Pajatu kuchepetsa zaka zovota kuyambira 21 mpaka 18 za boma lonse, boma, ndi masankho a kumaloko, anapitira ku United States pafupifupi 11 miliyoni. Kusintha kwa chiyambi cha dziko la America mu July 1971, kumasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa mwamsanga ndi kwakukulu kwa mbiri ya America. Kuchepetsa zaka za kuvota kuyambira 21 mpaka 18, ndi kuchepetsa gulu la zandale limene linakakamiza opanga malamulo kuyang'anizana ndi kusagwirizana: ngati zaka 18 zitatha, zikanaikidwa ndi kufera dziko lawo, chifukwa chake sakana kuvomereza atsogoleri amene anawatumiza ku njira yowavulaza? Kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yake yonse, kufunikira kuchepetsa kwa kuyendetsa kwa zaka 26 za mbiri yakale, ndi kuyang'anira kwa achichepere amene anakakamiza opanga malamulo kuti aloŵerere kumbuyo kwa nkhondoyo: ngati zaka 18 ndi kutha kutha kutha kuikidwa m’dziko lawo, chifukwa chake iwo sanaloŵera ntchito yosatsimikizirika ya kuyesa kuloŵerera m'dziko la America.

Mbiri Yakale ndi Magulu Aachinyamata Oyamba Kumenyana

Kukakamiza kuchepetsa nyengo ya kuvota sikunayambe pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam. M'zaka zoyambirira za dziko la Vietnam ndipo m’zaka za zana la 19, nyengo yovota inali yokhazikitsidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse pa 21 — mwambo wobadwa ndi lamulo la anthu wamba la ku England, umene unalingalira zaka 21 za ufulu wa katundu ndi ufulu walamulo. Komabe lingaliro lakuti awo amene anali achikulire mokwanira kupikisana ndi kuvota linali litaonekera pa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse ndi Nkhondo ya ku Korea. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Dziko Lonse, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Rooselt analingalira mwachidule kuti ali ndi zaka 21 zochirikiza ufulu wa kuchepetsa ufulu wosankha mavoti, koma nkhondoyo inatenga malo oyamba.

Mu 1940 ndi 1950, maboma ambiri analingalira zigamulo zophiphiritsira zoyanja kuchepetsa nyengo yosankha, koma kupita patsogolo kochepa kwa konzekere kunapangidwa. Kutsutsanako kunapezedwa kowonjezereka mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea, pamene kupanga utoto kunatumizanso mapangano 18 ndi 19 a zaka kukamenyana. Georgia anakhala boma loyamba kuchepetsa zaka zake zovota kufikira zaka 18 — koma kokha kaamba ka boma ndi masankho — mu 1943. Kentucky anatsatira. Zochita zimenezi zinasonyeza kuti lingalirolo silinali lopanda maziko, koma lidali chipambano cha ndale kuti asinthe lamulo la boma — osati kuchepetsa kusinthitsa — kunali kopanda lamulo lalamulo — kusoŵa.

Gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe la m'ma 1950 ndi m'ma 1960 linasonkhezeranso kukakamiza achinyamata. Pamene ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe anafunidwa ku Aafirika, achichepere ambiri anakhala odzipereka m'ndale, kukhala ndi phande m'kukakhala pampando waudindo, kukwera, ndi kulembetsa. Magulu onga ngati Wophunzira Nonlig Coordinatinting Committee Commoriniting Committee Komiti (SNC) ndi Wophunzira wa Bungwe la Democracy Society (SSS) anayamba kulimbikitsa mbadwo umene unadzimva kukhala wodetsedwa mowonjezereka osati ndi tsankho la fuko lokha komanso ndi zaka za kuvota. Lingaliro lakuti achichepere ayenera kukhala ndi mawu m’zokha m’zomwe zimene zinaumba moyo wawo — utumiki wankhondo, maphunziro, zachuma — unayamba kupitirira makolejiji.

Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam Inali Gulu la Nkhondo Yophera Anthu

Ngati nkhondo zoyambirira zinathandiza kuchepetsa nyengo ya kuvota, nkhondo ya Vietnam inapereka petulo wandale. Nkhondoyo inakula kwambiri pambuyo pa Gulf of Tonkin Resolution mu 1964, ndipo pofika 1968 United States inali ndi asilikali oposa 500,000 ku Southeast Asia. Dongosolo la zopanga nkhondo — lamulo la Service System — linasonkhanitsa anyamata zikwi mazana ambiri, amene ambiri a iwo anali ndi zaka 18 kapena 19. Asilikali anali kutumizidwa kukamenya nkhondo asanakule mokwanira kuti avote.

