Good Lachisanu Agreement, yodziŵika moyenerera monga Belfast Agreement, inasainidwa pa 10 April 1998, kukhazikitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa malo a ndale zadziko ndi a mayanjano a Ireland ndi United Kingdom . Pamene kuli kwakuti panganolo limadziŵika kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala njira imene inathetsa nkhondo yachiwawa ya zaka makumi atatu yodziŵika monga Nkhondo, chisonkhezero chake chinafalikira kuposa kulekeka kwa asilikali ndi boma logaŵanika. Chipanganocho chinasintha kwambiri kuimira kwa chiIrland ndi utundu, kubwezeretsa chimene chinatanthauza ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic, ndi kupanga dongosolo limene linalola kuti likhale logwirizana pakati pa dziko limodzi. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mbiri yakale ya kukhazikitsa, malamulo ake, maziko ake, ndi kukhalitsa, chiyambukiro chake, chimakhala ndi chigwirizano cha chigwirizano cha dziko lonse, ndi chigwirizano cha chikhalidwe, chigwirizano chachi chachi.

Mavuto ndi Njira Yopita ku Mtendere

Kuti timvetsetse chisonkhezero cha Agreement pa chizindikiritso ndi utundu, nkofunika choyamba kuzindikira mtundu wa nkhondo imene inathetsa. Zothetsa Mantha (c. 1968-1988) zinali nkhondo yampatuko ndi ya ndale zadziko imene inalimbana ndi a Irish auniversitist (amene anali Akatolika) ndi ogwirizana a Briteni (akale kwambiri Aprotestanti) ndi boma la Britain. Pamtima pake panali kusagwirizana kwakukulu pa ulamuliro: ochirikiza utundu anafuna Ireland, pamene kuli kwakuti ogwirizanawo anaumirira kutsalira mbali yotsala ya United Kingdom. Chitsutsochi china ziŵiri sichinatanthauzira kokha kukhulupirika kwa ndale komanso kudzidziŵikitsa kwaumwini. Chipembedzo, dzina, ngakhale sukulu ina yopezeka pa malo a mkanganowo.

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa ma 1990, kuchepa mphamvu kwa ndale, kuyendera limodzi kwa mapangano a zachuma, ndi kumbuyo kwa zigamulo zinayamba kuyambitsa mikhalidwe ya mtendere. Chikalata cha 1993 Dowing Street Declaration , kutha kwa moto , ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhani zokhala ndi mbali zambiri zokhala ndi US Senator George Mitchell zomwe zinatsogolera ku chipambano cha m'mbiri mu April 1998. Chipanganocho chinavomerezedwa ndi ma achendendimu ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland, ndi 71% ya Northern Ireland Fhovice ndi 94% ya Republic Revice. Lamulo la democracy limeneli linali lofunika kwambiri popanga makampani atsopano ndi kuchotsa nkhondo ya ndale ya ndale.

Makonzedwe Aakulu a Pangano Labwino Lachisanu

Chikalata cha Good Wearth Agreement ndi chocholoŵana chomwe chinakhazikitsa zigawo zitatu: Northern Ireland Assembly ndi Administrate (Strand 1), Council ya North- Southeast (Strand 2), ndi British-Irish Confterliginement Conference (Strand 3). Mabungwe ameneŵa analinganizidwa kulinganiza zolinga zopikisana za autundu ndi ogwirizana. Crucily, Active enshrine adakhazikitsa lamulo: Mgwirizano wa Northern Ireland ndi Irrish Comference ya anthu ake ogwirizana mu kugamula kogwirizana. Makonzedwewawa anatsimikizira kuti sadzachita mgwirizano ndi dziko la Ireland, pamenenso likugwirizanitsa cholinga chawo.

Kwa atsamunda a dziko, Chipangano chinapereka ufulu waukulu: kuvomereza chinenero cha ku Ireland ndi chikhalidwe cha Gaelic, kusintha kwa ntchito ya apolisi (Gulu la Apolisi ku Northern Ireland linaloŵa mmalo mwa Royal Ulster Consabulary), kumasulidwa kwa akaidi ankhondo, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe a kumpoto chakumpoto amene anapereka ntchito yalamulo ku Dublin ku Northern Ireland. Mwinamwake, panganolo linavomereza poyera kuti "kubadwa kwa anthu onse a ku Northern Ireland ndi kudziŵika monga Irish kapena Briteni, kapena onse aŵiri, monga momwe angasankhe. Chinenerochi chinali chopatulidwa kuchoka pa mapangano a zero-sum ndi chizindikiritso ndi kuphatikizana, chiungwe cha mtundu wa Baldia.

