Kuyenera kwa malamulo koyenera kumapanga malo ovomerezeka a boma la America, kutsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense amalandira chilango choyenera pansi pa lamulo. Ufulu umenewu si mfundo wamba; ndizo chitetezo chothandiza zimene zimateteza ku zochita za boma zongofuna kupatsidwa chilango. Kuchokera ku maupandu a sukulu mpaka kumvetsera, njira zoyenerera zimatsimikizira kuti boma limalemekeza ufulu walamulo wa munthu asanam’manitse moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Chitsogozo chimenechi chimapereka kumvetsetsa kokwanira kwa ufulu wochita zinthu, kupenda chiyambi chawo, mitundu iwiri ya mbiri yakale, mitundu iwiri yapadera imene yaumba tanthauzo lake, ndi mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito yawo m'dziko. Kaya ndinu wophunzira, katswiri, kapena munthu wongofuna kumvetsetsa chitetezo chanu, kumvetsetsa njira yofunika kaamba ka malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa chilungamo.

Kodi Zinthu Ziyenera Kuchitika Bwanji?

Malamulo akhazikitsa lamulo lotsimikizira kuti boma liyenera kutsatira njira zolungama ndi zokhazikitsidwa zalamulo lisanachite zinthu zimene zimakhudza moyo wa munthu, ufulu, kapena katundu. Liwuli likupezeka m'malamulo onse aŵiri a Fi5 (kugwiritsira ntchito boma) ndi ku Lamphotho la 145 (lofuna maboma). Chinenero chachikulu n’chofanana: palibe munthu amene adzakhala "wodetsedwa m’moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda lamulo loyenerera. ”

Padongosolo lake losavuta, loyenerera limatanthauza kuti boma siliyenera kuchita zinthu mwadala. Liyenera kupereka chidziŵitso, mpata woti limvedwe, ndi Wopanga zosankha zauchete. Koma njira yoyenera imaphatikizaponso kutetezera kwambiri zinthu zofunika kwambiri . Kuteteza ufulu waukulu ku kuloŵerera kwa boma ngakhale pamene njira zolungama zatsatiridwa. Kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe wa mbali ziŵirizi ndiko mfungulo yozindikira lamulo lamakono la lamulo.

Mbiri Yakale ya Mmene Zinthu Zinali Kuyendera

Lingaliro la njira yoyenera likusonyeza chiyambi chake chakale kwambiri kuposa Lamulo la U.S.

Magna Carta (1215)

Chitsanzo chotchuka koposa ndicho Magna Carta, wosainidwa ndi Mfumu John ya ku England. Mutu 39 (pambuyo pake unali ndi zaka 29) umati: ‘ Palibe munthu waufulu adzagwidwa kapena kumangidwa, kapena kulandidwa ufulu wake kapena chuma, kapena kuletsedwa kapena kutengedwa, kapena kulandidwa kaimidwe kake m’njira ina iliyonse, kapena kukakamizidwa ndi iye, kapena kutumizidwa ena kukachita zimenezo, kusiyapo ngati mwa chiweruzo chololedwa cha anthu ake kapena ndi lamulo la dziko. Mawu akuti, “lamulo la dzikolo" ndilo kholo la lamulo la "kuyambira kwa lamulo." ngakhale kuti poyamba linali ndi ufulu wa anthu, lamulo lakuti chisoti chilo chachifumu sichingachite popanda ulamuliro walamulo, chikhale mwalamende la lamulo lachikhalidwe.

Lamulo la Chingelezi Lofala ndi America Wolamulidwa ndi Atsamunda

Pazaka mazana zotsatira, makhoti a ku England ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo anawonjezera chitetezo ku kumangidwa ndi kuzengedwa mlandu kopanda chilungamo. Pa kapepala ka Habeas Corpus ka 1679 kanalimbikitsa ufulu wotsutsa kumangidwa kosakhala kwa lamulo. Atsamunda a ku America anatengera miyambo imeneyi ndi kuikhazikitsa m’malamulo a boma ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu. Pamene Bill of Rights inalembetsedwa, Findth Amendment inali ndi chinenero choyenera.

Mgwirizano wa 14 wa Kusintha ndi Kusagwirizana

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Demetrime ya 145 (1868) inawonjezera njira zoyenerera zotetezera ku zochita za maboma. Kusintha kumeneku kunakhala chiŵiya champhamvu kwa Khoti Lalikulu "kusintha" ambiri a Bill of Rights potsutsana ndi maboma, kutanthauza boma ndi maboma a kumaloko ayeneranso kulemekeza zoyenera zazikulu monga kulankhula mwaufulu, ufulu wa kupereka uphungu, ndi chitetezo ku ku ku kufufuza kosayenera.

