Kumvetsetsa Gerrymandering: Chitsogozo Chothandiza cha Kusintha Zinthu

Gerrymandering imaimira umodzi wa machitidwe otsutsana kwambiri ndi otsatirapo m'madongosolo a demokrase amakono. Pamapeto pake, kuyendetsa chigawo cha osankhidwa ndiko kuyendetsa dala malire a chigawo cha ndale zadziko yakutiyakuti, gulu, kapena wandale womangika. Kutsatira kumeneku kungayambukire kwambiri zigamulo za masankho, kupotoza kuimira boma, ndi kululuza lamulo lapamwamba la kuchita nawo zinthu pa demokrase. Pamene kuli kwakuti mawuwo angamveke kukhala opanga luso kapena opeka, chiyambukiro cha gerrymander akugwira wovota aliyense ndi kuumba malo andale m’njira zazikulu zimene zimayambukira zigamulo, kuimira kwa chitaganya, ndi thanzi lonse la mabungwe a democracy.

Mchitidwe wa kukonza wakhalako kwa zaka mazana aŵiri m'ndale za America, komabe udakali woyenerera ndi wotsutsana lerolino kuposa kale lonse. Ndi kupita patsogolo m'zopangapanga, mavoti ochola, ndi chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane, kuyendetsa kwamakono kwakhala kolondola ndi kogwira mtima. Kumvetsetsa mmene kuyendetsa kumagwirira ntchito, njira zake zosiyanasiyana, ndi zotsatira zake zopambana nzofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa masinthidwe a ndale zadziko ndi kuchirikiza kuimira kwabwino.

Kodi Majeremusi Akusintha Motani?

Malo opangira masankho a boma amaphatikizapo kusintha kwa magawo apadera kuti apange mapindu a ndale a zipani kapena magulu ena. Zimenezi zimachitika popanga malo ofufuzira, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amachitidwa zaka khumi zilizonse pambuyo pa kuŵerenga kwa mtundu. Gulu kapena gulu lolamulira njira yofufuzira redigation trader kungakoke m’njira zimene zingawonjezere chipambano chawo cha voti, kaŵirikaŵiri kupanga madera opangidwa modabwitsa amene amatsutsa nzeru za dzikolo koma amatumikira zifuno za ndale zadziko.

Mawu akuti "gerrymanidering" ali ndi nkhani yochititsa chidwi. Inakhazikitsidwa mu 1812 pamene Bwanamkubwa wa Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry anavomereza pulani yofiira yopanga chigawo chofanana ndi samander. Wojambula zithunzi zoseŵeretsa wandale anaphatikiza dzina la Gerry ndi "salamander" kupanga "gerrymander," ndi liwulo lakhala likupitirizabe kuyambira nthaŵi yonseyi. Chitsanzo cha m'mbirichi chimasonyeza kuti gerrymermander si chinthu chatsopano koma chitokosokoso chimene chakhala chikusintha mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa democracy.

Chomwe chimapangitsa kuyendetsa zinthu mochenjera kwambiri nchakuti kumalola andale zadziko kusankha mokhutiritsa ovota awo mmalo mwa kuvota kusankha oimira awo. Mu demokrase yaudoma yabwino, mpikisano wa osankhidwa uyenera kusonyeza zikondwerero zenizeni za ndale zadziko za anthu. Komabe, pamene madera alamulidwa, zotulukapo za masankho zingalinganizidwe chisanavoti chimodzi chisanaperekedwe, kuchepetsa mpikisano weniweni wa osankhidwa ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya munthu aliyense wosankhidwa kusonkhezera kuimira kwawo.

Kusintha kwamakono kwakhala kodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa tekinoloji. Makampani andale tsopano ali ndi mathero a chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane cha wovota, kuphatikizapo kulembetsa chipani, mbiri yovota, chidziŵitso cha anthu, ndipo ngakhale njira za kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta ndi njira za chidziŵitso cha malo, iwo angalembe malire a chigawo ndi kulondola kwa opareshoni, kuneneratu zotsatira za mavoti molondola kwambiri. Luso la luso la zopanga lapanga limeneli lapangitsa kutchuka ndi kukhala lovuta kwambiri kuzindikira kuposa kale lonse.

