Maziko Oyambirira a Ufulu wa Nzika

Kugwirizana kwa lamulo la America ndi kulingana kwa kumbuyo kwa nyengo ya kukonzanso Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. Kuvomerezedwa kwa Malamulo pakati pa 13, 14th, ndi 15 adachotsa ukapolo pakati pa 1865 ndi 1870, kukhazikitsa ufulu waufulu ndi chitetezo chofanana, ndi kuletsa tsankho losankha mitundu. Komabe, malonjezano a lamulo ameneŵa anatsutsidwa mwamsanga ndi malamulo a Black Malamulo, Jim Crow, ndi kupondereza kwachiwawa kwa anthu andale za Black.

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Makhoti Aufulu chinaletsa mwamphamvu lamulo la Civil Rights Act mu 1875, kugamula kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo siingaletse tsankho laumwini. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsegulira maboma kuti akhazikitse lamulo loletsa kusankhana mitundu mwalamulo. Zaka khumi ndi zitatu pambuyo pake, khotilo linapereka chigamulo chake choipitsitsa cha kulingana.

Plessy v. Ferguson[[FLT] (1996): Kusiyana koma kulingana

Homer Plessy, mwamuna amene anali mmodzi wa asanu ndi atatu Black pansi pa lamulo la Louisiana, anaswa mwadala lamulo la boma losiyanitsa Car mwa kukhala m’galimoto ya sitima yoyera yokha. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo la Louisiana logawa ufulu, kukhazikitsa "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso chimene chikanavomereza tsankho lalamulo ku South pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Woweruza Henry Billings Brown analemba kaamba ka 7 -1 ambiri amene malo oikidwa sanasonyeze kutsika kwa fuko lililonse.

Woweruza John Marshall Harlan yekha anatsimikizira kutsutsa kwake kwa ulosi: "Bungwe lathu la Malamulo ndi lakhungu, ndipo samadziŵa kapena kulekerera magulu pakati pa nzika. Harlan anachenjeza kuti lamulolo lika "lidzapereka ziwawa... pa ufulu wovomerezedwa wa nzika za mtundu. Pansi pa Phokoso , maboma anapanga madongosolo otsegulira malo ozungulira sukulu, zoyendera, zipatala, mapaki, ndi akasupe a madzi.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Kusintha Zaka Zana za Kusankhana

National Association for the Advanced of Colored People (NAACP) Legal Defense Fund, yotsogozedwa ndi Jaji Thur Good Marshall wamtsogolo, yotsutsa kugamula mlandu mwa kutsata maphunziro a anthu. Brown mlandu unakhazikitsa milandu isanu yosiyana kuchokera ku Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, ndi Washington, D.C, kuimira ana akuda adakana kuloŵa m'masukulu oyera okha.

Woweruza wamkulu Earl Warren anapereka chigamulo chimodzi cholengeza kuti malo amaphunziro osiyana ndi osakhala amodzi. Khotilo linalemba kufufuza kwa sayansi ya zachikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo Kenneth Clark’s doll, kusonyeza kuti kuchotsa ana akuda kunachititsa kunyansi kwa ana akuda kuti "kungakhudze mitima yawo ndi maganizo awo mwanjira yosayembekezereka kuchotsedwa. Chigamulo chotchukachi chinagwedezeka Plavesv v. Ferguson .

Chigamulo cha Khoti la 1955 mu Brown II analamula kuti pakhale kugawidwa "mwachangu," mawu amene analola maboma a kummwera kuchedwetsa kugonjera kwa zaka zambiri. Maboma ena anatseka sukulu za anthu onse mmalo mwa kugwirizana. Pulezidenti Eisenhower anakakamiza chigamulocho mwa kutumiza asilikali a boma ku Little Rock, Arkansas, mu 1957 kutetezera ophunzira a Black ku Central High School.

Kagulu ka Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni Kayamba

1954 Chigamulo chinasonkhezera zonse ziŵiri kumenyera ufulu wa anthu ndi kukana kwa azungu. Gululo linagwiritsira ntchito njira zachindunji kuphatikizapo kuima, kukwera kwa ufulu, ndi kuyendayenda kwa anthu pamene likulondola njira zalamulo zomwe zinatulutsa zigamulo za Supreme Court.

