Nkhondo yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi uchigaŵenga yasintha kwambiri malamulo a m'banja, malamulo, ndi zochita za anthu m'mayiko osiyanasiyana zaka makumi atatu zapitazo. Pamene kuli kwakuti cholinga chachikulu cha kutetezera anthu pa chiwawa ndicho kuteteza nzika ku chiwawa, kukwaniritsa kwake kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa mavuto aakulu a ufulu wa anthu, kugwirizana ndi anthu, ndi kulamulidwa ndi demokalase. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza chiyambi, chisinthiko, ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana za uchigaŵenga pa malamulo a m’banja ndi chikhalidwe, zikukhudza zitsanzo za mbiri yakale ndi mikangano yamakono.

Chiyambi ndi Kusintha kwa Uchigaŵenga

Njira zotsutsa uchigaŵenga sizinayambe . Zoyesayesa zoyambirira zinasumikidwa pa zigamulo za magulu ena, monga Baader-Meinhof Gang ku West Germany kapena Red Brigades ku Italy m'ma 1970 ndi 1980. Komabe, kufalikira ndi kufalikira kwa uchigaŵenga wamakono kunasintha kwambiri pambuyo pa kuukira kwa September 11, 2001 ku United States. Zimenezi zinayambitsa kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo a chitetezo, mgwirizano wa mayiko onse, ndi kuloŵerera m'nkhondo.

United States mwamsanga inapereka Chilolezo cha Usensitist of Military Force (AMF) ndi USA PATRIOT Act, yomwe inafutukula mphamvu zoyang'anira, inachepetsa ziletso za kugawana nzeru, ndi kuyambitsa magulu alamulo atsopano kwa ogwidwa. Mayiko ena anatsatira mfundo: United Kingdom adakhazikitsa Chikalata cha Terrorism Act 2006, Australia inapambana Anti-Trorrism Act 2005, ndipo Canada inayambitsa Anti-Trorismism Act mu 2001, malamulo anasintha kuti ayambe kuyambitsa ziwopsezo zonga ngati pa Intaneti, kuukira kwachiwawa kwapanyumba kwa anthu, ndi kuukira kwa apolisi okha.

Bungwe la United Nations Security Council linavomerezanso mfundo 1373, ndipo mayiko ena anakakamiza kuti agwiritsitse ntchito za zigaŵenga, azithandizana nzeru ndiponso kulimbikitsa malamulo a dziko.

Kufuna Chisungiko Choyesa

Chisonyezero chodziŵika cha pambuyo pa 9 / 11 za uchigaŵenga wolimbana ndi upandu ndicho kusintha kuchoka ku ulonda wobwezera ku ulonda. Maboma anayamba kugogomezera ntchito zauchigaŵenga zopititsidwa mwanzeru, kutsekedwa, ndi kuyang'aniridwa kwa anthu onse mmalo mwa kungoganizira anthu. Njira imeneyi, kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa "Proferary pulinsipulo" m'malamulo, inachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa maulamuliro a lamulo popanda kuyang'anira kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, boma la France la ngozi yochitika pambuyo pa kuukira kwa 2015 ku Paris linalola kumangidwa popanda kulamula, kufunafuna chinsinsi, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo a anthu.

Uchigawenga wa ku Thupi ndi Njira Zolimbana ndi Makina

Magulu a zigaŵenga atatengera zida zamakono zothandizira kutumiza mauthenga, kufalitsa mabodza, ndiponso kukonza njira zothetsera uchigaŵenga, zomwe zinafalikira ku Intaneti. Makampani onga a National Security Agency ndi UK Governmentes Headquarters (GCHQ) anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoonera zinthu za pa Intaneti, kusokoneza zinthu zosokoneza maganizo, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera zinthu zoyendetsera zinthu zoyendetsera zinthu. Bungwe la European Union’s General Data Protection Regitation (GDPR) linayambitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wodzilamulira ndi kusamala zinthu, linalimbikitsa nkhondo zogwirizana ndi malamulo zokhudza kusonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa masamu.

Chiyambukiro pa Kachitidwe ka Panyumba

Mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa atumiki odzipereka, magulu a ntchito, ndi mabungwe amene ali ndi malamulo okhwima oletsa uchigaŵenga. Mabungwe amenewa nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito motsatira malamulo a anthu osiyanasiyana ndiponso pofufuza kwambiri anthu, zimene zingawononge udindo wawo kwa nthawi yaitali.

