Okutaputa Obulombolombo: Njigiriza y’Ekisendebwa eky’Obufirosoofo

Enjigiriza eyo bufirosoofo bwa mateeka obukwata ku makulu g'empandiika y'amateeka era nga bufumi obwateekebwawo mu kiseera nga yateekebwawo. Mu kifo ky'okuyisa ekiwandiiko ng'ekyuma ekiyinza okuggyayo emitindo gy'ebiwangwa, abannasayansi ab'edda bagamba nti abalamuzi basaanidde okunnyonnyola Constitution okusinziira ku makulu gaalyo okusooka. Okumanya nti omuntu omutegeevu yandiyitiddwa mu kiseera lwe yateekebwawo. Enkola eno efuuse amaanyi agasookebwako mu kukyusa eddembe lya bantu, era n'ebiwandiiko ebisingirwa mu ddembe ery'okwemalirira ku ddembe ery'okwemalirira okufuga, era n'okusiikumira mu ku kutegeera ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku byafaayo. Empandikiro ezisingako ziyinza okuwanirira eddembe lya bantu, zombi ziyinza okusobozesa eddembe erisingako, nga zombi ziziyiza eddembe erina okumanyibwa mu n'enkola enfumo empya ez'enna ku ku ku kutegeera ebyafaayo ebippya.

Okukaayana ku bikwata ku kutandikirawo kw'eddiini tekukwata buyigirize obwa bulijjo. Kkooti ziwa kayisa nti enkola eyo zisobola okusobozesa abalamuzi obutasoma mateeka gaabwe mu Mateeka. Abanoonyereza ku nsonga nti enjigiriza z'eddiini n'ez'obulimba bisobola okugootaanya eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, naye era zireme okumanyibwa nti enzikiriza ya kkomo eriwa abantu kinnoomu eyinza okuba enjereere, n'okulemererwa okumanyisa oba okuba nedda mu kukulaakulana kw'enkolagana ne bantu. N'ensonga eyo, endowooza nti, enjigiriza y'okutandikira ku mateeka ga Katonda efuuse ekikobera olukulembezo mu kkooti enkulu ewandikiddwawo, era n'ey'obugunjufu bw'emiti zikola mu kukulaakulana kw'eddembe lya bantu, kyetaago kya mugaso eri omuntu yenna ayagaliza mu kiseera ekyamadda mu Amereka.

Ensibuko y’Endowooza ey’Ekitabo

Enjigiriza eyo yasibuka mu myaka gya Amakumi abiri emabega, naye emisingi gyayo egy'amagezi gyava mu kusibuka. Abalamuzi ab'omu kkooti ey'oku ntikkoodwa ennyo, gamba nga Omukulu w'Olukiiko John Marshall, baasabanga abakulembeze okutaputa ekigendererwa kya dipulooma nga bawakanya amateeka. Mu 1970 ne 1980, kkooti bwe yagaziyizanga eddembe lya Warren ne Burge Courts, abakugu mu by'amateeka nga Robert Bork ne Anton Scalia, baak'ensonga enfunze mu ngeri entegeke obulungi okusiikiriza okukkiriza kwe baalina okuwakanya ekyo kye balaba nga kikolwa eky'okusalamu. Scalia, naddala mu ngeri gye baawagiramu eddembe eri'okumanyibwa mu n'okunoonyereza. [[FLTLD:1] [FLT:], nga bawakanya ensonga ezikwata ku ngeri gye baddisikirizibwamu mu ngeri y'okunnyonnyola mu ngeri y'enkola mu n'enkola y'ensuubuzi ez'edda.