Montgomery Bus Boycott ndi Browder v. Gayle [1] (1956)

Rosa Parks anamangidwa pa December 1, 1955 chifukwa chokana kutaya mpando wa basi yake, adayambitsa Montgomery Bus Boycott, chionetsero cha anthu 381 chomwe chinakhala nthaŵi yolongosola za Civil Rights Movement. Pamene kuli kwakuti Parks kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyezedwa monga wosoka wotopa, iye analidi womenyera wophunzitsidwa wa NAACP amene adaloŵa kampani za kusamvera kwa anthu pa Highlander Folk School.

Chitokoso cha adokotte cha lamulo chinagamula mu June 1956 kuti kugawa mabasi a anthu onse kunaswa Lamulo la Malamulo la Montgomery . Khoti Lalikulu linatsutsa lamulo la kugamula kwa panthambi ya Montgomery mu November 1956. Khoti Lalikulu linatsimikizira chigamulo chimenechi mu December chitatha chilolezo cha Khoti la Montgomemery. Chipambanocho chinasonyeza kuti kugawa mabasi a boma kuswa malamulo a boma kuletsa kuletsa Classimente ya 14 . Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza chigamulo chimenechi mu December 1956, ndipo mwanayu anatha kutha mu December chilolezo cha khoti la Montgomemer. Chipambanocho chinasonyeza kuti chigwirizana ndi njira yalamulo ndi njira yovomerezera.

Mawu a ku Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964): Kuyesa Chikalata cha Chilomo Koyenera

Kutsatira Prezidenti John F. Kennedy kupha, Pulezidenti Lydon B. Johnson adalemba chigamulo cha Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1964, lamulo lofalikira koposa la ufulu wachibadwidwe kuyambira pa kukonzanso. Mutu wa II wa Chikalata cha Lamulolo unaletsa tsankho m'nyumba za anthu onse, kuphatikizapo mahotela, malesitilanti, ndi mabwalo a maseŵero.

Awini mabizinesi mwamsanga anatsutsa lamulo la lamulo. Heart of Atlanta Motel, imene inakana poyera kubwereka zipinda kwa alendo Black, inatsutsa kuti Msonkhano wapyola ulamuliro wake wa Commerce Claus mwa kuyang'anira mabizinesi a kumaloko. Khoti Lapamwamba linagwirizana ndi Chikalata cha Chigawo cha zoyenera kugamula kuti tsankho la mafuko m'malo ogona a anthu linayambukira kwambiri malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Woweruza Tom C. Clark analemba kuti "udindo waukulu" umboni pamaso pa Nyumba ya Malamulo unasonyeza kuti tsankho linalepheretsa maulendo apakati pa dziko ndi malonda. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikizira kuti Msonkhano ungagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu yake ya zamalonda kuthetsa tsankho laumwini, kutseka chiwonekerero chotsegulidwa ndi 1883 Chilivil Rights Cases .

Loveng v. Virginia [1] (1967): Kugonjetsa Malamulo Oletsa Miscegeneation

Kufikira 1967, maboma 16 anasunga malamulo oletsa ukwati wa mafuko. Richard ndi Mildred Loving ndi mkazi wa Black, anakwatira ku Washington, D.C., mu 1958, kenaka kubwerera ku Virginia. Apolisi analoŵa kunyumba kwawo usiku, nawamanga, ndipo anachonderera kuti aphetse lamulo la Virginia la Upingo wa Ufulu wa Anthu ku Virginia kuti apeŵe kumangidwa.

A Lovings anasamukira ku D.C. koma anasoŵa Virginia. Mwa thandizo lawo, iwo anatsutsa chitsimikizo chawo. Khoti Lapamwamba pamodzi linagonjetsa malamulo onse otsala otsutsa kugawana. Woweruza Wamkulu Warren analemba kuti ukwati unali "umodzi wa ufulu wa anthu wa kudziko la Virginia" ndi kuti kusankhana mitundu sikunali chifuno chalamulo kuposa "kusankhana mafuko kwaulemu.

Richard Loving pambuyo pake ananena za chisonkhezero chake: “Ndinauza woweruza, kuti, Ndikonda mkazi wanga, ndipo anati, Sungamkwatire iye,... ndinafuna kuuza ana athu kuti aone zinthu zosiyana. Koma panali njira ina yopatuka kutsogolo. Lamulolo lidakali maziko a kukhazikitsa ukwati monga ufulu wofunika wopanda ziletso zaufuko.

Kukulitsa Kulingana kwa Fuko

Malamulo oletsa tsankho la fuko anathandiza magulu ena ofufuza makhoti olingana oyendera malamulo.