Malamulo ndi Kufutukuka kwa Ulamuliro Waukulu

USA PARIOTTT Act mwina ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika kwambiri cha mmene malamulo auchigaŵenga anafutukulira ulamuliro wa akuluakulu. Ilo linalola mabungwe a luntha kugwiritsa ntchito zolembera za malonda, kuyendetsa makompyuta, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito National Security Letters kuti apeze chidziŵitso cha makasitomala popanda chilolezo cha khoti. Malamulo ofananawo m'mayiko ena, monga ngati Kulephera kwa India (Prevention), Act ya ku Canada yolimbana ndi machita zaupandu, ndi mphamvu za Germany zofutukulidwa BKA, zinapangitsa apolisi kumangidwa ndi kufunafuna ndi mphamvu za boma. Magulu a kampani a Free revotion adatsutsa malamulowa, akutsutsa kuti amachititsa ntchito yoyenera ndi kupanga mpata wa kuchitiridwa nkhanza.

Ku United States, USA Freedom Act ya 2015 inasungapo pang’ono ndandanda yaikulu ya mametaimu koma inasunga mphamvu zambiri zoyang’anira. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuipidwa kosalekeza: pamene ziwopsezo zisinthika, malamulo alamulo amafunika kuletsa kutero kaŵirikaŵiri kapena kulephera kutero.

Kuphunzira ndi Kukhala Nokha

Limodzi la malo otsutsana kwambiri ndi malamulo a uchigaŵenga ndilo kugwiritsa ntchito ulonda wa anthu ambiri. Maprogramu onga ngati National Security Agency’s PRISM, UK’s Tempora , ndi "Plan Vigiparate" asonkhanitsa mabukhu aakulu a foni ndi a Intaneti. Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti zipangizo zimenezi n’zofunika kuti adziŵe malowo asanayambe kuchitika, akutchula zochitika zonga kugwetsedwa kwa ndege za mu 2006. Komabe, otsutsa, akusonyeza kulephera kuletsa uchigaŵengawo pamene akulephera kuukira anthu ochepa ndi mawu aukali.

European Court of Justice yachotsa malangizo oletsa kusungidwa kwa zinthu zolankhulana, kupeza kuti sagwirizana ndi ufulu wachinsinsi pansi pa [[FLT: 0] Convention of Human Rights . Ku United States, ACLU wapambana milandu yovuta kwambiri popanda umboni. Kuloŵerera kwa milandu kumeneku kumagogomezera kusamvana pakati pa malamulo a chitetezo ndi chitetezo cha malamulo.

Zimene Amachita Kuti Azitsatira

Malamulo otsutsa uchigaŵenga asinthanso njira zosungira. Khoti Lapamwamba la ku United States linakhazikitsa msasa wa ndende mu 2002, kutanthauza kusagwirizana pakati pa chitetezo ndi malamulo. Detaines anachitidwa kwa zaka zambiri popanda kuzengedwa mlandu, kupititsa patsogolo njira zofunsira, ndi kukana kuti habeas corpus. Pamene kuli kwakuti pambuyo pake khoti lalikulu la United States linalamula kuti ogwidwawo angatopetse kumangidwa kwawo, msasawo udakali wotseguka. Malamulo a UK ndipo pambuyo pake kuteteza UK ndi Kufufuza Uganda kuchepetsa (TPIM) analetsa kachitidwe kaundula ndi kulankhulana kwa zigaŵenga popanda kuweruza kwaunjikana.

Mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo bungwe la United Nations Human Rights Committee, atsutsa mayiko ambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zomangira milandu yauchigawenga ndiponso umboni wachinsinsi wosonyeza kuti anthu a m’mayiko ena ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu mopanda chilungamo.

Ziyambukiro za Chikhalidwe cha Anthu

Kuphatikiza pa malamulo, uchigawenga umasokoneza kwambiri anthu, umachititsa kuti anthu azigwirizana, ndiponso umachititsa kuti anthu azigwirizana kwambiri.

Kumenyana ndi Kunyazitsana Kwaufuko

Masitepe a chisungiko kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa kutetezera kozikidwa pa chipembedzo, fuko, kapena mtundu. Kupima maprogramu a ndege, ziletso za viza, ndi mphamvu za apolisi zotsekereza zakhala ndi midzi ya Asilamu ndi anthu a ku Middle East kapena South Asia. Mwachitsanzo, programu ya UK’s Provick imafuna antchito a boma kusimba anthu olingaliridwa kukhala osinthasintha zinthu, kutsogolera ku madandaulo akuti Asilamu amakayikira kwambiri. Ku United States, chiletso cha ulendo choikidwa mu 2017 chinayambitsa zitsutso ndi zitokoso za lamulo.

