanya obutonde, okulwanyisa abapangisa tekuyinza kukkirizibwa mu mateeka:

  • [[Act:0] Ebbeeyi y'enkungo n'obudde obukolebwako[: obusobozi obufuga bwonna obw'okulwanyisa buleetera omuntu okugaana n'okusiigayoya, okweyongerako n'ebbeeyi y'ebintu. Ekiragiro kiyinza obutasobola kuwanirira lutalo olwo, era ebibiina ebigoberera enkola ey'okufuga birina okuweza ssente mu bitundu ebiwerako.
  • [[NKULULA] Etteeka: Obutuufu bw'okukakalasa ekiragiro kya congregation ambroomu bukmanya mu mateeka ne mu kkooti, ne kiteekawo obutalagula. Endowooza ekkirizibwa mu lunnyanja olwa Ninth ekkirizibwa mu lubu lw'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano. Agumenti eno enoonyereza ku ngeri y'okusengeka ebaawo mu kitundu eyinza okugula ebifa ku ndala.
  • [[NTANDIKO:0] Obubonero ku ebiva mu ebyo ebiba bikoseddwa[[[KATANDIKWA:1]]: Ne bwe kiba nti obuwayiro obut'obw'edda bukkirizibwa, ebiva mu bye kikolako biyinza okubuvaako abawaze oba enjigiriza ey'ekika kya Expaste Young. Abo abalina ebibakosebwa ennyo, gamba ng'obulwadde obuva mu mu mutego, bayinza okukisanga nti eddagala eryo teriba tlulimu kbujjuvu.
  • [[AK'AKATANDIKWA]] Obuzibu: Abavunaana ab'obuyinza mu mayumba bayinza okwesasuza, gamba ng'okugoba oba okuyisa obubi mu bantu mu kibiina, ne bwe kiba nga kigaana. Wadde ng'amateeka gagaana, okwesasuza kuba kwa ddala wansi wa FHA n'amateeka amalala, abongerako etteeka erikwata ku k'okwesasuza.
  • [[NKULA]] Ensonda[: bannamateeka mu gavumenti balina eby'obugagga bingi n'obukugu mu kukuuma emitindo egikwata ku bantu, so nga ate abapangisa beesigama ku bannamateeka oba ku magezi g'eprobono agayinza okuba nga si mamanyidde mu kitundu kino. Asymmetry asobola okulemesa empaka ezo okuziwandiisa.

Okusobola okugonjoola okusoomooza kuno, ebibiina eby'obuyigirize obwa waggulu bikoze enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'amateeka ku mitendera gya gavumenti ne gavumenti. Gavumenti ezimu ziragidde okukugira obuteeso bw'amayumba ga gavumenti okugattibwa, era Congress alowoozezza okutereezebwa kw'ekiragiro kya Fair House Act ne United States Hos House Act okulaga ekipimo eky'okuva mu nfuna y'obusobozi. Okugatta ku ekyo, entegeka z'abapangisa z'enkola zikoze eby'okugobererwa mu ngeri esobozesa abakugunjawo obusobozi okugoberereza obulungi.

fundikira

Omuntu okusobola okwetongola si y'ensonga ey'obwenkanya mu butaka bw'okupangisa amayumba, naye kiyinza okulemesa ennyo okusala ebiwandiiko eby'amateeka. Enjigiriza eno ekuuma obufuzi bwa gavumenti era eyinza okukugira ab'obuyinza ab'aw'okusula okusalirwa omusango, embeera nga tez'akabi. Abapangisa n'abamenyi b'amateeka, obuwanguzi, obusobola okusobola okutegeera enkola y'okumenya amateeka aw'amateeka, n'enjigiriza y'enjigiriza omuto, era n'okulonda eddembe erina ku buli nsonga. Wadde nga kkooti y'ensi esigala nga y'eyambibwawandisizza ebiteebbya bingi olw'amaanyi g'obuvuzi, kkooti eyinza okuteekawo ekkubo erina obutereennyonnyonyi eri mu mateeka agasinga obungi. Okumenya amateeka agobeewo n'enjigiriza enjigiriza ez'ensonga ez'enjawulo mu mateeka, era n'okugifuula okubaamu omuteebiwandiiko eby'omuteebtongole eby'omu mateeka, era n'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri endala ey'okusalawo y'okusalawo y'omulembereza, eyinza okukende oku