Njira Zoyenera Kuzitsatira

Malamulo amakono amagaŵa ntchito yake kukhala magulu aŵiri osiyana koma ofanana: njira yopangira zinthu ndi njira yozipezera.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Procedical project imasumikidwa pa maethides [[FLT :1] boma liyenera kutsatira pamene lilanda munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Imafunsa: Kodi ndi njira ziti zimene zikufunikira kutsimikizira kuti kuli bwino? Zofunika zenizeni zimadalira pa mawu apatsogolo, koma mbali zina za maziko zimafunidwa kaŵirikaŵiri:

  • Thukulo: "''''''''''''. Munthu ayenera kuuzidwa za kachitidwe kolingaliridwa ndi maziko ake.
  • Unyinji woyenera kumvedwa: Mwayi wopindulitsa wa kupereka umboni ndi zigomeko pamaso pa wopanga chosankha wopanda tsankho.
  • [[NT.0] Mdani wa kudziko: Munthu kapena thupi lopanga chosankha liyenera kusakhala losankha.
  • Kuyenera ku uphungu: m'zochitika zambiri, makamaka zimene zimaphatikizapo kusoŵa kwakukulu, kuyenera kwa kuimira kwa lamulo nkofunika.
  • Chosankha champhamvu ndi zifukwa: A kafotokozedwe komvekera bwino ka chotulukapo.

Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa mayeso olinganiza bwino Mathews v. Eldidge [1] Kugamula zimene zili zofunikira pamkhalidwe woperekedwa. Makhoti amayesa zinthu zitatu: (1) chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa; (2) upandu wa kusoŵa njira zolakwika zogwiritsira ntchito njira zowonjezereka zotetezera; ndi (3) chikondwerero cha boma, kuphatikizapo katundu wa makampani ndi kuyang'anira. Kusintha kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti kuzenga mlandu wonse kungafunike kaamba ka mlandu waupandu, koma kumvetsera kochepera kungakhutiritse njira yoyenerera kaamba ka kubwezera mapindu.

Zitsanzo zofala za njira yodziŵira yopangira zinthu zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Mlandu wa apandu wopatsidwa uphungu, kutsutsana ndi mboni, ndi ajuli.
  • Atsogoleri a boma asanayambe kuletsa anthu kuti akhale ndi chitetezo cha m’dzikolo.
  • Kulanga kwa pasukulu kumene kumaphatikizapo chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wa kulabadira.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Njira yoyenerera yopitira siipita ku njira. Imatetezera zoyenera zachibadwa ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, mosasamala kanthu za kuyenera kwa njirazo. Ngakhale ngati boma litsatira njira iliyonse yachibadwa, silingachotse kuyenera kwina ngati silinalungamitse bwino.

Chiphunzitsocho chili ndi mbiri yotsutsana. Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, Khoti Lalikulu linagwiritsira ntchito njira yofunikira kugonjetsa malamulo a zachuma, monga malamulo ocheperapo, m'milandu yonga Lochner v. New York (1905]]. Nyengo imeneyo inatha mu 1930, ndipo Khoti tsopano limagonjera malamulo a zachuma. Komabe, njira yoyenerera yokhayo yovomerezeka ya ufulu wa munthu mwini. Lerolino, imateteza zoyenera zimene "zazikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya Dziko lino ndi mwambo" ndi "kutsatira mfundo ya ufulu wa ufulu"""" .

Zina mwa zinthu zimene zili ndi ufulu woteteza ufulu wa anthu ndi izi:

  • Kuyenera kubisika: Kuphatikiza zosankha zokhudza ukwati, kubala, kulera, kulera, mabanja, ndi kulera ana.
  • Kuyenera kukwatira: [[FLT :1] Kudziŵika monga kuyenera kwapadera mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015).
  • Kulunjika kwa thupi: Kutetezera ku mankhwala osafunidwa.
  • Kuyenda: M'dziko la United States.
  • Kuyenera kukana mankhwala: Kuphatikiza chisamaliro cha moyo (ndi zolephera).

Khotilo limatsatira "kufufuza kwapadera" pamene lamulo liswa njira yofunika kwambiri yoikidwiratu. Boma liyenera kusonyeza lamulolo kukhala losonkhezera ndipo nlolinganizidwiratu kufikira chikondwerero chimenecho. Kaamba ka zoyenera zosadalira pa mfundo zachibadwa, muyezowo uli wotsika (maziko a maziko apadera).

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

Zigamulo zingapo za Khoti Lalikulu zalongosola ndi kufutukula chitetezo chofunikira.