Mawu akuti “kale kwambiri kuti amenyane, ndi achikulire okhoza kuvota” anakhala mfuu yolimbikitsa ya gulu limene linagonjetsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi nkhondo yochokera kumanzere ndi yamwambo. Kwa ambiri, nkhani sinali yongoyerekezera ndi anthu wamba, koma ya kuyenera kwa kupanga usilikali. Ngati anyamata akanakakamizidwa kuika miyoyo yawo pangozi m’nkhondo imene sanasankhe, iwo adayenera kupatsidwa mawu m'njira yosankha imene inagamula nkhondozo. Chinyengo chinali chowopsa: zaka 18 zaukalamba chikhoza kuikidwa mu usilikali, kukhoza kusaina pangano, kuyesedwa monga wachikulire m'khoti laupandu — komabe sanalolere pulezidenti amene angamtumize kuti afe.

Makamu otsutsa nkhondo, kuphatikizapo March wa 1967 pa Pentagon ndi zitsutso za mu 1968 pa Democratic National Convention, ana a sukulu a ku koleji omwe anadzimva kukhala opanda mphamvu kusintha malamulo a boma kupyolera m’njira za masankho. Mu 1970, kutsutsa kuukira kwa Cambodia wa United States ndi kuwombera kwa ophunzira otsutsa pa Kent State University ndi Jackson State College kunabweretsa mamiliyoni a Aamereka ku makwalala. Chifuniro cha nyengo yotsika ya kusanthula chinakhala maziko a gulu la ophunzira, osati monga cholongezerapo koma monga choyambirira.

Malingaliro a anthu anasintha kwambiri. Polls chakumapeto kwa ma 1960 anasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku Amereka anachirikiza kuchepetsa nyengo yosankha — osati kwenikweni chifukwa chakuti anakhulupirira achichepere, koma chifukwa chakuti anakhulupirira kuti kupanga usilikali kunayambitsa kutsutsana kosatsutsika kwa makhalidwe. Ngakhale Pulezidenti Richard Nixon, amene anali kukayikira za ochirikiza ophunzira, ananena mu 1970 kuti “anthu amene akutumikira m’magulu ankhondo ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wosankha anthu amene amawatumiza kunkhondo.” Malo andale anali okonzekera nkhondo.

Nkhondo Zololeka Malamulo ndi Njira Yonka ku Amereka Ya 26

Lamulo Loletsa Ufulu wa Anthu la 1970

Kuyesa kwakukulu koyamba kwa boma kuchepetsa nyengo ya kuvota kunabwera osati mwa kukonzanso kochitidwa ndi lamulo, koma monga wokwerapo wogwirizana ndi Voting Rights Act ya 1965 pamene inali kufutukulidwa mu 1970. Nyumba ya malamulo inapereka makonzedwe — otchedwa Thit III — amene anachepetsa zaka zovota kukhala 18 za boma, boma, ndi masankho a kumaloko. Kusamukako kunali kwanzeru pa ndale zadziko: kuigwirizanitsa ku Voting Rights Act yotchukayo inapatsa mwaŵi wamphamvu wa kutsata. Pulezidenti Nixon adasaina kuwonjezera lamulo pa June 22, 1970, ngakhale kuti anasonyeza kukayikira lamulo la boma monga lovomerezeka ku boma ndi masankhoti a boma.

Nixon anatsimikizira kukhala wokaikiridwa bwino. Mu October 1970, Khoti Lalikulu linapereka chigamulo chake mu Ogon v. Mitchell , mlandu wovuta kwambiri kutsutsa lamulo latsopano. Khoti, m'chigamulo chokaikitsa 5-4, linagamula kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo inali ndi ulamuliro woika chisankho cha mavoti pa maulamuliro a boma pansi pa malamulo, Chigawo 4 cha Malamulo — tanthauzo la zaka 18 zaudindo akhoza kuvota prezidenti ndi Congress. Komabe, khoti linagamula kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zinapanda mphamvu yosankha ziyambire zaka 5-4 za boma ndi zigamu za dzikolo, zimene zinagwa pansi pa maulamuliro osungidwa. Chiyambukirocho chinali chowononga m'malamulo chachikulu, chaka ndi chaka 18 chijambukuka, koma sizinaliri chigawale chikane chigamu, kapena kukhazikitsa chigawa cha chigamulo cha chigamu cha chigamu cha boma cha boma cha boma cha boma cha boma.