Chiyambukiro pa Chizindikiritso cha Utundu wa ku Ireland

Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu chinasintha dzina la dziko la Ireland (1998, kudziko la Ireland ku Northern Ireland, utundu wa dziko la Ireland unali kudandaula, kukondera, ndi nkhondo ya ufulu wa anthu. Anthu a dzikolo anali osoŵa nyumba, ntchito, ndi kuimira ndale. Uchigwirizano wa nyumba zakale za chipani cha Storont (1921-1972) unakhala ndi lingaliro la kukhala nzika yachiŵiri. Pankhani ino, chizindikiritso cha Ireland chinali chogwirizana ndi cholinga cha ndale zadziko la Ireland.

Chipangano chinasintha mphamvu imeneyi. Mwa kuvomereza chizindikiritso cha gulu la ochirikiza dziko ndi mwa kupereka malo otetezera ulamuliro, chinalola utundu wa ku Ireland kukhala wochepera kutetezera ndi kufotokoza. Lerolino, autundu ambiri akukhala omasuka kusonyeza mbendera za ku Ireland, kukondwerera maseŵera a Gaelic, ndi kulankhula chinenero cha ku Irish popanda kuonedwa ndi mawuwo kukhala chitokoso chachindunji ku boma. Kuvomereza kwa "Irish" monga mbali yaikulu ya ku Northern Ireland ya mwambo ndi "Iish" monga mbali yaikulu ya mwambo wa ku Northern Ireland, kwathandiza kusiyanitsa ndi kuwonjezera chizindikiritso cha dziko. M'kafukufufuza 2019 kochitidwa ndi Nower Life ndi Survey , pafupifupi 30% ya ofunsidwa ku Northern Ireland yodziŵika kukhala "ish" kapena "ishrish" ndi British, chiŵerengero chodziŵika bwino lomwe la chikhalabedi chiwo kuyambira ndi ku Demorection" (Noritikumpoto) kuti chithandize kuthandizira ku Dera la ku Northern Ireland kuthandizira kuti:

Kutsimikiziranso Choloŵa cha Chikhalidwe

Chipangano chinazindikira bwino lomwe kufunika kwa "chinenero cha ku Ireland, Maseŵero a Gaelic, ndi nyimbo zamwambo" monga mbali ya chuma cha chikhalidwe cha Northern Ireland. Ichi sichinali chophiphiritsira. Kulengedwa kwa Language Yakumpoto / South Language (] kwa Na Gaeilge [[FLT1]] [ya Airish ndi [FLT] [[FLT]] [[2] [] ya] Boordord o Ulster- Scotch ya Ulty [[FLT]] ya Ulster- Scots) inapereka ndalama ndi kuchirikiza kupititsa patsogolo chinenero cha ku Ireland. Kunja, ndi kukulira, kumbali zonse za ku Ireland, kufalikira, ndi 20222, kunali ophunzira pa maphunziro 7000 ku Ireland ku Northern Ireland, poyerekezera ndi kusoŵa. [1970:]

Chikhalidwe chimenechi chakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa dzina. Kwa achichepere ambiri autundu, kukhala a Irish tsopano kuli ndi mafuno ochepa a malo ndi zowonjezereka ponena za chinenero, maseŵera, ndi chitaganya. Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), imene kale inalingaliridwa ndi ogwirizana kukhala gulu la utundu wokha, yakhala ikugwirira ntchito kukhala yosagaŵikana, kutsegulira ziwalo zake za mafuko osiyanasiyana ndipo ngakhale kuchititsa zochitika za gulu lankhondo la Britain. Chotulukapo ndicho chizindikiritso cha ku Ireland chimene sichili cholimbana ndi kudalirana, chija chimanenedwa popanda kukakamiza kusintha mkhalidwe walamulo.

Utundu wa Zandale: Kuchokera pa Nkhondo Yachifwamba Kufikira pa Demokalase

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Agreement chinasinthanso utundu wa dziko la Ireland mwa kukhazikitsa njira yoonekera bwino ya ndale kuti igwirizane. Pa 1998, anthu ambiri a dzikolo anaona kuti nkhondo inali njira yokha yothandiza kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo. Pa zaka khumi, Chipangano cha Sin Féin chinakhala chipani chachikulu kwambiri cha dziko la Northern Ireland ndipo chinalowa m’boma lamphamvu ndi dziko limene kale linali adani ake.

