Ebsisite ya Kkooti y’Amerika

Olukiiko olukola ku tteeka lifuga demokulase, olw'okutaputa amateeka, olw'okugonjoola enkaayana era n'okukakasa nti obwenkanya bukolebwa bulungi. mu Amerika, enkola ya kkooti zitegekeddwa mu ngeri za njawulo, era nga zirimu kkooti z'ensi n'ez'ensi, nga buli emu erina obuyinza n'obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo. Okutegeera enkola eno kisinga okugobererwa mu buli muntu asoma amateeka, ebyafaayo, oba obufuzi, ng'ekola ku ngeri amateeka gye gagoolekebwamu era n'engeri eddembe ly'enkolamu.

Ekiragiro kya Amereka kisalawo olukiiko lw'etteeka wansi w'Akakiiko III, ate kkooti z'eggwanga ne zifuna obuyinza okuva mu ssemateeka n'amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti ensonga ezisinga obungi zikolebwako ku mulembe gwa gavumenti, naye ensonga ezizingiramu amateeka g'eggwanga, n'ebibuuzo ebizingirwamu, oba enkaayana ezikwata ku gavumenti zireetebwawo wansi w'amateeka. Ekivaamu kiba kika kya kkooti enjereere naye nga kikwatagana bulungi mu ngeri esobozesa okutabagana n'eggwanga.

Ebyafaayo Bya kkooti mu Amerika

Kkooti eyo teyafuuka nkola mu bujjuvu; yatandikira ku bulombolombo obwa bulijjo obwa Bangereza n'ebyo ebyakolebwanga mu matwale ga gavumenti ga gavumenti. Oluvannyuma lw'obwetwaze, akakiiko akaawereza emyaka 1789 kaatandikawo kkooti enkulu, nga mw'otwalidde kkooti enkulu ez'ebitundu, ne kkooti z'ekitundu.

Wadde nga kkooti z'ensi zaakulaakulanyizibwa nga zigoberera enkola y'emu, nga ziraga ebyetaago by'ebbeetu n'eby'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ezimu zaateekawo kkooti ez'enjawulo ezikkiriza okubaamu ebiwandiiko byonna, ate endala ne zigagatta wamu ne kkooti z'amateeka. Leero, buli ggwanga ly'ensi erimu kkooti zaayo enkulu, kkooti ez'ebiro, era ne kkooti ezikomyawo zikola ku buyinza obwa bulijjo, awamu ne kkooti nnyingi ezisala emisango.

Ebika bya kkooti: Okusasika Obuwaabi

Kkooti Eziwozesa: Omusango Ogwali Gubagwa Busimba

Buli ssaza lifuna obujulizi, liwuliriza abajulizi, era ne likakasa ensonga.

Kkooti z'ensi zikozesa amannya aga njawulo.[1] Naye buli mulamuzi akola omulimu gwe gumu. Buli mulamuzi akola ku nsonga za gavumenti zombi. Ensobi z'asaze, enjawukana mu maka, amateeka g'ab'omu maka, n'emisango gye bawawaanyisa (okuva ku nsobi ez'amaanyi okutuuka ku misango). Amasaza agamu era galina okugaba n'enjawukana ez'enjawulo mu kusalira emisango gy'omu probate, abaana oba obusaze.

Kkooti z’Okuwozesa z’Enjawulo ez’Enjawulo

Mu kkooti ez'okuwozesa, amatwale mangi gasimbyewo kkooti ez'enjawulo okulongoosaamu mu ngeri entegeke obulungi era n’obukugu:

  • [[Akabonero:0] Kkooti eziba ziwayidwa: zifuga emisango gyonna egiba giwangiddwa wansi w'amateeka g'eggwanga nga mw'otwalidde Essuula 7, 11, ne 13. Programu egoberera enkola ya Amereka egoberera enkola y'okugwa ku obwetaavu.
  • [[AK'AKATANDIKA]] Kkooti ezitwala obutuuti:[[AK'AKATANDIKWA] Zikoma ku kusanga enkaayana wakati w'abasolooza emisolo n'Ebizimbe ebikolebwa mu nzirukanya ya munda mu Nnono (BY'ENAMBA) nga tebannasasula obungi bw'emisolo.
  • [[Akabonero:0] GGOPUVENEL [[[FULT:1] Ssomero ku baana abavunaanibwa obwavunyisibwa oba abeetaaga okulabirirwa, nga bassira ku kulongoosa embeera mu kifo ky'okubonereza.
  • [[Akawuti:0] Kkooti ez'Obulamu eza Mata:[[NKULU]] abantu balwala obulwadde bw'obwongo okuva ku nkola y'amateeka okusobozesa programu ez'obujjanjabi.
  • [[Akawulu:0]] Kkooti ezikozesa ebiragalalagala: Ziwa amagezi mu kifo eky'okusiba abanyazi b'amalagala awatali bikolwa eby'ettemu, nga zirimu n'okukujjanjaba okujjanjaba.