Kusintha kwa Lamulolo Kuperekedwa

Poyang'anizana ndi chipwirikiti cha ulamuliro ndi kusalungama kwa nyengo ya kugaŵikana kwa kuvota, Congress mwamsanga analingalira za kukonzanso kochitidwa ndi lamulo kumene kukakhazikitsa zaka za kuvota pa 18 kwa zonse . Malingaliro anali omveka bwino: muyezo wa boma umodzi wofunikira kuletsa kusokonezeka ndi kutsimikizira kuti achichepere onse, mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wawo, anali ndi ufulu umodzimodziwo. Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana, katswiri wa zaka zambiri wa unyamata, anatsogolera mlandu ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Malamulo a Seavenment 7 anapasapo pa March 10, 1971, ndi voti ya pa March 23, 1971, ndi voti ya mavoti 400. Khoti la chivoti ya ndale inasonyeza mmene a ndalensi ya ndale.

Mkupiti wa Kutenga Manja

Pamene Congress inalinganiza za kukonzanso, kupeka kunafunikira chilolezo ndi magawo atatu m'maboma — panthaŵiyo, 38 pa 50. Kuthamanga kwa njira yokokera kunali kosachitikapo. Ochirikiza — kuphatikizapo magulu a ophunzira a sekondale ndi a koleji, mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi magulu a odziŵa ntchito za boma — anakonzeka mwamsanga. Malamulo ambiri, amene anali atachepetsa kale nyengo yosankha pa masankhoti awo, anali ofunitsitsa kuthetsa chisokonezo chimene chinayambitsidwa ndi . Mitchell [FL:1]

Pamlungu umodzi wokha, mayiko asanu ndi aŵiri adavomereza. Pofika kumapeto kwa April, 27 maboma anali atachita zimenezo. Pa July 1, 1971, North Carolina anakhala boma la 38 la raify, patangopita miyezi iŵiri kuchokera pamene kukonzanso kunatumizidwa ku maboma. Pulezidenti Nixon anatsimikizira kukonzanso kwa mwambo pa White House pa July 5, 1971, kuitcha kuti “chizindikiro” mu ufumu wa Amereka. Nthaŵi ya masiku 100 — kuyambira pa March 23 mpaka July 1 — idakali nthaŵi yofulumira ya kukonza malamulo a dziko lonse ku U.S.

Zifukwa za liŵiro limeneli zinali zambiri. Choyamba, kukonzansoko kunakhudza vuto loonekera bwino ndi lapanthaŵi yomweyo limene linakhudza pafupifupi boma lililonse. Chachiŵiri, chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko cha achichepere osankha — omwe anali kulinganiza, kutsutsa, ndi kutembenukira ku ndale zosankhidwa — sikukananyalanyazidwa. Chachitatu, kukonza zinthu kunaonedwa kukhala koyenera ndi kophiphiritsira ngakhale kwa awo amene anali kukayikira kutsutsana kwa achichepere. Chotsatirapo chinali chivomezo chaching’ono cha bipartistan chimene chinaposa magaŵano a ndale zadziko a ku America.

Chiyambukiro pa Democracy ya America

Zopanga Zatsopano ndi Zitsanzo Zosintha

Pambuyo pake, Ogwirizana a 26 adapangana ndi osankha pafupifupi 11 miliyoni oyenerera a zaka 18 mpaka 20 ku mpukutuwo, ndipo mamiliyoni ambiri amene anafikira zaka 18 ndi 21 m'zaka zotsatira. M'chosankha cha pulezidenti cha 1972, pafupifupi 55% ya zaka 18 mpaka 24 za zaka 24 adapangana kuvota — chiŵerengero chimene sichinafikepo kuyambira 2018, 2020, ndi 2022, poyamikira kuwonjezereka kwa kulinganiza ndi kutulutsa kosavuta. Ngakhale kuti chiŵerengero cha zaka zapamwamba za zaka za madesala chikwi chinangoyamba kuyendera mbali ya zaka zaukalamba, chimakhalabe kumbuyo kwa anthu 40-45 peresenti m'kayamba kugamu ya masankhoti a prezidenst pa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo (ndipo kuwonjezeka mu 2018, 2020, ndi 202222). Chivomereza kuwonjezereka ndi kulowa m'ka cha anthu andale. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri ayamba kukhazikitsa lamulo la ndale.