[[FULT:0] Reed v. Reed (1971]: Kugulidwa kwa Malo

Kale 1971, Khoti Lalikulu linali lisanaikiretu lamulo lokhudza tsankho la kugonana. Sally Reed anatsutsa lamulo la Idaho limene linkafuna amuna kuposa akazi kuti akhale oyang’anira malo a achibale akufa. Khotilo linagwirizana kuti zigamulo za amuna ndi zachimuna zinasemphana ndi mfundo za kuteteza Claus.

Jasitisi Wamkulu Warren Burger anasintha maganizo ake. Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito maziko oyenera okha, mlingo waung'ono wa kupenda, koma linapezabe kuti lamulo la Idaho silinakhale ndi cholinga chilichonse chomveka. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsegulira chitseko kuti ayese kulingana kwa amuna ndi akazi. Mu Craig . Boren[[FLT :1] [1997] , Khoti linakhazikitsa "kufufuza ndi kupenda" kaamba ka malamulo ozikidwa pa kugonana, kufuna kuti "kudzilungamitsa mokopa."

Mutu wa IX: Kusintha Maphunziro

Congress inakhazikitsa mutu wakuti: IX of the Education Amendments ya 1972 ndi mawu 37: “Palibe munthu aliyense ku United States amene adzachotsedwa pa kugonana, kukana mapindu a, kapena kuchitiridwa tsankhu paprogramu iliyonse ya maphunziro kapena ntchito iliyonse yolandira chithandizo cha ndalama cha Federal. ”

Chiyambukiro cha lamulo chinatsimikizira kukhala chachilendo. Pasanafike Thet IX, akazi anali 9 peresenti ya ophunzira a zamankhwala ndi 7 peresenti ya ophunzira alamulo. Pofika 2024, akazi analandira unyinji wa akazi a akazi, ambuye, ndi madigiri a doctoral. Kutenga nawo mbali kwa atsikana ndi akazi kunaphulika kuchokera pa oseŵera pasukulu yasekondale ochepera pa 300,000 mu 1971 kufika pa 3.4 miliyoni pofika 2020.

Khoti Lapamwamba linalimbitsa kwambiri mutu wa IX mu Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools [1] (1992), posunga kuti mabwana angapezenso ndalama zowonongedwa chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo mwadala. Chigamulo chimenechi chinapangitsa sukulu kukhala ndi thayo la ndalama la kulephera kuthetsa kuvuta akazi, kupanga zisonkhezero zamphamvu kuti zigwirizane ndi mabungwe.

America ndi Lamulo la Kupunduka (1990) ndi Chipambano Chake cha Malamulo

Bungwe la ufulu wachilema linapambana kwambiri ndi ku America ndi Act ya Culture Act, yosainidwa ndi Pulezidenti George H.W. Bush mu July 1990. ADA imaletsa tsankho pantchito, pogona anthu onse, mayendedwe, ndi foni. Malo ake anatsatira Rehabilitation Act ya 1973, yomwe inaletsa tsankho lolemala m'maprogramu a boma.

Khoti Lapamwamba linamasulira ADA moletsa. Sutton v. United Air Lines [1] (1999), khoti linagamula kuti kubwezera ngati magalasi ndi mankhwala kuyenera kulingaliridwa kuti munthu ali ndi chilema. Nyumba ya malamulo inayankha ndi ADA Amendments Act ya 2008, imene inakana mwachindunji SUTT[FLT]

Chigamulo chotsatira chinaphatikizapo Olmstead v. L.C. (1999), chimene chinapeza kuti kukhazikitsa kosafunikira anthu opunduka kumapanga tsankho. Khoti linatsutsa kuti boma liyenera kupereka mautumiki ozikidwa pa chitaganya pamene kuli koyenera, kofunikira kulinganiza kwa kukonzanso. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikizira lamulo lakuti kugaŵikana kwa mtundu uliwonse, kuphatikizapo kupunduka, kuswa lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe.

LGBTQ+ Zizindikiro za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Kulingana kwa anthu onse pazifukwa zina kunachitika chifukwa chakuti m’makhoti ambiri sankafuna kuti anthu ayambe kuonera zolaula.