Kkooti Ezisalibwako: Okwejjukanya Ebiwandiiko

Kkooti za Amerika zikozesa obujulizi obupya okusobola okuzuula obanga ensobi ezaali ziyinza okugootaanya ekyo kye zibadde zigenda okukola. Kkooti z'apiira mu Amerika, zigabanyizidwamu ebitundu 13 mu disitulikiti ez'ebitundu (Enkuŋŋaana ez'ekika, D.C. Ekitundu, ne Federal translation). Kkooti ezimu zirina kkooti emu ey'okujulira, so ng'ate zombi nga California ne Texas erimu essaawawera.

Obujulizi tebumala gakolebwa mu kongo ezisinga obungi. Akakiiko akafiirwa kalina okuwandika ebigambo ebitegeeza ensonga lwaki kkooti ekoze ensobi. Abalamuzi abasatu --reesoodootas', bayinza okuwulira ebigambo ebijuliziddwa, oluvannyuma ne babiwandiikemu endowooza. Ebiyinza okubaamu nga bino:

  • Obutuufu bw'ekitongole ekiwozesezza omusango bulaga nti obutuufu bw'ekika kya [[Akabonero] Sekasa okw'okuwozesebwa bulaga nti owagira ekyo kkooti ky'ekolawo.
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Okusalako ekkusike eri:[[Akawayiro:1] Kukyusa ku kusalawo.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Era '[[Act:1] Kino kisindika omusango nga gukomezeddwawo mu kkooti ejulizibwamu ebiba bijuliziddwa ebituukana n'endowooza ya Appellate'.
  • [[Akabonero:0][[AK'AWULA] [[Akabonero:1] Ziba nga zikola mu kusala omusango.

Engeri Ebintu Gye Bikolebwamu

Tekiri nti buli kkooti egezaako okukomyawo okukomyawo obuwambe obw'okusalako emisango ewandikibwa oba okugagoberera. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebiwandiiko bya mateeka byekenneenyezebwa devo (mupya). Ekitegeeza kkooti enoonya ebya datawandikibwa tekikkirizibwa ku nnyinyonnyonnyonnyola. Okuzuula ku nsonga kukolebwako ku [[[FLT:]2]] kukolebwako ensobi enfunze [, ekisinziirwako nga ekipimo eky'omutindo eky'ennono. Bye kisalawo, nga bwe kiba nga kikkiriza obujulizi obumu, tekiddamu bujulizibwa mu ku nteeko y'akawvugizi. [[FLT:]]

Kkooti Ezisinga Obukulu: Obuyinza Obusembayo

Kkooti enkulu ziri ku mitendera gyombi egy'omulembe n'egw'omulembe. U.S. Court ye kkooti esingayo obukulu mu nsi, nga erimu abalamuzi mwenda abatuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa obw'obulamu bwabwe bwonna. Enkola ya okusooka mu mitendera gy'obutono (eg. g., empalana wakati w'amasaza) naye nga esalawo ku buli nsonga ezifuga, eyinza okusalirwawo mu kkooti zonna eza wansi mu nsi.

Ebyo bye basalawo bikomye okuggyako nga bizingiramu ekibuuzo ekyandibadde kijulirwa mu kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika. Kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika ziba ttaano ku mwenda, nga zilondebwa okusinziira ku nkola y'eggwanga.

Ebikolerwa mu Kkooti: Nga Tofunye Nsonga

Kkooti zikolera wamu mu ngeri nnyingi ezikakasa amateeka n'entegeka ennungi mu bantu.