Kusintha kumeneku kunali ndi chiyambukiro chosonkhezera pa malingaliro a utundu. Kufufuza 2020 kochitidwa ndi ARK (Access Research Knowledge) kunapeza kuti 80% ya atsamunda a dziko lapansi tsopano amagwirizana ndi lamulo la mphamvu ndi kuchirikiza ndi kukhulupirira kuti mabungwe okhazikitsidwa ndi Aprogramu ndiwo njira yabwino koposa yoyang'anira kusiyana kwa ndale zadziko. Kusintha kuchoka ku "utundu wadziko" kupita ku "utundu wa dziko" kukhale chimodzi cha zotulukapo zazikulu koposa za dongosolo la mtendere. Utundu tsopano ukusonyezedwa kupyolera mwa masankho, mipando ya komiti, ndi mipando ya utumiki, mmalo mwa zida ndi mabomba. Chifuniro cha kukhaliratuko pansi pa dziko la Ireland, koma chakhala chamtendere ndi chamtendere, kuphatikizapo kuthekera kwa kupendedwa kwa malire pansi pa kukhazikitsa mtendere.

Kuvomereza ndi Kutsutsana Kosintha pa Umodzi

Lamulo la pangano la pangano lakhala ndi mfundo yosatsutsika yomwe ili ndi kulimbikitsa mkangano wa mgwirizano wa ku Ireland. Mwa kuuza anthu kuti Ireland wogwirizana afuna anthu ambiri m'kufufuza kochitidwa kumalire, panganolo linachotsa mantha akuti mgwirizano ukhoza kuyambitsidwa mwa mphamvu. Zimenezi zinalola anthu a dzikolo kuchirikiza poyera, popanda kuonedwa ngati chiwopsezo ku boma. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, linakakamiza anthu a dzikolo kuti achite zinthu zothandiza zimene dziko la Ireland likugwirizana lingakhale nazo, kuphatikizapo nkhani za zaumoyo, msonkho, ndi kugwirizanitsa mautumiki a anthu osiyanasiyana.

Kuchokera pamene Breit, kukambirana kwakula. Ku Northern Ireland kunavotedwa ndi anthu ambiri (56%) kuti akhalebe ku Ulaya Union , koma UK yonseyo monga chivoti chochoka. Zimenezi zachititsa mphamvu yatsopano, pamene akatswiri ambiri a dziko atsutsa kuti Ireland yogwirizana mu EU ndi chiyembekezo chosangalatsa kwambiri kuposa kukhalabe m'mayiko a ku Brrixit UK. Kugwirizana kwa ku Ireland sikulinso kwa malingaliro okha kapena mbiri yakale; kukuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu ndi chuma. Chigwirizano cha pa Lachisanu chimapereka njira yopendera, demokrase yopezera mfundo imeneyi, imene ikanakhala yosatheka m’nthaŵi ya mavuto.

Kuona Zinthu Mogwirizana ndi Kulephera Kudziŵa Maumunthu

Kuti amvetsetse mokwanira chisonkhezero cha Agreement pa utundu, kuli kofunika kulingalira za kuvomereza kwa mgwirizano ndi kusinthika kwa chizindikiritso kwa anthu onse. Ogwirizana ambiri poyambirira anatsutsa Chipangano, akumachiona kukhala chololera uchigaŵenga ndi malo oterera a chipani cha Ireland. Zaka zoyambirira za Msonkhanowo zinasonyezedwa ndi kukayikirana kwa mgwirizano ndi mavuto a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, monga ngati mikangano yomapitirizabe pa IRAcommoctive ndi kusintha kwa ntchito. Komabe, patapita nthaŵi, chiŵerengero chachikulu cha bungwe la a chitaganya chinalandira Chigwirizano monga maziko abwino koposa osungira malo a Northern Ireland mu UK.