Zochitika Zochititsa Chidwi

  • Miranda v. Arizona[FLT :66] adaikidwa kuti apolisi ayenera kudziŵikitsa kuyenera kwawo kwa kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi loya wopezekapo pamene akufunsidwa mlandu. Machenjezowa "Miranda" ali chitetezo chachibadwa chodzitetezera ku kudziimira.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [1] (1963): adanena kuti kuyenera kwachisanu ndi chimodzi kwa kupereka uphungu kumagwira ntchito ku milandu ya boma, kufunidwa ndi maboma kupereka maloya kwa oimbidwa mlandu m'nkhani za milandu.
  • Goldberg v. Kelly[FLT :] (70): Olandira olandira chithandizo anafunikira kumvedwa kwachionekere asanathetse mapindu, kukhazikitsa kuti ngakhale mapindu a boma amapanga chiwongola dzanja cha katundu wotetezedwa ndi ntchito yake.
  • Gos v. Lopez [1] (1975): adanena kuti ophunzira a sukulu za onse oyang'anizana ndi kugwedezeka ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso ndi kumvetsera kwamwayi.
  • MAWs v. Elditridge [1] (7) [1]: adalenga mayeso atatu othandiza kulinganiza a ntchito yofunikira yolembedwa, yofotokozedwa pamwambapa.

Zinthu Zofunika Kuzikumbukira

  • . . [[FLT :2] [[FLT ] adazindikira kuyenera kwa mkazi kwa kutseka mimba, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake anasinthidwa ndi [[FLT:] kulera. Casey [[FLT :] [5] [] ndi kulamulira mu Dobs v. Jackson Akazi a Umoyo [[FLT:] (22]]). [22] [2] Madobs .]
  • [[FLT :0] bergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015): Kuzindikira ukwati wa kugonana kofanana monga choyenera pansi pa zonse ziŵiri Claus Claus ndi Chitetezo Cholingana.
  • Lawrence v. Texas[FLT :2] (2003): Kuphwanya malamulo oletsa kuyanjana kwa kugonana kwapanthaŵi imodzi, kutsimikiziranso kuyenera kwa kukhala chinsinsi mu maunansi aumwini.
  • [FLT :1] Shashington v. Glucksberg [1] (1997): adakhala ndi chiletso pa kudzipha kothandiza, kukhazikitsa kuyesa kaamba ka kudziŵikitsa zoyenera zazikulu: ziyenera kukhala "zozikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya mtundu uno ndi miyambo" ndi "kuletsa ufulu wa lamulo" .

Kutsatira Makonzedwe Apadera

Kumvetsetsa masinthidwe ameneŵa nkovuta kwa aliyense woloŵetsedwamo m’zembe za lamulo.

Chilungamo Chaupandu

Zitetezero zofunikira ndizo zolimba kwambiri m'malamulo aupandu. Otetezera ali ndi ufulu wa kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kwa anthu onse, oweruza opanda tsankho, kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni, njira yokakamiza kupeza mboni, ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu. Boma limakhala ndi umboni wosatsutsika. Apolisi ayenera kutsatira malamulo okhudza kufunafuna, njirinjiri, ndi kufunsa mafunso.

Maphunziro

Ophunzira a sukulu ya onse ali ndi ufulu wochita ntchito m'machitidwe olangiza. Nkhani ya chizindikiro Gos v. Lopez [1] imafunikira kuti asanaimitse wophunzira kwa masiku 10 kapena ochepera, akuluakulu a sukulu ayenera kupereka chidziŵitso cha pakamwa kapena cholembedwa cha milanduyo ndi mpata wofotokoza mbali yawo. Kuchotsa kapena kuthamangitsa, njira zambiri zalamulo zingafunikire. Komabe, mlingo wa kachitidwe kake ndi wocheperapo pozenga mlandu waupandu.

Ntchito ndi Boma Zimapindulitsa

Anthu ogwira ntchito za boma amakhala ndi chidwi cha zinthu ngati ali ndi kampani kapena ali ndi ntchito inayake yolembedwa, kuphatikizapo kuuzidwa ndi kumvetsera.

Kusamukira kudziko lina

Anthu osapezeka ku United States, kuphatikizapo osamukira kudziko osalembedwa, ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zina. Iwo ali ndi ufulu woweruzidwa pamaso pa woweruza wosamuka, mwaŵi wa kupereka umboni, ndi kuyenera kwa kukopa. Komabe, ukulu wa ufulu umenewu ngwochepa kuposa kwa nzika. Mwachitsanzo, pochotsa milandu, palibe kuyenera kuikidwa uphungu pamalipiro a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti ASTIRCILE Procession imagwira ntchito kwa "munthu aliyense" mkati mwa U.S. gawo, osati nzika zokha.