  • [[AKMENT:0] Ekisale ky'amateeka kissaawo enkola eya bulijjo, etali ya bwenkanya mu kkooti. Singa tewaba kkooti, obutuuti bulina okwekolera olukusa oba okugonjoolerawo obubenje, ekiviirako okutabanguyi n'okutabanguko.
  • [[NKUMBO]] Okutongoza Amateeka:[[KATANDIKWA:1] Amateeka n'ebiragiro bitera okubunyisibwa. Kkooti ziyamba okutangaaza amakulu gaabyo nga ziyisa n'okugoberera enkola zaazo. Omulimu guno guwa obulamu ebiwandiiko bya mateeka ebitategeerekeka.
  • [[NKULULA] Obukuumi mu Kkooti ezigibwa ku kika kya ntegeka za bantu kinnoomu:[ Kkooti ezisookerwako ku ddembe erya ggyple. Zoobergell v. Hodges[FLT]][FLT]]BN v. Ekiragiro kya za kooti eyigiriza [54]] ne
  • [[NKK:0] Prevenments Okussaawo [[FOLT:1]Ssoosa okw'omu kkooti enkulu kuteekwa okugoberera ebisalibwa abalamuzi aba bulijjo. Enjigiriza eno eya sstare decisis[ ekakasa nti amateeka tegakyukakyuka era nti galagubwa. Kkooti esinga obukulu bw'eba nga efuga amateeka ke gafuga, efuga enkola ne bye gasalawo.
  • [[NKULU]] Ssemasaza eritwala obutereevu obutereevu obutereevu obukozesa amateeka, obusobozi obuwaabi ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu, n'emitindo egigobererwa mu nsonga z'amateeka, era n'engeri gye kiyinza okugobererwamu.
  • [[NKULA]] Abalamuzi abafuga:[ Kino kyejjukanya ebikolwa by'ebitongole ebifuga okusobola okukakasa nti binywerera ku buyinza bwabyo era n'okugoberera enkola yaabyo. Kino kimanyiddwa nga okulambula enkola y'ebitongole, ekiwandiikibwa ku buyinza bwa bannakyewa.

Engeri Abalamuzi gye Batulugunyamu n’Ebirowoozo

Abalamuzi: Abalina kye basalawo

Abalamuzi be bavunaanyizibwa ku nkola y'embaga ya kkooti. Abalamuzi abo bafuga kkooti, bafuga amateeka agakwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka, bayigiriza abalamuzi, era ne bwe balamula abalambuzi (mu kkooti ezitabaamu abalamuzi) nga basala omusango. Abalamuzi abafuga akakiiko akafuzi batongozebwa Prezidenti era bakakasibwa kkooti, era abalondebwa obulamu bwabwe bwonna okusobola okukakasa nti obwetwaze. Abalamuzi mu gavumenti bayinza okulondebwa, oba okulondebwa nga bayitira mu nkola ez'okulonda ebituufu.

Abalamuzi era balina okubaako kye bakolawo mu kusalira omusango abawaayirizibwa.

Obuvunaanyizibwa Obukulu obw’Abalamuzi

  • Abatwala obukulembeze mu kugezesebwa ne mu kuwulira
  • Okufuga kutuukiriza omukolo ogutali gumu (lung., kutuukiriza butuukiriza mu bufunze)
  • Okuddukanya kalenda y’emisango n’okuwozesa emisango
  • nga balagira bannamateeka bagoberere amateeka
  • Okutuusa ebiragiro mu mateeka eri abalamuzi
  • Bw'obaako ky'owandiika mu mbeera gy'ogudde

Eddoboozi ly’Abasibe:

Ekiwandiiko ky’Olukiiko olw’Edda eky’Okusalirako Omusango kikakasa nti omuntu alina okutongozebwa mu kkooti ng’ekibonerezo kisukka mu myezi mukaaga.Esperation (Etteeka ery’Okusa Obutuukirivu) likuuma eddembe ly’abo abasalira omusango mu kkooti nga ssente ezo zisukka mu doola 20 (R2), wadde ng’ensi ziyinza okuba n’emisango egy’enjawulo.

Waliwo amacanja ga mirundi ebiri:

  • [[NKULU:0] Grand Braam Juries: era Ewakolebwa abatuuze 16-23, bawulira obujulizi obuweebwa abo abawaabi ku ludda lwe bawaabi okuzuula obanga waliwo ensonga eziyinza okuvunaanibwa olw'ekibi eky'amaanyi. Ekiragiro bwe kituuka ku musango, tekirema musango; bo bokka be basalawo oba bavunaana oba bavunaana oba bavunaanibwa. Ebibakwata byabwe bya kya kyama.
  • [[NKULA] Ekiragiro ekitegeeza nti: mu mbeera zino, abantu bawulira obujulizi nga boozesezza omusango. Mu misango egisalibwawo, ekibonerezo kirina kusalibwamu (mu kkooti y'ensi yonna ne mu bitundu ebirala). Mu buli nsonga z'abantu tekyetaagisa kufuga, tekyetaagisa kufuga ngeri eyo; amawanga agamu gakkiriza obuwagizi obw'amaanyi.