Nkhani ya mbiri ya ku America Yokhudza Maselo a M’thupi

Kumvetsetsa bwino lomwe chiyambukiro cha gerrymaning pa ndale zamakono, kuli kofunika kusanthula kukula kwake kwa mbiri yakale. Pamene kuli kwakuti kachitidweko kakhalako kumayambiriro a zaka za zana la 19, njira zake ndi ukulu wake zakhala zikusintha mowonekera m'kupita kwa nthaŵi. M'mbiri yonse ya America, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa gergermaning kwagwiritsiridwa ntchito osati kokha kaamba ka phindu la oukira komanso kutsendereza mphamvu zopotoza ndi kusunga mphamvu za mphamvu zimene zilipo.

M’nyengo ya Jim Crow, kugwiritsa ntchito dala nthaŵi zambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi njira zina zoponderezera ofufuza kuti achepetse mphamvu ya ndale za anthu a ku Africa. Ngakhale pambuyo pa kutsatiridwa kwa Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu mu 1965, chimene chinaletsa tsankho la fuko posankha, kukonza zinthu zofiira kupitirizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kuimira kwa anthu ochepa. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likulankhula ndi milandu yosiyanasiyana yokhudzana ndi milandu kwa zaka makumi ambiri, likukhazikitsa malire ena pa kuletsa kuyendetsa utundu ukunja ukube wosafuna kuloŵerera m’milandu ya persanch gerryderning.

Kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito ndalama kwawonjezeka kwambiri m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, makamaka pambuyo pa kuwerengedwa kwa anthu mu 2010. Zipani zikuluzikulu ziwirizi zakhala zikufufuza njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera mavuto a anthu, ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi yasinthasintha. Ntchito ya REDMAP inasonyeza kuti mayiko akuyesetsa kuti apeze malo a boma asanayambe kusinthasintha zinthu, pofuna kuchepetsa njira yopangira malamulo komanso kuteteza zinthu pa ndale.

Mmene Gerrymander Ayambukirira Kuimira Democratic

Ziyambukiro za kukakamiza anthu kuimira demokrase ndi zazikulu ndi zamitundumitundu. Pamene zigawo zosankhidwa zigwiritsiridwa ntchito kuyanja chipani chimodzi, boma lotulukapo silingasonyeze bwino lomwe zimene anthu andale amakonda monga gulu. Kupotoka kumeneku kungatsogolere ku mikhalidwe imene chipani chimalandira malo ambiri a malamulo mosasamala kanthu za kuvota kochepera kokhala ndi otsutsa awo.

Gerrymanindering imapanga "chisungiko" madera kumene chipani chimodzi chili ndi phindu lalikulu, kuchotsa mokhutiritsa mpikisano wa kusanthula. M'madera ameneŵa, mpikisano weniweni umachitika pa chisankho chachikulu mmalo mwa chisankho cha onse. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa oyembekezera kufunsira ku maziko a chipani chawo mmalo mwa kuvota kocheperapo, kuthandizira kugaŵanitsa ndale zadziko. Oimira madera otetezereka a madera safuna kulolera kapena kugwira ntchito m’mizera ya zipani, popeza kuti chiwopsezo chawo chachikulu chimachokera kwa otsutsa kwambiri m’gulu lawo la chipani chawo mmalo mwa otsutsa chisankhole chachi.

Chiyambukiro pa pangano la ovota sichingatchulidwe mopambanitsa. Pamene osankha azindikira kuti zotulukapo za masankho zalinganizidwiratu chifukwa cha kuyendetsa kampani, iwo angalefulidwe ndi kukhala osachitapo kanthu m'dongosolo la osankhidwa. Chivotichi chimalimbikitsanso mphamvu ya awo amene amapindula ndi kubwezera, kupanga kayendedwe ka kudziluluza kumene kumachepetsa kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase. Anthu angalingalire kuti mawu awo alibe kanthu, kuchititsa kuchepetsa pangano la boma ndi kufooketsa malamulo a demokrase.