Kusoŵa Zinthu Zapachiŵeniŵeni

Kulandidwa katundu wa boma kumachititsa boma kutenga katundu amene akulingaliridwa kukhala wophatikizidwa m'machita upandu, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kulipira mwiniwake ndi mlandu. Kudera nkhaŵa koyenera kumabuka pamene eni ake sanapereke chilengezo chokwanira kapena mwaŵi wa panthaŵi yake wa kutsutsa kugwidwa. Masinthidwe ena achitidwa, koma kachitidweko kadakali kotsutsana.

Mavuto Okhudza Ufulu Wochita Zinthu

Ngakhale kuti pali mbali yaikulu, ufulu woyenerera wochita zinthu ukuyang’anizana ndi zitsenderezo zazikulu m’nyengo yamakono.

Kutsekemera kwa Manda ndi Kupanga Mafuta

Oimbidwa mlandu ambiri, makamaka amene alibe ndalama, angakakamizidwe kulandira mapangano ngakhale ngati ali osalakwa. Kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlanduko kungathetsedwe bwino ngati dongosololo lipereka mapempho pa kuyesa umboniwo.

Kusiyana Mafuko ndi Zachuma

Kusalingana kwa dongosolo kumatanthauza kuti anthu ambiri sangapeze chizindikiro chalamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Gideon imatsimikizira uphungu, madongosolo otetezera anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amanyansidwa ndi kuchulukitsitsidwa, kuchititsa kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ufulu wa anthu. Tsankho la utundu lingasonkhetsenso zosankha za oweruza, kusankha oweruza, ndi kuweruza, kuchepetsa lonjezo la chilungamo cholingana.

Chisungiko cha Dziko ndi Kuchuluka

Masitepi a USA PARIYOTTT Act ndi Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, zawonjezera mphamvu za boma zoyang’anira. Zigaŵenga zofufuzidwa monga adani zingasungidwe popanda kulowa m'makhoti kapena uphungu. Kulinganiza pakati pa chitetezo ndi njira yofunikira kumakhalabe kukangana kwambiri, monga momwe kusonyezedwera m'milandu ngati Hamsfeld [1] [2001], kumene Khoti Lalikulu linkakhulupirira kuti anthu a U.S. Okhala ndi mwayi waukulu wowazengamira kutsutsa mlandu wawo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta Ndiponso Luso la Zamakono

Luso lamakono limapereka mafunso ofunikira. Kufufuza kwa manambala ndi makompyuta, kugwiritsa ntchito mametafoni, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maajensi pochita ntchito yapolisi ndi kuweruza zinthu zonse zachinsinsi ndi njira yolungama. Khoti Lapamwamba layankha m'mikhalidwe yonga Carpater v. United States [2088], kufunitsa chilolezo cha makompyuta a foni. Koma nkhani zambiri sizikuyankhidwa, monga kugwiritsira ntchito kwa nkhope kwa lamulo la lamulo.

Kugaŵiridwa kwa Malamulo

Malamulo ena okhazikitsa malamulo akhazikitsa malamulo amene amaletsa chitetezo choyenera, monga ngati malire pa habeas corpus, zigamulo zofunikira, kapena kuchotsedwa kwa lamulo la kugamulidwa kwa lamulo. Malamulo alamulo a boma kwa opalamula kugonana amalola kumangidwa kosatha pambuyo pa chilango cha ndende, kukweza nkhaŵa za njira zofunikira. Makhoti akupitiriza kulimbana ndi kaya malamulo amenewo amaswa zoyenera zapadera.

Kumaliza

Ufulu wochita zinthu si wogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso zalamulo; ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amene amasintha mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano. Kuyambira ku Magna Carta mpaka ku chigamulo chaposachedwapa cha Khoti Lalikulu, lingaliro lalikulu limakhala losasintha: boma liyenera kuchitira anthu zinthu mosakondera ndi kulemekeza ufulu wawo waukulu. Kaya muyang'anizana ndi mlandu wa upandu, kutsenderezedwa kusukulu, kapena kutayikiridwa kwa phindu, kumvetsa zoyenera zanu zofunikira kukukonzekeretsa kufunafuna chilungamo. Monga momwe chitaganya chimasinthira, kuyeneranso kutsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense alandire zimene malamulo akulonjeza.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, zopimira zofufuza pa Cornell Information Institute , pendani mlandu pa [FLT :2] Oyez , kapena kupenda zinthu za chivokito kuchokera ku [FLT :4] American Libersion Union .