Amakulu Agali mu Lubereberye

Ebisengeke ebibiri ebikulu eby'enjigiriza eyo ebyasooka, kwe kugamba, ekigendererwa n'amakulu ebyasooka, biba bya njawulo. Mu kusooka ekigendererwa kyabyo kitunuulira ebigendererwa n'enzikiriza za baFramers. Omulamuzi bw'aba atuukiriza ekigendererwa kye ekyasooka ayinza kubuuza: Kiki James Madison kye yalowooza ku mutemwa ogw'okubiri? Wabula, amakulu agasooka gabuuza engeri omutuuze owa bulijjo mu 1791 gye yanditegeddemu eddembe okusigamya n'okusitula emikono. [FL:][2]

Ebibuuzo bino si bya buyigirize. Bannamateeka bwe bawa endowooza zaabwe ku ddembe ly'abantu, omuntu ayinza okunoonyereza ku ngeri gye yandyerowoozaamu “eddembe ery'okwogera” mu 1791, nga kino kizingiramu n'obukuumi mu kwefuga naye ne kisobozesa omuntu okubonerezebwa olw'okujeemya gavumenti. Omuntu atali mu nsigalira y'enzikiriza ye, ayinza okussaako essira ku kigendererwa eky'okulaga eddembe mu bantu mu nfuga ya demokulase oba eky'okunnyonnyola enfuga. Omuntu bw'asalawo okunnyonnyola engeri ez'okunnyonnyola enfugamufumo, ayinza okuzuula ebiva mu ku ku kusalawo oba ku nkola eya tekinologiya empya ey'okumenya amateeka.

Endowooza y’Obwannaddiini ku Buzibu bw’Ekibiina Ekiri mu Kibiina

Enjigiriza ey'okutaasa y'enzikiriza kiviiriddeko etteeka ery'okwekwasa eddembe ly'abantu mu ngeri ezimanyiddwa era ezeewuunyisa. Wadde nga kitera okukwataganyizibwa n'ebiva mu buteebereze, gamba ng'okukendeeza ku kuggyamu embuto oba okugaziya eddembe ery'emmundu, era era ekozesebwa okulaga nti omuntu asobola okuba n'obukuumi obw'amaanyi olw'eddembe ly'okusinza, n'enkwaso . Ebyokulabirako bino wammanga biraga ekifo ekya mu kukolebwa kw'amateeka agabawa eddembe ly'abantu.

Eddembe ly’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga n’Enkola Empya Eyasooka

Nga terinnassaawo kkooti enkulu mu by'enfuna, kkooti enkulu yakolanga ebiragiro nga yeetaaza okutegeerera ddala ekigendererwa eky'enkola ya Century Claus ne Claus Claus. Lochner v. New York [1950], kkooti yakkiriza nti etteeka eryawula etteeka erikugira ebiseera by'omulimu okufumba emigaso, lyamenya endagaano eyakolebwa mu ngeri eya 1450 Exmentics Amerekance. Wadde nga tewalinamu butereevu ngeri y'okugikomyawo, kkooti yeesigamyawo endowooza ekwata ku by'obusuubuzi. [mumumumumumumuteennyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyo] Colton:[3] era ekitongole ekiwandikiro mu ngeri y'okugikomya ekitongole ekipya ekiwanduunyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyizza mu ngeri y'okumanyisaamu omulala ennyo: [F.5]

Eddembe ly’Omunnyo n’Emitemezo Egiri ku Kubiri

Tewali kifo kya ddembe ly'abantu kiyingiziddwa butereevu n'enkyukakyuka ey'okubiri. Mu myaka nga, okulongoosebwa kwamanyibwa nnyo okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu abali ku buwangwa obugendera ku nkola za bannaakyewa. Naye, okunoonyereza okw'omu mateeka, naddala kwa profesa Sanford[FLN][FON][1] era oluvannyuma ne kukolebwa [[FLT:] ne [magw'amateeka gamu:] Leino [[FLT]] era ne "E] Enkyukakyuka y'ensonga eggumigasaawo [[FF], gye yagamba nti amakulu gamu ku bantu abaasooka awatali ku lukalala, gye gagamba nti, okusobola okuziringala n'okuzirinziko n'okukulembedde mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'enjawulo. [Ebuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvu:]

Eddembe ly’Okuzaala n’Emmeesa ey’Ekkumi n’Ennamu

[Ekiwandiiko /FU:] Mu ngeri eyo, kkooti ewa olukalala lw'amateeka okuggyamu eyoleka enjawulo ey'amaanyi wakati w'okuggyamu empandika eya kisibo ne 'grainst'. Rwoevv.[FLT]][73]], kkooti yazuula olukalala lw'amateeka olukwata ku ku kuggyamu etteeka erya ntegeka ya Cestemmastement Clausce(a] olw'obuyinza obutayogerwako butereevu mu nnyiriri. [FF] Kino kyava mu ngeri nti, endowooza y'ensonga eyo tekkirizibwa ku nsonga ezisooka, n'eyo ereetebwamu n'ey'ensonga ez'omulembedde, yagobewa [FFON] ng'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'okunoonyereza okw'okunoonyereza okw'eby'ebyafaayo. [F3]