Gerrymanindering imayambukiranso malamulo m’njira zazikulu. Pamene opanga malamulo adzimva kukhala osungika m'mipando yawo chifukwa cha madera otetezeredwa, iwo angakhale osalabadira kwenikweni ku nkhaŵa za makampani ndi ofunitsitsa kulondola malingaliro amene sasonyeza zikonda za chigawo chawo monga mbali yonse. Zimenezi zingatulukepo malamulo amene amasiyana ndi malingaliro a anthu pankhani zofunika, kuyambira kuchipatala ndi maphunziro mpaka ku kukhometsa msonkho ndi malamulo a malo. Kuchotsa pakati pa zofuna za anthu onse ndi malamulo a boma kumawononga chikhulupiriro mu boma ndipo kumachititsa kutsutsa kwa ndale.

Njira Zoyambirira za Kuyambitsa Majeremusi Zilongosoledwa

Kumvetsetsa njira zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri pozindikira kuti njira zopangira zinthu zosinthasintha zamakonozo zikhoza kuchitika ndi kuyamikira luso lamakono la kukonza njira zozisintha.

Kudumpha: Kuthetsa Mphamvu za Chitsutso

Kuleka kuli kachitidwe ka kugaŵa anthu otsutsa m'madera ambiri, kuchepetsa mphamvu yawo yovota kotero kuti sangapange ambiri m'chigawo chimodzi. Tayerekezerani kuti mzinda wokhala ndi anthu ambiri osankhidwa kuchokera ku Party A A wozingidwa ndi madera akumidzi omwe amayanja Chipani B. Mwakugwetsa, ulamuliro wosinthasintha ugawire mzindawo m’zigawo zingapo, zimene zimaphatikizapo dera lakumidzi lolemera. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti Gulu la Acostation, ngakhale kuti lili lokhazikika mu mzinda, lili ndi chigawo chilichonse ndi Gulu la Baccotif kuchokera ku madera ozungulira.

Kugwira ntchito kwa kuswanyika kumadalira pa kugaŵidwa kwa malo kwa ovota ndi luso la kujambula mizera ya chigawo. Mwa njira yake, kuswa kungatulukemo ndi magawo opangidwa mwachilendo amene njoka imakaloŵa m’midzi, kugwirizanitsa malo osiyana ndi otsata pang’ono kusiyapo njira zawo zovotera. Machigawo ameneŵa angagawanitse madera, mizinda, kapena magawo m’njira zimene sizikumveka bwino malinga ndi kaonedwe ka chitaganya koma zimagwira ntchito yowonekera bwino.

Kusankha kuli kothandiza kwambiri makamaka ngati kuphatikiza ndi chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane cha wovota chimene chimalola akuluakulu a boma kuneneratu khalidwe lovota pamlingo wosasiyana. Kufufuza kwamakono kungadziŵitse njira zovotera ku zidutswa kapena ngakhale nyumba, kutheketsa kusiyanitsa kwenikweni kumene kumawonjezera phindu pamene kukupitirizabe kuwonekera kwa malire a chigawo oyenerera.

Kunyamula Malo: Kuchotsa Makampani Otsutsa

Kunyamula kumatanthauza njira yosiyana ndi imeneyi yopatsira otsutsa otsutsa owonda, kuwalonga iwo m'zigawo zochepa monga momwe kungathekere. Mwakupanga magawo kumene gulu lotsutsa limapambana ndi mipambo yochuluka, ulamuliro wosintha "wastes" wosankha chitsutso chimene chikanakhala chopikisana m'madera ena. Pamene kuli kwakuti gulu lotsutsa lingapambane madera odzaza anthu ameneŵa mosavuta, iwo amapambana zigawo zochepa kuposa mavoti awo onse akanakhala kuti apambana.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati Party A imalamulira kubwezera m'boma kumene Gulu B lili ndi 40% ya ochirikiza dziko lonse, Gulu A lingapange madera angapo kumene Gulu B lili ndi 80% kapena 90% chilikizo. Ichi chitsimikizira Gulu B lipambana maderawo mochenjera koma lilibe chichirikizo chokwanira cha kukhala opikisana m’madera otsala. Chotulukapo nchakuti Gulu la B limapeza malo ochepa kuposa amene voti yawo ya dziko lonse ingasonyeze kuti iwo ali oyenerera, pamene gulu A mlingo wa malo awo akukhalamo ngakhale kuti lili ndi 60% yokha.