Juries asalawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka, abalamuzi basala emisango ku nsonga z'amateeka. Kyokka, abalamuzi tebakolera bujulizi bunnabwe obwa bulijjo obuba bubaweereddwa.=bakobamasawo bakolera ku mateeka nga bwe bategese nga banoonya obujulizi. Amagezi ag'okuleka abantu okwenyigira butereevu mu kugaana omulimu gatenderezebwa ng'obukuumi eri gavumenti efeebeezezza obukyamu era ng'engeri y'okuyigirizaamu abantu bonna ku bwenkanya.

Okusinziira ku Kkooti za gavumenti: Enjawulo Enkulu

Enkola y'amateeka egabanyizaamu ebitundu bibiri: abamenyi b'amateeka n'abakungu ba gavumenti.

Kkooti z’Abamenyi b’Amateeka

Kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka zisala emisango gavumenti gye evunaana omuntu omu oba ekibiina ekimenye etteeka eriyinza okumubonereza, gamba ng'okusibibwa mu kkomera, okusalirwa omusango, okusalibwa obwewaze oba okufa. Omugugu ogw'obukakafu guba gusingira wala okubuusabuusa, omutindo ogusingayo obulungi mu mateeka. Abalina etteeka ekkulu guzingiramu omuwaabi (ng'akiikirira gavumenti), omuwaabi, omuwoze, oba omuwaabi.

Emisango gy'akolebwa mu mitendera: okukwatibwa, okulabika okusooka, okuwulira ebbaasa, okuyingiza obujulizi oba okusala omusango mu maaso, okuzuula, okusala emisango, okusala emisango, okusala emisango, n'okujulira.

Kkooti za Banamu

Kkooti ezifuga ebiwaatiro bya gavumenti zigonjoola obutakaanya wakati w'ebiwayirizo, ebitongole bya gavumenti, nga(w'ewawandiikiddwa) w'anoonya eddagala eriyinza okugonjoola ebizibu by'ebyuma (nga ssente oba ebisaze) mu kifo ky'okubonereza abamenyi b'amateeka. Omugugu ogw'obujulizi buba obujulizi obutuufu bulaga nti obutuufu bukyali[ (kirabika nga kiyinza okuba nga kitwaliramu enkaayaso, ebiva mu bintu ebibye ku muntu kinnoomu, obutakkaanya, amateeka g'amaka, n'okusosola mu mirimu.

Emisango egiba gisaliddwamu era gizingiramu ebipimo gamba ng'okusawo ensonga, eky'okuddamu ky'omuwawaabirwa, okuzuula (nga mw'otwalidde ekiwandiiko n'ebiwandiiko), okusala emisango, okusala emisango, n'okujulira. Emisango mingi gisalwawo nga teginnawozesebwa, nga bategeeza oba nga bayisa ebiwandiiko. Kkooti zikubiriza nnyo abo abawaaze ensonga okusala ku nsonga mu ngeri endala okukendeeza ku byuma n'ebbanja.

Kkooti y'omulembereza

Okutegeera kkooti gye zifuga ensonga emu kikulu nnyo. Kkooti ezikola ku nsonga emu ziriko obuyinza butono: zisobola okuwulira obujulizi obujjawo wansi w'amateeka ga gavumenti ( obufuga ekiragiro eky'okubuuza ) oba obukolobero obusobozesa ebiwambe okuba ebiva mu bitundu eby'enjawulo era n'eb'eb'eb'ensonga ezisingako obusukka $75,000 ( amateeka ga gavumenti.). Kkooti z'ensi zirina amateeka galina amateeka agafuga obutundu. Kino kitegeeza nti ensonga ez'omu mateeka ezisinga obungi teziikiikiikiikiikiikirirwa mu kkooti z'omulembezo (oba nga , ebimenyamenya amateeka, ebimenyeddwa abaamidde abakungu banna gavumenti, abamenyi b'emisango) ziyisibwa mu kkooti z'amateeka.