Obulungi bw’Okwogera n’Ennyanja Enpya

Era, oluwandika lwako lwakyusa enjigiriza ey'eddembe ery'okwogera, naddala mu mbeera ezizingiramu okwogera ku Intanethi oba eby'enkumbula endala. Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997), kkooti yakuba olukalala lw'Empuliziganya z'okutegeeza okuteeyuuka kw'amakubo, naye okusala emisango kwewalibwa okw'enkyukakyuka olw'okuba abalabi baakirizza enzivubuvu mu nkyukakyuka ez'ennono kubanga abakozi baakirinnyinyi baabadde tebayinza kusuubira kkomo lya kkopi. Ebbookireetera ebyaddirira Pakingham v. [Foctive:].[FLTrectham]v][Foctive:] [Foctive] [207], baategeera enkola y'ebyumauma zza ku nkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola ya waggulu, eyinza okusobozesa okumanyisa okumanyisa okumanyisa okwawukana mu ngeri ey'enkola mu ngeri

Okusookera Ddala mu Kibiina Ekigabanyizibwamu

Nga wayiseewo emyaka mingi, enkola ey'okugoberera amateeka mu bifo ebimu, erina kye yakola ku ntegeka z'ebibiina ebikola ku ddembe ly'abantu, ebiteerekebwa mu mateeka, n'enkola ey'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo. Ekibinja kya American Civil Liberations Union (ACLU), ekikwataganyizibwa n'okugoberera amateeka amakampuku, mu myaka egyakayita kikozesezza ebiwandiiko ebyasooka mu bitundu ebimu, gamba ng'okutegeeza eddembe ery'okwogera ku ttendekero lya yunifomu n'okuzza emisango ku nsonga z'eby'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ACLU akiyisizza nti amakulu g'okugoba tegakkiriza okutta abaana abato n'obuteebbeeyambivu n'ensonga ez'amaanyi. Mu ngeri y'emu, ekitongole Cato Institute and Institute for Justicesment kitera okukozesa enkola ey'okwefunira eddembe lyayo mu by'eby'eby'eby'enfuna. Okukyusa kwalulu kwalina amakulu g'amateeka era n'ebyothethethethethethethethethe n'eby’eby’eby’obufuzi.

Eddembe ly’Eddiini n’amakulu Agasooka ag’Okukozesa Eddembe

Free Exespection defir ya 'Four Reconsoled' kye ky'ekiwandikiro okutaasa enkola eyo. Employment v. Smith (1990), Omulamuzi Scalia yakkiriza nti amateeka agafuga tegakontana na nkola ya ffreece desicurence Claus, ne bwe gasiikiriza enkola y'eddiini. Scalia kimukakasizza okunoonyereza mu ntegeera nti abakulembeze b'eddiini tebayinza kugaana mateeka aga bulijjo. Ekyo kyasalawo kyaleetera ekiragiro okusala oludda oludda oludda, era ne kiba nga Congresssssssss Religictive Active Active Active Activeract [FF] ku nsonga y'ebyevunna ez'eddiini. [FF4] Kino kisobozesa okubuunika obujulizivuzi ng'omulala:[F] naye nga mu buwayinzivu bw'obujulizi obwa bulijjo okusobozesa okubuvuunula akadda mu n'obuvuzivuzivuzivuzivuzi