Kunyamula mapangano achilendo andale. M'zochitika zina, anthu ochepa achirikiza njira zomangira madera a anthu ambiri, kutsimikizira kuti anthu a m’madera awo akuimira anthu ena. Komabe, zimenezi mosadziŵa zingathandize gulu kutsutsa zinthu za anthu ochepa mwa kuyang'anira ovota ochepa (amene kaŵirikaŵiri amavotera chipani chimodzi) m’zigawo zochepera, zimene zimachititsa kuti zigawo zozungulira zikhale zotetezeka kwa gulu linalo.

Kuzenga: Kukakamiza Opereka Chilango Kuti Agwirizane

Kusintha kwa malamulo kwa chigawo kumachitika pamene malamulo aŵiri oikidwa m'gulu limodzi aikidwanso m’chigawo chimodzi, kuwakakamiza kupikisana. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri pamene gulu lolamulira kupenda zinthu zofiira lifuna kuchotsa munthu wina amene angakhale wochokera ku gulu lotsutsa kapena ngakhale kwa gulu lawo koma lolingaliridwa kukhala lokhulupirika kapena logwirizana ndi malingaliro.

Njira imeneyi ingakhale yothandiza kwambiri kuchotsa opanga malamulo oyenera kapena odzidalira amene angakhale ovuta kugonjetsa pa chisankho chachisawawa. Mwa kuwakakamiza kuti apikisane ndi munthu wina wovuta, ulamuliro wokonza zinthu umachititsa mkhalidwe umene mmodzi wa oukira angataye malo awo mosapeŵeka. Njirayi ingagwiritsiridwenso ntchito kulanga opanga malamulo amene aswa utsogoleri wa gulu pa mavoti aakulu kapena amene angaimire zitokozo za mtsogolo ku utsogoleri wa gulu.

Kugwiritsa ntchito foniyi kumasonyeza mmene kugwiritsa ntchito kungazigwiritsiridwire osati kuthandizira zipani komanso kutsutsana kwa mphamvu. Ili chida chothandizira anthu kukhazikitsa chilango ndi kuthetsa mawu otsutsana, kuwonjezera kugaŵanitsa ndale ndi kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa malingaliro a m’mabungwe a malamulo.

Kuba Anthu: Kusaika Oimira Opangika

Kuchotsa anthu kumaphatikizapo kujambulanso malire a chigawo kuti asamutse nyumba ya woimira wa m'gulu lapadera ku chigawo china, kaŵirikaŵiri imene siigwirizana ndi chipani chawo kapena kumene munthu wina wa m'gulu la anthu akutumikira. Pamene kuli kwakuti opanga malamulo safunikira nthaŵi zonse kukhala m’chigawo chimene akuimira, kusamutsira nyumba yawo ku chigawo china kungayambitse mavuto aakulu a ndale zadziko ndi kupanga kusankhidwanso kukhala kovuta kwambiri.

Njira imeneyi ingathe kukhala yosokoneza kwambiri chifukwa chakuti anthu amakakamizidwa kuthamanga m'chigawo chatsopano kumene sadziŵika ndi kukhazikitsa maunansi, kapena kusamutsira nyumba yawo kuti akhalebe m'chigawo chawo chokongola. Njira iliyonse imapereka mavuto ndi kufooketsa malo awo osankhidwa. Kukwapula kungaphatikizidwenso ndi njira zina zopinga, monga ngati kupangitsa chigawo chatsopano cha anthu kukhala chosagwirizana ndi gulu lawo mwa kujambula kapena kufunkha.

Kusintha maganizo ndiponso kusokonezeka maganizo kwa kuba anthu kumakhudzanso anthu ena ongofuna kuwalanda, osati anthu amene akungowabera okha.

