Chiyambi

United Kingdom kuchoka ku European Union . Kwa anthu ambiri odziŵika monga Brexit . Wamasuliranso za malamulo ndi kuyang'anira mbali iliyonse ya lamulo la UK. Pakati pa madera amene anayambukiridwa kwambiri ndi kugwirizanitsanso kwa banja: njira imene munthu wokhala ku UK mwalamulo angabweretsere ziŵalo za banja zapafupi (akazi, okwatirana, ana, kapena achibale odalirana) kukhala nawo. Bretit, nzika za EU zimasangalala ndi ufulu wa banja kubwereranso m’chigwirizano wa ufulu, pamene wosakhala wa dziko la Unizo angayang'anenso ndi malamulo opatula. Kuyambira nthaŵi ya kusintha kwa nyengo pa 31 December 2020, UK yayambitsa njira yogwirizana yosagwirizana imene imagwiranso ndi kusamuka kwa EU ndi kusamuka kwa EU. Nkhaniyi ya Brective ndi yosagwirizana ndi mavuto andale, inayambanso kukambirananso za EU ndi kukambirana kwa zigawa za EU.

Kumbuyo: Kugwirizananso kwa Banja m’bungwe la EU ndi UK

Brexit asanakhale, UK anali mbali ya dongosolo laufulu la European Union, lokhazikitsidwa ndi pangano la Ntchito ya European Union and Directive 2004/38/EC. Malamulo ameneŵa analola nzika iliyonse ya EU kusamukira ndi kukhala m'dziko lina lililonse, kuphatikizapo UK, ndi kutsagana ndi ziŵalo zawo za banja . Zimenezi zinatanthauza kuti dziko la France logwira ntchito ku London likabweretsa mkazi kuchokera ku Brazil popanda kukwaniritsa kufunsira kwa pepala lapadera. Kachitidweko kanali kauyang'anira, kofuna kokha khadi lakukhala kuti atsimikizire kuyenera kwa kukhalako.

Kwa anthu a mitundu yosakhala EU okhala ku UK, kugwirizanitsanso banja kunali koletsedwa kwambiri. Anafunikira kugwiritsira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a Immigration Relagement , makamaka Appendix FM, imene inakhazikitsa zofunika za ndalama zochepa, mayeso a Chingelezi, ndi njira yofunsira yotalikirapo. Komabe, kukhalapo kwa njira yowonjezereka, yooloŵa manja kwa nzika za EU adapanga dongosolo lamphamvu ziŵiri: imodzi imene inali yosavuta kwa mabanja a EU ndi imene inali yovuta kwambiri kwa mabanja osakhala a EU.

Khoti la European Court of Justice (ECJ) mobwerezabwereza linalamula kuti malamulo oletsa kugwirizanitsanso mabanja ayenera kukhala oyenera ndipo sayenera kuchepetsa ufulu wofunika wolemekeza moyo wa banja pansi pa Mfundo 8 ya European Convention on Human Rights. Malamulo ameneŵa anasonkhezera lamulo la m’banja la UK, kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale pamene malamulo anali okhwima, panali malamulo oyenera kuperekedwa pa milandu yokakamiza.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo a Pambuyo pa DSD: Dongosolo la Mfundo ndi Malamulo Atsopano a Banja

Kuyambira 1 January 2021, bungwe la UK lagwiritsa ntchito njira yochokera ku mayiko onse osakhala British Office yomwe imathandiza anthu osamuka omwe satumikira kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Dongosolo latsopano linachotsa ufulu wa nzika za EU ndipo linakhazikitsa malamulo ofanana a ntchito, phunziro, ndi zikalata za banja. Masinthidwe aakulu a m'mabanja amaphatikizapo:

  • Kuyenera kwachibadwa: nzika za EU zimene sizinakhale ku UK 31 December 2020 sizingabweretse ziŵalo za banja popanda kukwaniritsa zofunika zofanana ndi maiko achilendo.
  • [[FLT :0] Mpata wa zachuma: Wochirikiza (wokhalamo wa UK) ayenera kusonyeza ndalama zochepa zopezedwa pa $18,600 pachaka (ngati ana akuphatikizidwa). Khomo limeneli linakhazikitsidwa poyambirira mu 2012 kwa mabanja osakhala a EU ndipo tsopano limagwira ntchito kwa ochirikiza onse, kuphatikizapo nzika za EU zimene zinabwera pambuyo pa Brexit.
  • Chinenero cha Chingelezi chiyeneretso: [[FLT :1] Wofunsira (wa m’banja la kumaiko akunja) ayenera kutsimikizira kukhoza kwa Chingelezi pa mlingo A1 (basilic) pa Common Frames of Reference for Languages.
  • Kufufuza kwa moyo ndi malo akumbuyo: Ofunsira onse ayenera kutumiza kupima TB (ngati kuchokera ku dziko londandal'), kupereka chikalata chovomerezeka cha upandu, ndi kulipira jasi ya zaumoyo wa ku Immignation Health Surlation.
  • Kusunthira kwa Thanzi: The surforence, pakali pano £624 pachaka pa fomu, iyenera kuperekedwa pamalire a chikalata cha chikalata (monga miyezi 30).

Kuwonjezerapo, boma la UK linayambitsa Sucturement Scheme (EUSS) kutetezera ufulu wa nzika za EU zimene zimakhala kale mu UK pa 31 December 2020. Amene ali ndi mkhalidwe wokhazikika kapena wotsekeredwa amadalirabe malamulo a Brquit a m'mabanja asanakhaleko kuti agwirizane ndi banja lawo. UK ubale watsopano unapangidwa pambuyo pa 31 December 2020 uyenera kukwaniritsa mfundo zazikulu.

Chiyeneretso cha Ndalama: Vuto Losagwirizana

£18,600 kampani yongofuna kupeza ndalama zochepa yakhala imodzi ya njira zotsutsana kwambiri za UK za kugwirizanitsanso banja. Inayamba mu 2012 kwa anthu osakhala EU ochirikiza, cholinga chake chinali kutsimikizira kuti mabanja adzichirikiza okha popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma. Komabe, otsutsa atsutsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti mlingo wa ndalama ndi wokhudza akazi, mafuko aang'onoang'ono, ndi awo amene ali ndi ndalama zochepa kapena ovuta kwambiri. Lipoti la 2016 ndi bungwe la Fromary Observation ku Yunivesite ya Oxford linapeza kuti khomo la anthu 40% a UK-auning'a amene akugwira ntchito, kuchokera kukhoza kuchirikiza mnzake wosakhala wa UK. Post-BRIT, lamuloli lino tsopano limagwira ntchito monga ochirikiza EUS, ambiri akufunika kwambiri mabanja amene akukumana nalo.

Mu 2017, Khoti Lalikulu mu R (pakufunsira MM ndi zina) ndi lija Mlembi wa Boma wa Dipatimenti ya Panyumba [1] adalamula kuti malamulo oletsa moyo wa banja pansi pa Mfundo 8 ayenera kupereka kulemera koyenera ku ubwino wa ana. Pamene kuli kwakuti khoti silinawononge poyambira, linasonkhezera Ofesi Yapanyumba kukhazikitsa malangizo oletsa antchito kupenda mikhalidwe yapadera kumene siikufikiridwa. Mosasamala kanthu za zimenezi, umboni umasonyeza kuti kusamalako kuyenera, ndipo mabanja ambiri akupitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi kupatukana.

Lamulo la Chinenero Chachingelezi

Ofuna kupatsidwa chilolezo cha banja ayenera tsopano kupereka umboni wa kuyesa Chingelezi kovomerezedwa pamlingo wa A1 . Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimagwira ntchito kwa onse ofunsira ma visa a banja, kuphatikizapo okwatirana, okwatirana, ndi achikulire odalira. Kwa nzika za EU zimene poyamba zinali ndi ufulu wodzifunira wobweretsa ziŵalo za banja, chimenechi ndi chopinga chatsopano ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri chosayembekezereka. Kuchotsa kuli kokha kwa maiko ambiri a Chingelezi olankhula ndi awo amene apambana kale mayeso a Chingelezi apamwamba (m.g., kaamba ka chikalata cha ntchito) kwa okalamba kapena ofunsira ntchito, kuyesako kungakhale chopinga chachikulu mchitidwe.