Obusobozi bw’Okufuna Eddembe mu Butaputa

Wadde ng'obuwagizi obw'okusiiga obukyamu bwalina kye bukola, abakugu n'abayivu abamu bagamba nti enjigiriza eyo esobola okukozesebwa okulaga nti obusosoze buliwo ddala mu byafaayo. Amakulu g'amateeka agasooka gaakuuma obuddu, gaaleka obuddu obw'ekika ekimu, era gagaana abakazi okulonda ab'enjawulo mu langi. Abawagizi bakkirizisa nti enkyukakyuka gamba ng'obubonero obwa 14 oba 19 zikyuse amakulu agaasooka mu nteekateeka ezo, era nti enjigiriza eyo terina bukakafu bulaga nti Ebyawandiikibwa bye byasooka biwandikidde omusingi mu ngeri etali bwenkanya. Naye okusoosa obukyamu obufuga ennizo ku mateeka ga Kitategeeza nti, enjigiriza y'ekika kya waggulu esobola okukyusa amakulu agamu ku bantu abangi ennyo mu n'abantu aba bulijjo.

Enjigiriza z’Ekikujju

Ng'ekyokulabirako, bannabyafaayo bangi bayinza okusoma obujulizi bwe bumu era ne batuuka ku makulu gennyini ku makulu gennyini. Heller, ng'ekyokulabirako, Omulamuzi Stevens agamba nti, okuwakanya kw'edda kwaleetera endowooza y'eby'obufuzi okulaga nti empandika n'enkyukakyuka, so si nti obuwandiikibwa obwa Scalia obutuufu. Kyokka, endowooza nti enjigiriza za Scalia ziwandiika ekigendererwa, enkola ey'obutabaako ludda lwe zirina kye zikola, teriimu n'enkola ya kkomo. Abalamuzi batera okukkenneenya ebyafaayo okusobola okutuuka ku ebyo bye baasinziirako nga tebannabaawo. Kino kiviiriddeko abamu okuyita endowooza y'enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi ebyasooka. Kyokka, abanoonyereza ku ebyo ebibaamanyibwa mu byafaayo bawakanya enjigiriza ez'enfunze, era ne mu ngeri ennungi ezibaamu.

Enkyukakyuka mu Kintu n’Endowooza y’Abantu

Eddembe liba lirina ekigendererwa eky'okukuuma abantu abatayagala kujoolebwa. Abavumirira endowooza nti, okutandikira ku nnukuta, nga n'okutunuulira emabega, kiyinza okulemererwa okukuuma eddembe eribaawo ng'obufumbo obw'ekikula, oba obwannannyini ku mikutu gya kompyuta. -fell v. Hodges[[FLT]] [2015], Court ekkirizibwa mu ngeri y'emu nga mu nkola y'emu ne mu ngeri nti Kiwandiiko kya Classione esobola okutaase Estem ne Literations, naye Justice Scalialia yawakanya nti tewali na kimu mu makulu ga ku ntandikwa ey'okumanyibwa kwa Kkommerezebwa ak'okumanyibwa kwa Kkommermy. Abasinga obungi, baayinja mu ngeri eyo ey'okunoonyereza kugibadde basuubira nti obufumbo obusingako. Era, okuwakanya enkola eyo ey'okugooleka obutuufu, tekiyinza okumanyisaamu okuba nga kiwanira ddala mu mateeka amatuufu.

Okuddawo: Enjigiriza n’Ekiwandiiko Ekyasooka era ne Kkooti Esingayo Obukulu ey’Omu Kiseera Kino

Leero, enjigiriza egamba nti Katonda yasooka okulonda ebifa ku kkooti ey'oku ntikko. Mukaaga ku myanya omwenda abalamuzi abasala emisango.[1] Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gormoth, Brett Kavatugh, Amy Coney Barrett, ne John Roberts, baakyolezza ebipimo eby'enjawulo eby'okweyamateeka mu kkooti. Ebyo kkooti bye yasala mu [[FORT:][FLT], era era n'ebyo ebireetebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, biteekwa okutendereza ekiwandiiko. [FLT] Ekiwandiiko kino kijja kusobozesa okukebera ebitongole ebireetebwamu ebiva mu byafaayo. Era ebinoonyereze eby'ebimu ebitongole ebireeteesa eby'omulembe. Bino biraga nti, nga kati ebitongole byayo ebitongole byayokeeresebwa mu ggwanga ebitali byayomu ebinene bisobola okukebera omula envubirira mu n'envubiro mu n'ebimu.[FFFFB:][7][FT]