Kulimbana kwa Majeremusi Osiyana ndi Mafuko

Nkofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa kugaŵanitsa ndi kulimbikitsa fuko, pamene zimaphatikizapo zisonkhezero zosiyana ndi kuyang'anizana ndi miyezo yalamulo yosiyana. Parisan gerrymanindering imafuna kupindula chipani chimodzi cha ndale zadziko kuposa china, pamene kuli kwakuti kuyendetsa kwafuko kumaphatikiza kujambula mizera yachigawo yozikidwa pa fuko kuti achepetse kapena kusumika maganizo pa mphamvu ya kuvota yaing'ono.

Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa kuti kuletsa fuko kuswa makonzedwe a Kutetezera Classia kwa Chifuniro cha 14 pamene fuko lili chochititsa chachikulu m'kujambula mizera ya chigawo popanda chilungamitso chokwanira. Lamulo la Voting Rights Act limaletsanso makonzedwe opeputsa mphamvu ya kuvota kochepera. Makhoti akhala ofunitsitsa kugonjetsa makonzedwe opanga kulimba kwa fuko omwe amapanga kulinganiza kwa mafuko, ofuna kuti maboma abweze zigawo zimene zimatsutsana ndi malamulo otetezera.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Khoti Lalikulu lakhala loopa kwambiri kuloŵererapo m’milandu ya ogaŵanitsa. M'nkhani ya Rucho kutsutsana ndi. Common Century Cammon Cast, khotilo linagamula kuti ofufuzawo anene kuti ali ndi mafunso andale omwe sangathe kufikiridwa ndi makhoti a boma, ndipo mwachipambano amalengeza kuti makhoti a boma sangamve zopikitsa. Chigamulochi chinasiya chigaŵenga chikutoto ku makhoti ndi njira za ndale, zikumaletsa kwambiri makhoti a boma kuletsa kuukira koopsa kwa Retigiodition.

Kusiyana pakati pa kugaŵana ndi kugaŵana mafuko kungasokonezeke kwambiri, pamene kugwirizana kwa fuko ndi chipani kaŵirikaŵiri kumayenderana. M'madera ambiri, ovota ochepa amachirikiza kwambiri chipani chimodzi cha ndale zadziko, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kutsimikizira ngati mapulani osintha maganizo osankhidwa ozikidwa pa fuko kapena chipani. Kusintha kumeneku kumayambitsa mafunso ovuta a zamalamulo ndi a ndale zadziko onena za chisonkhezero chenicheni chochititsa kupendutsa zosankha ndi mankhwala oyenerera kaamba ka kupedicriminatificigation.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo zamakono

Zipangizo zamakono zasintha njira zopangira zinthu, ndipo zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolondola, zothandiza kwambiri, ndiponso zovuta kuzizindikira kuposa kale. Kusintha zinthu kumeneku kumadalira kwambiri pulogalamu yamakono yapamwamba, makompyuta atsatanetsatane, ndi ma algoritime amene angafufuze masamu mamiliyoni ambiri osonyeza kuti apanga mapulogalamu a chigawo oyenerera kuti apeze phindu.

Geographic Information System (GIS) imalola akuluakulu a boma kuyerekezera ndi kuyendetsa malire a chigawo molunjika kwambiri. Madongosolo ameneŵa angaphatikizepo mitu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu, kuphatikizapo mbiri ya kalembera, kuvota, kulembetsa kwa chipani, chidziŵitso cha anthu, ndiponso ngakhale makhalidwe a anthu. Mwa kupenda mfundo zimenezi, mapulogalamu opanga malire a kalembera angadziŵitse mmene masankhoti adzakhudzira, kulola maderawo kuyesa mapu otheka ndi kusankha amene amakwaniritsa zolinga zawo za ndale zadziko.

Kupezeka kwa chidziŵitso cha ovota motsatira lamulo kwachititsa kulembedwa kwamakono kukhala kothandiza kwambiri. Maulamuliro osintha maganizo angapeze chidziŵitso chonena za kulembetsa kwa chipani cha ovota, kuvota mbiri ya masankho akale, ngakhalenso zitsanzo zoneneratu za khalidwe la kuvota kwa mtsogolo. Zimenezi zawathandiza kujambula madera ndi kulinganiza kochitidwa mwa opareshoni, kutsimikizira kuti chigawo chilichonse chili ndi kulembedwa kokhumbika kwa anthu pamene chikupitirizabe kuoneka kuti chikugwirizana ndi malamulo monga kulingana ndi kulingana kwa anthu ndi kulingana.