Chiyambukiro pa Nzika za EU Kubwereranso Ku UK

Nzika za EU zimene zinafika ku UK 31 December 2020 isanafike, zingapindulebe ndi malamulo a banja la a Brexit asanakhaleko, koma ngati akhazikika kapena akhalapo pa ulamuliro wa EU Settlement Scheme . Kwa anthu ameneŵa, njirayi siinasinthe kwambiri: angabweretse ziŵalo za banja zimene zinali kale mbali ya banja lawo Bretit, malinga ngati panali unansiwo panthaŵiyo. Komabe, ngati munthu wa EU wokhala ndi malo okhazikika a kukwatira mnzake wosakwatiwa ndi EU pambuyo pa 31 December 2020, ayenera tsopano kusintha ndondomeko yozikidwapo $18,600, mayeso a Chingelezi, ndi ndalama zonse zimene amapeza. Zimenezi zachititsa kusokonezeka ndi mavuto kwa okwatirana amene anakhulupirira kuti EU yawo agwirizane.

Ndiponso, nzika za EU zimene zinafika pa 31 December 2020 sizili ndi malo apadera. Zimachitiridwa mofanana ndendende ndi munthu wina aliyense wosamuka ndipo ziyenera kuyenerera pansi pa malamulo a Banja Visa (Appendix FM) kuphatikizapo mpata wa zandalama. Mwachitsanzo, namwino wa ku Germany amene asamukira ku UK mu 2022 kuti akagwire ntchito ku NHS kukakumana ndi ndalama zokwanira £18,600 zofunikira kubweretsa mkazi wake kuchokera ku Turkey .

Chiyambukiro pa Nzika Zopanda Ubwino

Kwa anthu a dziko la EU, Brexit sanakhazikitse malamulo atsopano . Iwo anayang'anizana kale ndi zofunika zolimba za banja pansi pa Appendix FM. Komabe, kuchotsedwa kwa njira ya EU yapadera kumatanthauza kuti mabanja osakhala EU sangakhale ndi chosankha cha kusamukira ku boma la EU (monga Ireland) ndipo kenaka kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu waufulu kubweretsa mnzake wosakhala EU ku UK . kholibolo limene linagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi okwatirana ena Bretit. “Surinder Sing . Njirayi inatsekedwa moluza ndi Immigration Regation Real kuchokera mu 2017, ndipo Brxit wapangitsa kuti ikhale yosapezeka.

Kuphatikizanso apo, kutuluka kwa bungwe la UK ku EU kwathetsa ntchito ya kugwirizanitsa mabanja amene ali ndi malamulo ena ake. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la EU la Blue Card lopereka malangizo oyenera kwambiri othandiza anthu a m’banja popanda ndalama zofanana. Malamulo a UK tsopano amaika mafomu onse a mabanja pansi pa malamulo ofanana, mosasamala kanthu za luso kapena mlingo wa ndalama zimene wolipirirayo ali nazo, pokhapokha ngati iwo ayenerera kukhala ndi bungwe la Global Talent visation kapena njira zina zapadera.

Ziyambukiro Zofalikira Kwambiri m’Makhalidwe ndi Ndale

Kulimba kwa malamulo a kugwirizanitsanso banja kwayambitsa mkangano waukulu pakati pa magulu a ufulu wa anthu, akatswiri osamuka, ndi andale. Osuliza amanena kuti malamulo atsopanowo akuswa Mfundo 8 ya European Convention on Human Rights, imene imatsimikizira ulemu wa moyo waumwini ndi wabanja, ndi kuti iwo amayambukira akazi, ana, ndi mabanja otsika. Mabungwe onga Liberty agogomezera nkhani zimene mabwenzi anthaŵi yaitali aumirizidwa kukhala osiyana chifukwa chakuti ndalama za othandizirawo zagwa pansi pa khomo.

Ochirikiza dongosolo latsopanolo akutsutsa kuti kuli kofunika kuti anthu adalire ulamuliro wa kusamuka ndi kutsimikizira kuti osamuka samakhala mtolo wolemetsa pa mautumiki a anthu. Chikalata cha boma cha 2021 pa kusamuka kwa lamulo chinanena kuti “kutetezera chikwama cha anthu onse" ndi“ kutsimikizira kuti anthu a m’banja akhoza kudzichirikiza okha. Komabe, [FLT:] 2023 kuchokera ku bungwe la Microator Observation [1] anapeza kuti chitseko cha ndalamacho sichinachepetse kwambiri chiŵerengero cha mafazi a banja operekedwa .

Ofesi ya Home yayambitsanso “kuyesa kwa banja” monga mbali ya ntchito yake yopanga malamulo. Kufufuzaku kumafuna madipatimenti a boma kulingalira za chiyambukiro cha malamulo operekedwa pa kukhazikika kwa banja ndi maunansi.