Obumu ku bwo buzingiramu gavumenti n'ebitundu ebigifuga. Ekyo bwe kibaawo, ensonga ziyinza okusazibwa mu kkooti emu, oba kkooti ya gavumenti eyinza okukozesa obutongole obw'ennamba mu mateeka mu mateeka. Obubonero obwo businga bubaamu buwalibwa nga buvudde ku bujulizi bwe bumu. Oba, omusango guyinza okusalibwawo okuva mu kkooti y'eggwanga okudda ku lukiiko olukulu singa omuwayirizo aba ataddewo olukalala olumu.

Emisango egy’Ekitalo Egyakyusa Enkola ya Kkooti

Ebyo ebisaliddwawo kkooti enkulu nnyingi binnyonnyola engeri enkola ya kkooti z’Amerika n’omulimu gwazo:

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[AK'AWULA]] Marbury v (1803): Yateekawo omusingi ogw'okulambula, okuwa kkooti obuyinza okuyisa amateeka agatakkrizibwa.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[:1] Mcloch v. Maryland[[KATANDIKWA:2] (119): Kitumbula obuyinza obw'ensi n'obuyinza obwateeberezebwa obw'empewo.
  • [[AWULA:0][[FLT]][.Obrown v. Boodi ey'Essomero (1954): Kino kiraga amaanyi g'enjawukana mu masomero ga gavumenti okusobozesa enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'abantu.
  • [[AWULA:0][[AK'AMU]] Miranda v (1966): Kyali kyetaagisa okuyisa obukwasi bw'amateeka okusobola okumanyisa abo abakeberebwa eddembe lyabwe, nga n'okukyusa enkola za poliisi n'emisango.

Ebyo bye tulabye biraga engeri kkooti gye zigonjoolamu obutakkaanya era n’engeri ensonga gye zikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka.

Kkooti n’Amateeka: Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Kkooti zikola ku nsonga ezikwata ku bannabyabufuzi, era ziwa obukakafu ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu. Abasirikale banoonyereza ku misango, bakuŋŋaanya obujulizi, ne bakwata abantu; ate enkiiko ne zisalawo obanga okukwatibwa okwo kwakkirizibwa mu mateeka, oba nga wayinza okukozesebwa obujulizi oba nedda, era oba nga abawaayiirwa bavunaanibwa omusango.

Ate era, abantu abamu abagamba nti poliisi yamenya eddembe lyabwe, mu kkooti y'amateeka wansi wa 42 U.S.C. 1983, nga banoonya ebisasiddwa era nga bakolera wamu n'ab'obuyinza okusobola okukakasa nti amateeka gakolebwa.

Obukulu bwa Kkooti mu Kibiina Kyaffe

Enkola ya kooti yeetaagisa nnyo mu nkola demokulase. Kkooti zisobola okusobozesa etteeka okugobererwa, abantu ne baba n'ekifo eky'okunoonya obuweerero mu nsonga, era singa tewabaawo kkooti, amateeka tegandibadde na makulu; eddembe lya mu mateeka lyandibadde ku mpapula nyingi. Era kkooti zikola nga butebenkevu mu bizibu by'obufuzi, nga bwe kirabibwa mu kulonda (g.]BY'B. Gore], era ne mu ngeri y'okusoomooza omukunguzi.

Ate era, kkooti zikubiriza okutandikawo eby'enfuna nga zikakasa endagaano, zikuuma eddembe ly'eby'obugagga, era nga ziwa abajulizi ebiba bitegese.

Ku kigendererwa ky'okuyigiriza, eby'obugagga nga mu kifo kino, endagiriro za mukutu ziwa kalonda yenna akwata ku lukusa olw'eby'enjigiriza, ate nga Legiontion Institute[ mu kkolero lya Cornell Law school ennyonnyola enkuko ez'amateeka. Abayizi bayinza okukebera ebifa ku nkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo okuyitira mu projective project [[[[[FLT:]]]Oyez'ez'ekkolero ku Kakolo y'amateeka, ewandikiro n'ewandikiro.

fundikira

Kkooti za Amerika zikola mu ngeri nnyingi era nga zituukiriza emitindo gyazo, zikuuma eddembe lya mateeka, era zigoberera emitindo gy'amateeka. Okuva ku kkooti ezisala emisango gye zisooka okukakasibwa ku Kkooti Esingirayo ddala Obukulu essaawo ekigoberezo, buli mukolo gulina ekifo kikulu nnyo. Okutegeera ebika bya kkooti, emirimu gyagwo, n'okukolagana wakati w'omulembe gwa gavumenti, kyetaagisa omuyizi yenna ow'amateeka, ebyafaayo, oba gavumenti.