Kusintha kwa Mphamvu ya Zandale

Pajatu paja panayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zothandizira achinyamata, ndalama zothandizira ophunzira, ntchito yausilikali, ndi ntchito yausilikali. Makoleji anakhala malo ofunika kwambiri kuti alembere ovota ndi kuti apeze ntchito yothandiza. Kukonzanso kunachititsanso kuti pakhale magulu monga Secondart Public Invetution Groups (PIRGS), Rock the Vote (amene anakhazikitsa mu 1990), ndi kukonzanso gulu la Sun , zonse zimene cholinga chake chinali choti apange gulu la achinyamata andale.

Ndiponso, Lamulo la 26 Lowonjezera linakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kufutukuka kwa mtsogolo kwa malamulo a boma. Lamulo lomwelo — lakuti ufulu wa kuvota suyenera kukanidwa malinga ndi msinkhu — linatchulidwa pambuyo pake m’zitsutso zochepetsa msinkhu wa kuvota ndi 16 m’masankho ena a kumaloko (monga momwe lakhala likuchitikira m’mizinda yochepa). Pamene kuli kwakuti kukonzanso malamulo a zaka 16 sikuyenera kulingaliridwa mwamphamvu pamlingo wa dzikolo, kuwonjezera kwa 26 kwa kuganiziridwa kwa mapangano kumapereka chitsanzo ndi nyumba zalamulo kaamba ka makambitsirano oterowo.

Kupitirizabe Kuyamikira ndi Maphunziro a Lerolino

Patatha zaka zoposa 50 kuchokera pamene anasintha njirayi, bungwe la 26 Lokonzanso lakhala chizindikiro champhamvu cha mmene mabungwe a anthu, nkhondo, ndiponso mfundo ya chilungamo zingasinthire malamulo a boma. Koma choloŵa chake si cha m’mbiri chabe, komanso ndi njira yochitira zinthu zotsutsana zololeka kuvota. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma akhazikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana amene amaletsa kuti ophunzira asamasankhe ana a sukulu, monga kufuna kuti maadi a mameseji azikhala ovuta, kapena kuwachititsa ophunzira a kuvota m’matauni awo akoleji.

Demendulo ya 26 yakhala ikugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'makhoti kutokosa ziletso zimenezi, ndi makhoti ena akugamula kuti malamulo a boma oika mitolo yosayerekezereka pa ophunzira ovota angaswe chitsimikizo cha ufulu wofanana wa kuvota kwa 18 mpaka 21 wa zaka za chaka. Chikalata cha kukonzanso ndi chosavuta — “Kuyenera kwa nzika za United States, zomwe zili ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kapena zokulirapo, kusavota sikudzaletsedwa kapena kumangidwa ndi United States kapena ndi Boma lililonse chifukwa cha msinkhu wake. — koma kwatsimikizira kuti pali matanthauzo aakulu kaamba ka mmene maboma angalamulirire kuvotera ndi kukhoza kuloŵa.

Nkhani ina yamakono ndi yakuti achepetse zaka 16 zovota ku masankho akwawo. Ochirikiza amanena za chitsanzo cha anthu a m’madera a ku Maryland, California, ndi Vermont amene analola 16 ndi 17 wa zaka kuvota m'mabungwe a sukulu kapena masankho. Iwo amatsutsa kuti zaka 16 za chaka kapena za masankho. Sanathetse mkangano umenewu — zinangotsimikizira kuti 18 monga pansi pa boma, pamene kumasiya maboma ambiri aufulu kuchepetsa osankha. Kusinthako kukhoza kuyambitsa makhalidwe a demokrase. Otsutsa anena kuti zaka 16 zauchikulire ndi zochitika zofunika pa moyo chifukwa cha kuvota.

Nkhani ya pa Gawo la 26 la Kusintha kwa Malamulo imapereka phunziro lalikulu ponena za mphamvu ya demokrase ya Amereka yosinthira zinthu. sikunali kusintha kokakamiza anthu apamwamba kapena koikidwa kuchokera pamwamba. Chinali chotulukapo cha kuyendetsa kwaudzu kopitirizabe — ndi achichepere iwo eni — amene anakana kulandira dongosolo limene linafuna moyo wawo koma linakana mawu awo. Kupambana kwawo kumasonyeza kuti Lamulo la Malamulo likhoza kusinthidwa kupanga dziko kukhala la demokrase yowonjezereka, ngakhale m’magaŵano aakulu a ndale.

[[ML:0] Ziphunzitso ndi Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka [[Mbali:1]