Romer v. Evans (1996): Yoyamba LGBTQ + Chilakiko

Voti ya Colorado inapereka Chisinthiko 2 mu 1992, chimene chinaletsa boma lililonse kapena kachitidwe ka boma kovomereza mathanyula kapena kugonana kwa ofanana ziŵalo monga gulu lotetezeredwa. Lamulo linaletsa mizinda monga Denver ndi Boulder kukhazikitsa malamulo awo otsutsa kudana ndi boma. Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa chiwongolero cha 6-3, ndi Jasitisi Anthony Kennedy kulemba kuti lamulolo limaoneka kukhala "losatheka ndi kanthu kena koma kulinga kwa gululo liyambukiritsa.

Romar inazindikiritsa nthaŵi yoyamba khoti Lapamwamba linkavomereza LGBTQ+ zoyenera pansi pa Kusintha kwa 14. Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito maziko oyenera kupenda koma linapeza kuti Kusintha kwa 2 sikunali chifuno cha boma. Woweruza Antonin Scalia anaimba mlandu unyinji wa kutenga mbali m'nkhondo yachibadwidwe," koma lamulo linakhazikitsa kuti malamulo okakamiza anthu ogonana ndi amuna anzawo kuti alandire chilango chinafunikira kulungamitsidwa.

Lawrence v. Texas[FLT] (2003): Kuwononga Sodomuy

Mu 1986, Bwalo Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo la Georgia la sodoma mu Bowers . Hardwick . , akugamula kuti Malamulo sanaike "kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kugonana kwa ofanana ziŵalo" Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zisanu pambuyo pake, Bwalo Lamilandu linaletsa chigamulo chimenecho. Houston apolisi analoŵa m’nyumba ya John Lawrence poyankha lipoti lonama la kusokoneza zida ndi kumangidwa ndi Tron Garner chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo la Texas laul-ex.

Jasitisi Kennedy ambiri anakhulupirira kuti lamulo la Texas linaswa chitetezo cha ufulu wa Ad Process Claus. Khotilo linavomereza kuti achikulire ali ndi ufulu wa kudziloŵetsa m'makhalidwe aumwini, aubwenzi popanda kuloŵerera m'boma. Kennedy analemba kuti: "Ofera sanali olondola pamene anagamulidwa, ndipo sichiri cholondola lerolino. Siyenera kukhala ndi chitsanzo chogwirizana.

[[NT.0] Chigamulo cha lamulo [1] chinalepheretsa malamulo a kugonana m'maboma 13 ndipo chinapereka maziko a lamulo kaamba ka ufulu wotsatira. Chigamulo cha kugogomezera ulemu ndi kugwirizana kwathithithi chinachitira chithunzi chigamulo cha ukwati cha kulingana kwa Khoti.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015: Ukwati Wolingana Mtundu Ulionse

Massachusetts anakhala boma loyamba kulembetsa ukwati wa kugonana mu 2004. Pofika mu 2015, maboma 37 ndi chigawo cha Columbie chinalola ukwati wa kugonana, koma mabanja a m’mayiko 14 otsalawo sanathe kulowamo.

Jim Obergefell anakwatira mnzake wodwala kwambiri John Arthur ku Maryland, koma Ohio anakana kuika Oberge Wall monga wotsala pa chikalata cha imfa ya Arthur. Mlanduwo unaphatikiza milandu isanu ndi umodzi yaukwati ku Michigan, Kentucky, Ohio, ndi Tennessee. Woweruza Kennedy analembera anthu 5-4 kuti Lamulo la 14 Lowonjezera likufuna kuti munthu alembetse ndi kuvomereza ukwati wa kugonana womwewo.

Lingaliro lochirikiza kulingana kwa ukwati m'malamulo anayi: kudziimira kwa munthu mwini, kufunika kwa malingaliro kwa ukwati, chitetezo cha banja, ndi ukwati monga maziko a dongosolo la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kennedy anagamula kuti "akufuna ulemu wolingana pamaso pa lamulo. Lamulo limawapatsa iwo ufulu umenewo. Chigamulocho chinasintha mkhalidwe walamulo kwa mamiliyoni a okwatirana osagwirizana ndi mabanja awo.

Mavuto a Ufulu wa Anthu

Chitetezo chofanana ndi cha khoti chikupitiriza kusintha pamene makhoti akuyang’anizana ndi mafunso atsopano onena za kuvomereza, kunyada pantchito, ufulu wovota, ndi kukondera. Zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu zimasonyeza kuti zonse ziŵiri zikupitirizabe kuwonjezereka kwa chitetezo ndi kulimba mtima m’mabungwe ena.