Chosangalatsa nchakuti, luso la zopangapanga likugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuletsa gerrymaning. Ofufuza ndi ochirikiza kusintha apanga ma algorinto amene angapange mapu zikwizikwi othekera opanga mapu opendeka ozikidwa pa njira zosaloŵera za uchete, kupanga maziko oyerekezera ndi mapu enieni openyetsera. Ngati mapu a pulogalamu ndi otsatizana kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mapu opangidwa . Kusonyeza phindu lopambanitsa limene silipezeka kaŵirikaŵiri kapena losapezeka konse m'mamepu osaloŵerera. Zimenezi zingapereke umboni wakuti gerrymanning . Kufufuza kwa masamu kumeneku kumapereka zida zotsimikizira kuti apeze ndi kutsutsa zigawo za gergermerder.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Dziko za Kudya Majeremani

Kupenda zitsanzo za maluso oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumasonyeza mmene njira zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito ndiponso zotsatira zake zenizeni. Mayiko ambiri aona njira zosinthasintha zimene anthu ayamba kukayikirana, zomwe zachititsa kuti boma likhale ndi mavuto komanso anthu ena aziwatsutsa.

North Carolina wakhala malo otchuka kwambiri omenyera nkhondo nkhondo. Pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa chaka cha 2010, bungwe la Republican lolamulira linalemba madera a zigawo za mabungwe omwe anatulukapo anthu a Republica pa mipando 10 ya mameseji 13 mu 2012, ngakhale kuti analandira pafupifupi 49% ya mavoti a bungwe logamula milandu. Mabomawo anali ndi maluwa ooneka bwino amene anathandiza kwambiri anthu a m'deralo. Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za mavuto a zamalamulo, makhoti anakantha mapuwa monga osakhala a fuko la Grigerryder, ngakhale kuti mapu otsatirawa anapitirizabe kutsutsana ndi kutsutsa kopatula mlandu anthu otsutsa.

Maryland akupereka chitsanzo cha Democratic gerrymaning . Chigawo cha chigawo cha 6 cha Boma chinabweretsedwa pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa 2010 kuti ziphatikizepo mbali za Democratic Montgomery County yolemera kwambiri ya Democratic Montgomery pamene anali kuchotsa madera a Republican-leaning. Zimenezi zinasintha chigawo cha Democratic Republic kukhala Democratic , kusonyeza mmene kukonza malo kwapadera kukhoza kusokoneza chigawo. Khoti Lapitalo linayesa chitokoso ku chigawochi mu Benisek v. Lamone, ngakhale kuti mlanduwo unachotsedwa ndi kutsatidwa ndi kutsatira chigamu cha Rucho.

Machigawo a Pennsylvania ochitidwa pambuyo pa kuŵerengera anthu mu 2010 anakhala ndi mbiri yoipa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo osokonekera ndi maskew . Zigawozo zinakopedwa kwambiri kwakuti mamepu atsopano anapambana nthaŵi zonse mipando 13 mwa 18 ya makhonsati a boma mosasamala kanthu za kugawidwa kwa masankho a boma. Mu 2018, Bwalo Lapamwamba la Pennsylvania linakantha madera ameneŵa monga kuswa malamulo a boma, kulamula kuti mapu atsopano alembedwe. Mapu atsopanowo anapangitsa nthumwi zopikisana zambiri zimene zinasonyeza bwino kulembedwa kwa ndale zadzikolo.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu imeneyi si ku chipani chimodzi kapena chigawo chimodzi chokha. Zipani zazikulu ziŵiri zakhala zikusintha kwambiri pamene zapatsidwa mwayi, ndipo kachitidweko kamachitika m’mayiko onse m’dzikolo.

Kuona Malamulo ndi Zosankha za Khoti

Malamulo ozungulira kuyendetsa zinthu asintha modabwitsa m’zaka makumi ambiri, ndi makhoti akulimbana ndi mafunso onena za pamene kupenda zinthu mwalamulo kudutsa malire a zochita zandale ndi kupotoza malamulo. Kumvetsetsa zigamulo zazikulu za khoti kumathandiza kumveketsa bwino mkhalidwe walamulo wa kuletsa ndi mankhwala amene alipo kaamba ka zigawo zopanda chilungamo.