Okulwanirira Omuzizo gw’Obuntu n’Okuteebwa mu Kkooti Eza Wansi

Wadde nga wabaddewo kkooti enkulu ey'omu Chicago, enkola ey'okussaawo ekozesebwa abalamuzi ab'ekitongole ekikulu ennyo. Bangi babadde bannassaabalamuzi ab'ekika kya stcal. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti ez'ebukiikaddyo ze zeesigazza ku masomero g'amateeka nga Harvard, Yale, oba Yunivasite ya Chicago. Kino kivuddemu okukubya ebiragiro ebisoomooza, amateeka agakwata ku nkula y'obutonde, n'ebitongole by'eby'abantu ku bifo ebya bulijjo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti nnyingi eza wansi zesigalizza ku Bruen okukuba ebiteeteeka ku nzirego z'eby'ebyuma mu bifo ebitwalibwamu, gamba ng'ebitebe by'obutebenkere n'ebitebe by'amatabi bya gavumenti. Abalamuzi abamu babadde bagoberera enkola y'obuyinza mu buyinza obw'ennyago, nga bakyungi bwe bazza obukulembeze mu nsonga ezitali za bannago. Ganyakulu n'okuzza obutongole by'amatabi.

Ebintu Ebirala Bye Biyinza Okutuyamba Okunoonyereza

Abasomi abaagala okukka wansi mu mazzi bayinza okulaba nga obuyambi buno busobola okubayamba:

  • [[AK'AKAKOLA] Ekitebe eky'Enviro Ekiragiro ekifuga enzivvuunuzi y'amateeka agafuga enkyusa ya yo, kiwa enkyuukanyo eza bulijjo ku buli tteeka lyonna erikkirizibwa mu mateeka n'eryasooka.[[AK'AWULA]] Ekiragiro ekifuga amateeka
  • [[AGUMENTI:0]]Oyez.org[[KATANDIKWA:1] awa emboozi ezimala okukolebwa, n'enkumbo ezimenyedwamu, nga mwe muli n'ezo ezimenyedwako: [[[KITABO:2]Oyez[
  • Pulofeesa w'amateeka Randy Barnett Akatabo Akkiriza okussawo Amateeka agaabula: Enjigiriza ey'eddembe[ ewagibwa ku njigiriza y'ekiwandikiro ekwata ku ddembe ly'abantu: Princeton University Prence[].
  • [[Act:0][[Act:1] Kino kireetera obutabo obutera okusabidwa okutandikira ku nkalala eza 'FULT' era kifulumya ebitundu ebisobola ku puloguramu ezigoberera enkola yaabyo: [[[LTLLT]]
  • Okumanya ebisingawo, laba [[Akabonero: 0] Erwin Chemeronsky''''' [[K'AMUTANDIKA]] Ekibuuzo ku DDININI yo kiyinza okufunibwa okuyitira mu byenyigiddwa mu mateeka.

fundikira

Enjigiriza ey'okutandikira ku njigiriza z'enzikiriza z'abantu erina kinene nnyo ekikoze ku kuleetawo enkyukaanya, okuva ku kkooti ey'oku ntikko n'okutuuka ku butaka obw'oku ntikko. Okunnyonnyola amakulu g'amateeka, okutandikira ku mateeka kuwa nkola ennukko enkola eyinza okukomako obuteefuga era n'okukuuma demokulase. Mu kiseera kye kimu, ereetebwa okugaziya eddembe mu bitundu ebimu (nga nnamusoko) n'okuzissawo n'okuzissa mu ndala endala (nga okuggyamu amasa). Okuzinnyonnyola kw'amateeka ga Amerika. Okwawukanya okwo kungiddwawo kwateereddwawo ku mateeka n'ensonga ezikwata ku ddembe lya bannannyini bantu, tekuyinza kugonjola. Okutegeera ebyafaayo byayo, ebyafaayo, ne ku nsonga y'ebyakkula, abalamuzi, bannassawoozesezza mu mateeka, bannassawo n'okunoonya eddembe ery'okukyusa amateeka.

Omuntu k'abe ng'atwala obukwasi bw'amateeka ng'obutuufu bw'enkiiko, ebibuuzo ebijjawo ebikwata ku mpandiika y'amateeka bisigala nga biwaanyizibwa nnyo.