Fisher v. Yunivesite ya Texas (2016): Malire Osonyeza Chiyambi

Abigail Fisher, wophunzira wachiyera anakana kulowa pa Yunivesite ya Texas ku Austin, anatsutsa kuvomereza kwa usilikali kwa yunivesite kumene kunalingalira fuko kukhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zambiri. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza programuyo m'chigamulo cha 4-3, kutsimikizira kuti kusiyana kwa maphunziro kunali chikondwerero chosonkhezera boma.

Jasitisi Kennedy, amene poyamba anali atakayikira za kuvomereza kwa fuko, analembera anthu ambiri kuti makhoti ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa koma sayenera kufuna mayunivesite kuchotsapo mzera uliwonse wothekera ndi m'malo ena. Chigamulo chinasunga kachitidwe ka kuvomereza pamene anali kuchepetsa malire ake ololedwa. Zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri pambuyo pake, Bwalo Lamilandu lipambana mopambana pa ulamuliro [[FLT: 0] Fisher mu [FLT:]] Machenjera a Faill Adgicts . Harvard [2] [2]

Bostock v. Clayton County 2020): Umutwe VII Utetezera LGBTQ+ Antchito

Gerald Bostock anachotsedwa ntchito yake monga wogwirizanitsa ntchito za kakhalidwe ka ana ataloŵa m’gulu la ogonana ofanana ziŵalo. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira mlandu wake ndi mawu ofananawo kuchokera kwa Donald Zarda, mlangizi woombera mlengalenga atatchula za kugonana kwake, ndi Aimee Stephens, wogwira ntchito yapanyumba ya maliro atachotsedwa ntchito monga trangender.

Woweruza Neil Gorfoth analemba za 6-3 za kuletsa kwa Theodore VII pa kusankhana kwa kugonana kumatanthauza kukondera kozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi zindikiritso wa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Chigamulocho chinagwiritsira ntchito kulingalira kwa: "Wantchito amene amatentha munthu chifukwa cha kugonana kwa ofanana ziŵalo kapena kutentha moto wa transgender ameneyo chifukwa cha mikhalidwe kapena zochita zake sakanafunsa ziŵalo za kugonana kosiyana.

Bostock kugamula kotetezera koyerekezeredwa kukhala mamiliyoni 8 LGBTQ+ antchito m'dziko lonselo. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono pambuyo pake anagwiritsira ntchito Bostock [1] Kupereka chitetezo m'zaumoyo, nyumba, ndi maphunziro. Chigamulocho chinasonyeza kuti kumasulira kwa malembo kungatulutse zitetezero za ufulu wa anthu, chodabwitsa ofufuza ambiri kumbali zonse ziŵiri za ndale zadziko.

Kukopa Ufulu ndi Kupeza Kofanana

Voting Rights Act ya 1965, limodzi la malamulo opambana a ufulu wachibadwidwe m'mbiri ya Amereka, linafuna maulamuliro ndi mbiri za tsankho kuti apeze chivomerezo cha boma asanasinthe njira zovota. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba cha 2013 mu Shelby County v. Hamer adasiya njira yofufuzira yogwiritsira ntchito kugamula yofunikira prepreclation.

Woweruza wamkulu John Roberts analemba kuti lamulolo linaswa "lamulo lalamulo loyambirira la ulamuliro wolingana" pakati pa maboma chifukwa linadalira pa chidziŵitso cha zaka 40. Chigamulo chomasulidwacho chinadalira pa maulamuliro a kugwiritsa ntchito masinthidwe a kuvota popanda uyang'aniro wa boma, ndipo maulamuliro akale operekedwa ndi lamulo lapasadakhale adakhazikitsa malamulo amene makhoti anapeza kukhala opatuka. Maboma ena anatseka malo ofufuza, kuchotsa voti pepala la osankhidwa, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo otsimikizira otsata ndi kusiyana kwa mafuko kolembedwa.

Nyumba ya boma yalephera mobwerezabwereza kukhazikitsa Chilamulo cha John Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act, chomwe chingakonze njira yoperekera mapepala ndi kubwezeretsa chitetezo. Chivomezi cha Shelby County chikusonyeza kuti ngakhalenso ufulu wachibadwidwe udakali wosavuta kusintha mafotokozedwe a zachiweruzo ndi gulu la ndale zadziko.