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Baker v. Carr (1962) chinakhazikitsa kuti nkhani zobwezera zingathe kuyendetsedwa ndi makhoti a boma, kutsegula khomo la zitokoso za lamulo za zigaŵenga zopanda chilungamo. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi Reynolds v. Sims (1964), imene inakhazikitsa "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" lamulo, lofuna kuti magawo a boma akhale ndi anthu ofanana. Zigamuzo zimenezi zinapanga malamulo ofunika kwambiri oletsa kusinthasintha zinthu koma sizinaperekere mwachindunji kwa gerrydering .

Voing Rights Act ya 1965 ndi kukonzanso kotsatira kunapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka ku makonzedwe ochepetsa a tsankho kwa mafuko aang'ono. Chigawo 2 cha Chikalata cha Act chimaletsa machitachita osankha amene amasankha pamaziko a fuko, ndipo makhoti amasulira zimenezi kukhala zophatikizapo makonzedwe opeputsa mphamvu ya kuvota kochepera. Komabe, chigamulo cha Supreme County mu Shelby County v. Raker (203) anagonjetsa chiyeneretso cha poyamba chimene chinafuna maulamuliro ena opatulapo kusankhana mitundu kuti apeze chivoti chisanasinthe njira zopangira kuvomereza kusanthula. Kupangitsa kuti kukhale kosavuta kwa maboma ena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kukonza milandu.

Chigamulo chapadera cha Rucho ndi cha Chidziŵitso mu 2019 chinaimira posinthira kwakukulu m'chiweruzo cholamulira. Khoti linagamula kuti mamembala osintha anthu ndi mafunso andale omwe sangathetse, ngakhale pamene zolinga za boma zimasonyeza tsankho lopambanitsa. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts, polembera anthu ambiri, anavomereza kuti kuyendetsa kopambanitsa sikugwirizana ndi malamulo a democracy koma ananena kuti makhoti a boma sangakhoze kugamulapo malamulo oyenera oyendera ufulu wa munthu posankha pamene nkhani za bungwe la Greant zafika poipa.

Pambuyo pa Rucho, chisamaliro chasintha ku makhoti a boma ndi malamulo a boma. Makhoti aakulu angapo alamula kuti kuphwanya malamulo awo a boma, kupereka njira ina ya zitokoso za lamulo. Mayiko kuphatikizapo Pennsylvania, North Carolina, ndi Ohio awona mabwalo awo aakulu akuswa mapu opangidwa motsatira malamulo a boma. Zimenezi zapangitsa kuperekedwa kwa boma ndi zitetezero za lamulo kukhala zofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi gerrymerning.

Zoyesayesa za Kusintha ndi Njira Zina Zothandizira Kusintha

Pozindikira mavuto oyambitsidwa ndi kukonzanso, okonzanso alinganiza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira ku kukonzanso. Masinthidwe ameneŵa amafuna kuchotsa kapena kuchepetsa tsankho m’njira yobwezeretsa zinthu ndi kuyambitsa mpikisano waukulu, madera otchuka amene amaimira osankhidwa bwino.

Ntchito Zodziimira Payekha Zobwezeretsa

Amodzi mwa njira zotchuka kwambiri zosinthira zinthu ndi kukhazikitsa mabungwe a zigawo kuti alembe malire a chigawo m’malo molola makhomageti a boma kulamulira ntchitoyi. Mabungwe amenewa kwenikweni amaphatikizapo anthu a zigawenga zikuluzikulu komanso anthu odziimira okha kapena osadziwa kuti asintha, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito malamulo olinganizidwa kulimbikitsa chilungamo ndi kuonekera.