Kunyozedwa kumeneku kungasonkhezere kulekana ndi kusadalirana ndi olamulira, modabwitsa kuchepetsa mgwirizano wa kakhalidwe umene unapangidwa kutetezera. Kufufuza kwapeza kuti kulingaliridwa kukhala tsankho kumawonjezera ngozi ya kuwonjezereka kwa zinthu, kumachititsa kuvomereza kumene malamulo a chisungiko operekedwa mopambanitsa angakulitse chiwopsezo chimene akufuna kuchithetsa.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Anthu ndi Kukonza Makonzedwe a Kukonzanso Zinthu

Poyankha ena a maluso ameneŵa, maboma ambiri agwiritsira ntchito njira zopitira ku boma. Programu zonga ngati U.S. "Kumanga Resilience Against Wal Golder Extremism" (BRAVE), UK’s Channel program, ndi chitsanzo cha Aarhus cha Denmark chasumika maganizo pa kuloŵerera kwa poyamba, kulangiza, ndi kuchirikiza anthu okhala pangozi ya kuwonjezereka. Maprogramu ameneŵa amagogomezera kugwirizana ndi magulu a anthu, atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo.

Kufufuza kwasonyeza zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana. Pamene kuli kwakuti chitsanzo cha Aarhus chalingaliridwa kukhala cha kuchepetsa ndi kugwirizanitsa omwe kale anali opambanitsa, nkhaŵa za "kutseguka kwa ntchito za mayanjano ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa luntha zikupitirizabe. Otsutsa amanena kuti maprogramu ameneŵa anganyoze anthu onse ndi kukakamiza anthu kudziŵitsana.

Kuulutsa Nkhani ndi Kukopa Anthu

Manyuzipepala amathandiza kwambiri kuchititsa anthu kumvetsa uchigaŵenga ndi uchigaŵenga. Mantha akusimba, makamaka pambuyo pa ziukiro zazikulu, kungakulitse mantha ndi kuchirikiza njira za draconan . Komabe, kufufuza kwa manyuzipepala kwavumbula nkhanza, monga kugwiritsira ntchito kuzunza m'malo akuda a CIA kapena kuyang'anira atolankhani ndi ochirikiza zauchigaŵenga.

Ku United States, mafufuzidwe amasonyeza kuchirikiza kosalekeza kuyang’aniridwa komanso kuwonjezereka kwa nkhaŵa ya ufulu wa anthu. Ku Ulaya, maganizo amakayikira kwambiri, makamaka pambuyo potulukapo za kugaŵana nzeru ndi kutumizanso chidziŵitso. Kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza kusankha zochita ndi kugogomezera kufunika kwa makambitsirano ooneka bwino.

Ntchito ya Akatswiri Ofuna Kulimbana ndi Uchigawenga Wapanyumba

Mabungwe aluso aloŵerera kwambiri m'nkhani zapanyumba chifukwa cha kuletsa uchigaŵenga. Pasanakwane 9/11, mabungwe onga FBI ndi M5 anasumika maganizo kwambiri pa nzeru zachilendo kapena ziwopsezo zachindunji. Lerolino, iwo amasonkhanitsa nthaŵi zonse chidziŵitso pa nzika, kugwirizana ndi apolisi akumaloko, ndi kugawana chidziŵitso ndi makampani aumwini onga makampani a tekinoloji ndi mabungwe a zachuma.

Makonzedwe ameneŵa asokoneza malire pakati pa anthu akunja ndi a m'banja. Malamulo onga ngati Surveillance Act (FA) Asinthidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti alole nyumba kukhala ndi ulonda popanda chilolezo ngati cholinga chawo chilingaliridwa kukhala "antchito ya mphamvu yachilendo. Otsutsa amanena kuti mafotokozedwewo akhala ofala kwambiri, olemba nkhani, maloya a ufulu wa anthu, ndi ochirikiza ndale zadziko. Corporation yafalitsa kufufuza kokulira pa kugwira ntchito kwa luntha, osati kuti pamene kuli kwakuti angachititse upandu, kuwonjezeranso nkhaŵa.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Uyang'aniro wa Robust uli wofunika kuletsa kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Mabungwe a Independedwa, onga ngati a Suctures ndi Ofesitions Oversective Board kapena UK’s Investigation Powers Commission, adalengedwa kuti apereke kuyang'anira. Komabe, kukhoza kwawo kwafunsidwa: kaŵirikaŵiri samapeza chidziŵitso, amagwira ntchito ndi antchito opereŵera, ndi kuyang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zandale zadziko. Kulimbitsa mabungwe ameneŵa kuyenera kwa kuyang'anira, kulengeza malamulo, ndi kutetezera kwa oimba magetsi kwa otetezera anthu [1] ndi chivomerezo cha nthaŵi zonse kuchokera ku mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu onga [[FLT:] ACU ndi Amnesty International.