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, Chipanganochi chalimbikitsa kuwonjezeka kwa "Northern Ireland" kuwonjezera pa kugawidwa kwa anthu a dzikolo. Chiyambire 1998, chiŵerengero cha anthu a ku Northern Ireland amene amadzitcha kuti " Northern Ireland". Malinga ndi 2021 Centreals ku Northern Ireland, 31.9% ya anthu ofunsidwa omwe amadziwika kuti ndi "British," 29.1% monga " Northern Ireland" ndi 22.2% monga "Irish". Gulu la " Northern Ireland" silinakhalepo ngati njira yotchuka isanafike mtendere; ndi chiwombeke cha maso a pangano a . Chikhalidwe chimenechi kaŵirikaŵiri chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chikhumbo cha anthu a , chitukuko cha , chitukuko cha , chitukuko cha , chipani cha madera ndi chikhalidwe cha , chipani cha madera auniko.

Mavuto a Panthaŵiyi ndi Malamulo a Mapangano

Mosasamala kanthu za zipambano za Agreement, chisonkhezero chake pa kudziŵika ndi utundu sichili chosakayikitsa. Mabungwe osamalira mphamvu aletsedwa kangapo, kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2020 chifukwa cha mkangano wa chinenero cha Ireland ndi ukwati wofanana. Choloŵa cha Mavuto chidakali kutsutsana kwambiri, popanda mafunso osayankhidwa okhudza kuyanjanitsidwa, chilungamo, ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Ogwirizana a dziko akuona kuti Chipanganocho sichinayendere pa kulongosola kusalungama kwa kale, monga ngati kuphana kwa Sande kwa mu 1972 kapena kupha kwa Pat Finuc. Ena atsutsa kuti Chipanganocho chili ndi chigwirizano chandale chakale kwambiri pa anthu ovutika.

Brexit wakhazikitsa Chipangano cha Chipangano chakuyansi. Pangano la ku Northern Ireland, lolinganizidwa kupeŵa malire ovuta pa chisumbu cha Ireland, linapanga malire a miyambo pakati pa Great Britain ndi Northern Ireland, amene ogwirizana akutsutsa malo a Northern Ireland. Kusakhazikika kwa ndale zadziko kotsatirapo kwakhala kokhala ndi mkangano wonena za chizindikiritso ndi ulamuliro. Kwa ankhondo ambiri, malamulo asonyeza kufunika kwa EU ndi kugwirizana kwa mtanda wa malire; kwa masungwe, kwachititsa mantha kwambiri kukopeka pang’onopang'ono ku Ireland. Kulimba kwa ndale za ndale za chigwirizano cha chigwirizano cha Aungwe cha dzikolo kukuyesedwa, koma malamulo ake akuyesedwa, mphamvu zovomereza, ndi ulemu za kudalirana kwa mphamvu, ndi kudalirana kwa ufulu wa kupambana kokha kumene kuyendera nkhondo.

Mapeto ake: Chisonkhezero Chokhalitsa

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Agreement sichinathetse mkangano wokhudza chizindikiritso cha Ireland kapena utundu; chinasintha. Mwakukhazikitsa kuyenera kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, kupereka njira za demokrase za zolinga za dziko, ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo lachivomerezo, Chipangano chinachotsa utundu wa ku Ireland ku chiwawa ndi kukambirana za ndale. Chinalola chiairishi kusonyezedwa mwaufulu, mwachikhalidwe, ndiponso popanda mantha. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chinapanga malo atsopano monga "Northern Ireland" , kuswa maluwa a kutsogolo amene analongosola nkhondoyo kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Zaka makumi aŵiri ndi zisanu kupitirira, chiyambukiro cha Chipangano cha Chipangano chawonekera m'kukula kwa sukulu za zinenero za ku Ireland, kukondwerera kwapoyera kwa chikhalidwe cha Gaelic, ndi kukhwima maganizo, ngati nthaŵi zina kuchuluka kwa mkangano wa ndale za mtsogolo mwa chisumbucho. Utundu wa Ireland lerolino ngwovuta kwambiri, wodalira kwambiri, ndi wa demokalase kuposa mmene unalili mu 1998. Good Wear Aplict , sinaperekere Ireland yogwirizana, koma inapanga kulondola chonulirapo chimenecho popanda nkhondo. Chimenechi ndicho chipambano chimene chikupitirizabe kudziŵikitsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kuzungulira Ireland ndi Britain.

[[FLT: 0] Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka: [[FLT :1] kaamba ka kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa malemba a Chipangano, onani communction UK . [[FLT]] . [FLT] ] MPUNGU pa Ulster University imagaŵira zolembedwa ndi ndemanga. Kaamba ka kufufuza kwamakono kwa chidziŵitso cha chizindikiritso, fufuzani za moyo wa ku Northern Ireland ndi Times Survery .