Kulankhulana ndi Kufufuza Malamulo

Malamulo atsopano a banja atsutsidwa mobwerezabwereza m'makhoti a UK. Mu 2021, Khoti Lalikulu linagamula R (pakutsatira kwa A ndi zina) Mlembi wa Boma wa Dipatimenti Yapanyumba [] kuti chiyeneretso cha anthu a EU osakhala a EU okhazikika kuti achite mayeso a Chingelezi chikhale chosayerekezereka m'nkhani zina. Ofesi Yapanyumbayo inapereka chitsogozo chosinthidwa, koma zofunika zazikuluzo zimakhala zosawonongeka. Mu 2023, Mafunso a Panyumba Chosankha Komiti ya Zachuma yofalitsa lipoti la ndalama zopitira kuti apendedwe ndi kusinthasinthane, makamaka kwa mabanja amene alipo mu UK zikupititsidwa. Maboma otsutsa kwambiri kuwongolera kuwongolera ku kayendedwe kake.

Zotulukapo Zogwira Ntchito: Nkhani Zochokera ku Mabanja

Chiyambi cha mikangano ya lamuloyo ndi nkhani zenizeni za anthu. Lipoti la 2022 la Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants (JCWI) linalembedwa milandu yambiri ya mabanja opatulidwa ndi malamulo atsopano. Chitsanzo chimodzi chofanana: mkazi wa ku Spain amene anakhala ku UK kwa zaka zisanu anakumana ndi mwamuna wa ku America mu 2021. Chifukwa chakuti sanali kukhala ku UK pomalizira pa 2020, anafunikira kufunsira chikalata cha banja kaamba ka iye. Ndi malipiro a UK, anangochotsa chitseko, koma anafunikira kulipira ndalama zoposa £3,000 m'dziko, kuphatikizapo ndalama zolipirira ndi ndalama zapadera. Mwamunayo anathera pafupifupi chaka chimodzi choyembekezera chigamulo cha mwamunayo.

Nkhani zofananazo zimachuluka kwa okwatirana osakhala a EU: nzika ya Britain yokwatiwa ndi mnzawo wa ku Nigeria iyenera kusonyeza ndalama zosungidwa kapena malipiro a £18,600; ngati mnzawo ali kale ndi mwana kuchokera ku unansi wapapitapo, khomo limakwera kufika pa $22,400. mabanja ambiri amachitira lipoti la kugulitsa chuma kapena kutenga ngongole kuti akwaniritse zofunikazo, ndipo ena akakamizidwa kuchoka ku UK kuti akapeze visa kuchokera kunja kwa dzikolo.

Kumaliza

Brexit wasintha kwambiri njira ya UK yogwirizanitsanso banja. Kusintha kuchoka ku njira imene inachititsa kuti anthu a m'bungwe la EU ndi mabanja awo ayambe kuyenda momasuka, kutengera mfundo zogwirizana, zachotsa malo awiriwa koma zachita zimenezi mwa kuchepetsa malamulo a aliyense. Mitundu ya EU imene inafika pambuyo pa Bretit tsopano imayang'anizana ndi ndalama, chinenero, ndi kupenda thanzi kumene kwanthaŵi yaitali kumagwira ntchito kwa mabanja osakhala AU. Amene afikapo asunga chitetezo china pansi pa EU Secomement Argement , koma chifukwa cha mayanjano omwe analipo kale 201.

Masinthidwe achititsa kutsutsana kwanthaŵi yaitali ponena za kulinganiza pakati pa kulamulira kusamuka ndi kuyenera kwa moyo wa banja. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la UK limatetezera malamulo ofunikira kuyendetsa kusamuka ndi kutetezera mautumiki a anthu, osuliza amatsutsa kuti iwo amachititsa mavuto osafunikira ndi angaswe mathayo a ufulu wa anthu. Chitsenderezo cha zachuma chidakalibe maziko opikisana kwambiri, ndipo makomiti angapo a nyumba za malamulo a nyumba za malamulo apempha kuti akonzenso. Pamene UK akupitirizabe kugwiritsira ntchito uchifumu wake wapo ndi kutetezera, mtsogolo mwa banja lidzadalira pa zosankha zandale: kaya kusungitsa njira yolimba yamakono kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo osintha ndi achifundo amene amazindikira phindu la umodzi wa banja m'dziko lonse lomwe likukula.