Kulimbana ndi Uchigaŵenga ndi Kusuntha

Malo ena odziŵika okhudzidwa ndi uchigaŵenga ndi kusamuka. Maiko ambiri ali ndi zofunika zolimba za visa, kuthamangitsidwa kowonjezereka pa malo a chisungiko cha dziko, ndi kuyambitsa kuchotsedwa kwa unzika kwa mitundu iŵiri yophatikizidwa m'zochita zauchigaŵenga. Chiletso cha U.S. U.S. cha "moumatiki" lamulo, ndi kuleka kwa Australia amene akulingaliridwa kukhala ngozi yowopsa kumasonyeza mmene njira za malire zikugwirizanitsidwira ntchito ndi uchigaŵenga.

Malamulo amenewa angachititse kuti anthu othaŵa nkhondo asakhale ndi boma, mabanja, ndiponso kuti asamathe kuthawa m’madera a nkhondo. Bungwe la UNHCR lachenjeza kuti anthu onse ofunafuna malo opulumukira kumadera amene ali ndi nkhondo, amatcha kuti kuopsa kothawa kwawo kungafooketse chitetezo cha anthu othawa kwawo.

Kulinganiza Chisungiko ndi Maufulu a Pachiweniweni

Vuto lalikulu la uchigawenga ndi lakuti ukhoza kuteteza anthu popanda kutaya ufulu umene umafotokoza za anthu a demokrase. Palibe njira yothandiza anthu onse. Dziko lililonse liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ake, chikhalidwe chake, ndi malo oopsa.

  • Kusintha: Miyeso iyenera kuimbidwa, kufunikira, ndi kuchepa. Kuyang'anira kapena kutsekera popanda kukayikira kwa munthu mmodzi kuli kosatheka kupambana mayeso a kulinganiza.
  • Kulolera: Maboma ayenera kuvumbula chidziŵitso chochuluka monga momwe kungathekere ponena za maprogramu awo olimbana ndi uchigaŵenga, ongodalira pa zitsenderezo za lamulo. Chinsinsi chimachititsa kusadalirana.
  • Uyang'aniro wa Udindo: makhoti a Independent ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu ya kuvomereza kapena kukana zigamulo za ukatswiri ndi za m'ndende, ndi njira zokopa zolimba.
  • Kuphatikizapo: Atsikana ayenera kuyambitsidwa pofunsa anthu okhudzidwa, osati kuikidwa kuchokera pamwambapo. Chipangano chimakulitsa chidaliro ndi kuwongolera nzeru.
  • Sekezani Claus: Mphamvu zamwadzidzidzi ziyenera kutha pokhapokha ngati zigamulo zalamulo zitavomerezananso ndi anthu pambuyo pa mkangano wapoyera.

Maiko onga Canada ndi New Zealand asintha posachedwapa malamulo awo oletsa upandu kuti aphatikizepo njira zamphamvu zotetezera ufulu wa anthu, kusonyeza kuti kusintha nkotheka. Chiyambukiro cha m’banja cha uchigaŵenga sindicho msewu umodzi wopita ku njira yochitira upandu.

Kumaliza

Chisonkhezero cha kuletsa ugandaganda nchachikulu ndi chachikhalire. Icho chalembedwanso malamulo, kukonzedwanso kwa mabungwe a boma, ndi kusintha miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni. Pachiyambi chake, vuto limakhala chimodzimodzi: mmene angatetezerere demokrase popanda kuwononga. Njira zothandiza kwambiri zotetezera boma ndizo zigaŵenga zimene zimasunga chidaliro cha anthu, kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu, ndi kusintha zinthu kusintha ziwopsezo popanda kulakwitsa. Pamene kuukira kwa thupi kukupitirizabe kulowa pa Intaneti ndi ziwopsezo zowopsya ndi ziwopsezo zachiwirizo, kufunikira njira yolinganizika, njira yogwirizana ndi umboni yosalakwika. Kukambitsirana pakati pa maboma, anthu, ndi nzika nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti kulondola chisungiko sikubwera pa kutha kutetezera kwenikweni.