Makampani Opanga Malamulo Ochirikiza Kulingana

While court decisions interpret constitutional and statutory protections, legislation establishes the foundational architecture of civil rights enforcement. The most consequential civil rights statutes created federal enforcement mechanisms and private rights of action that individuals can use to vindicate their rights.

Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 chili lamulo la boma lokhudza ufulu wa anthu. Zikalata I zinaletsa kusankhidwa kwa boma. Zikalata za II zinaletsa tsankho m'malo ogona a anthu. Zikalata za III zinavomereza kugawa malo a boma. Zikalata za Ufulu wa III zinafuna kuti pakhale sukulu yochotsedwa. Zikalata VI VII zinaletsa tsankho la ntchito zochokera ku fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena mtundu.

Zigawo VII zinapanga bungwe la Aumeter Obroughpportoption Commission kuti lifufuze zimene tsankho likunena ndi kutsatiridwa. EEOC inagamula milandu yoposa 61,000 m'chaka cha 2023 chokha, ndi kubwezera, fuko, ndi kulumala chifukwa cha zikalata zofala. Zoyesayesa za bungwe la osungitsa milandu, kuphatikizapo milandu yapatokha, zabwezeretsa madola mabiliyoni ambiri kaamba ka mikhole ya tsankho.

Fair Howard Act ya 1968, inaperekedwa pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Martin Luther King Jr., imaletsa kubisa tsankhu lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, mtundu, malo audindo, kapena kupunduka. Dipatimenti ya Hospitary ndi Urban Development imafufuza madandaulo ndi kukakamiza kugonjera, ngakhale kuti kudalirana kwa nyumba kukupitirizabe kukhala chimodzi cha zitokoso za ufulu wachibadwidwe zosatsutsika.

Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhazikitsa chitetezo chatsopano kapena kukonza malamulo amene alipo, imapereka njira zatsopano zoti makhoti amvetsetse ndi kulimbikitsa mfundo za kulingana kwa malamulo.

Nkhani Zapadziko Lonse Ndiponso Nkhondo Zikupitirizabe

Zida za ufulu wachibadwidwe za padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo mfundo za Universal Declaration of Human Rights ndi International Common Rights ndi Political Rights, zimene zinasonkhezera ufulu wa anthu m’banja. Oweruza a ku America nthaŵi zina amatchula malamulo apadziko lonse pomasulira malamulo oteteza, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zikuyambitsa mikangano.

Pambuyo pa lamulo la South Africa, lovomerezedwa mu 1996, malamulo a boma a ku South Africa, akuphatikizapo poyera ufulu wa zachuma ndi wa chikhalidwe ndi ufulu wa anthu pamodzi ndi ufulu wa anthu wamwambo ndi wandale. Khoti la ku South Africa lakhazikitsa ufulu wakukhala ndi nyumba, wosamalira zaumoyo, ndi maphunziro amene makhoti a ku America akana kuwaona kukhala oyenera. Malingaliro ofananitsa ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti mwambo wa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa ku America, ngakhale kuti unali wotchuka padziko lonse, umaimira chitsanzo chimodzi pakati pa ambiri.

Kuvuta kwa ufulu wa anthu kumaphatikizapo kuyang'anira tsankho m'madongosolo opanga, kutetezera ufulu wovota pakati pa ziletso za boma zamphamvu, kutsimikizira kuthekera kwa kusamala za kubala pambuyo pa . Akazi a pa Komiti ya Zaumoyo (2022]), ndi kulimbana ndi kusiyana kosalekeza kwa mafuko m'zochitika za ntchito yauchigawenga ndi chilungamo chaupandu. Chiyeso chilichonse chimafunikira zonse ziŵiri kuvomereza ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, monga momwe nkhani zapadera za mibadwo yakale inadalira pa kulinganiza ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa ndale zadziko.

Kusinthika kwa kulingana sindiko kutsatizana koma kupikisana kopitirizabe pakati pa masomphenya opikisana a demokrase ya Amereka. mbadwo uliwonse umayang’anizana ndi mafunso atsopano onena za zimene kulingana kumafunikira ndi mmene kungakwaniritsidwire. Milandu yochititsa kulinganiza ufulu wa anthu imapereka chitsanzo ndi chisonkhezero, koma imatikakamiza kuti tione kuti ntchito yosamalizidwa yofunikira kuimbidwabe, kuvomereza, ndi kachitidwe.