California Citizens Rediqualing Commission , yokhazikitsidwa mwa njira ya kujambula mu 2008, imapereka chitsanzo chotchuka cha njira imeneyi. Bungwelo lili ndi ziŵalo 14 . .5 Democrats , Republicans, ndi anayi kuchokera ku gulu lililonse. Linasankhidwa kupyolera m'maseŵero ndi kubwerera ku kutsimikizira kuti ali oyenerera, akuluakulu opanda tsankho. Bungwelo liyenera kutsatira miyezo yotsimikizirika pamene likujambula madera, kuphatikizapo ponena za madera achikondwerero ndi kupanga zigawo za madera. Pamene kuli kwakuti ntchito ya California ya kampani ya California yakhala yosakwanirdedwa monga yopanga mapu oyenera kuposa zigawo zojambula za malamulo zimene zinayamba.

Arizona, Michigan, Colorado, ndi maiko ena akhazikitsanso makampani odziimira okha kapena odalirana ndi magawo okhala ndi ziŵiya ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti mabungwe ameneŵa amapanga zigawo za mpikisano wochuluka ndi kusakondera kwambiri kuposa mapu ojambula ndi nyumba zoimira boma, ngakhale kuti zipambano zawo zimadalira pa mapangidwe awo enieni ndi zochitika za ndale zadziko zimene amagwiramo ntchito.

Matanthauzira Azaumulungu ndi Masamu

Okonzanso ena apereka maganizo ogwiritsa ntchito masamu polemba zigawo zopanda mbali, monga kugwirizanitsa, kuvomerezana, ndi kulemekeza malire andale omwe alipo. Njira zimenezi zikufuna kuchotsa tsankho la anthu podalira mfundo za masamu zomveka m’malo modalira mfundo zandale.

Njira imodzi yotero ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito maajensi a makompyuta popanga mapu zikwi kapena mamiliyoni ambiri amene angagwirizane ndi malamulo, ndiyeno kusankha mapu amene amakwaniritsa bwino mfundo zauchete. Njira ina imagwira ntchito masamu a kugwirizanitsa madera otchulidwa ndi zinthu zina, kukana amene amasonyeza umboni wa kupotoza. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti lonjeza, zimadzutsanso mafunso onena za njira zimene ziyenera kuikidwa ndi mmene mungalinganizire makhalidwe otsutsana monga kugwirizanitsa zinthu ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu a chidwi pamodzi.

Kuona Zinthu Moyenera ndi Kutengamo Mbali kwa Onse

Kuwonjezereka kwa kuonekera kwa njira yosinthira zinthu kumatanthauza njira ina yofunika kwambiri. Maboma ambiri tsopano amafuna maulamuliro okonzanso milandu ya anthu, kuvomereza mfundo zapoyera, ndi kupanga zojambula ndi mapu ofuna kupezeka kwa anthu. Mayiko ena amalola nzika kutumiza mapu awo oti adziganizire, kukonza njira yosinthira zinthu ndi kutsimikizira kuti mawu a anthu akumveka.

Luso la zopangapanga lathandiza anthu kukhala ndi phande kuposa kale. Kujambula mapu a zipangizo kumatheketsa nzika kujambula malingaliro awo odzipangira zinthu ndi kuwapereka kuti adzionere. Makompyuta a boma amapanga ma pulogalamu ofiira kuti akhale osavuta kwa aliyense wokhala ndi intaneti, osati kokha zandale zokhala ndi zipangizo zapadera. Kuona zinthu zimenezi kumathandiza kuti anthu apange zosankha zolunjika poyera ndi zofunikira kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu, kupangitsa makompyuta ovuta kwambiri kukwaniritsa popanda kutsatsana ndi anthu onse.

Chiyambukiro pa Kusintha kwa Ndale Zadziko

Maboma andale amathandiza kwambiri kugawana kwa andale, chimodzi cha mavuto aakulu amene maboma a demokrase akukumana nawo. Mwa kukhazikitsa madera otetezeka kumene chipani chimodzi chimalamulira, kuyendetsa kuchepetsa mpikisano wosankha ndi kusintha zisonkhezero zoyang’anizana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa m’njira zimene zimasonkhezera kulolera mopambanitsa ndi kuletsa kulolera molakwa.

M'zigawo zosankhidwa, chisankho chachikulu kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala chofunika kwambiri kuposa chisankho chachisawawa. Popeza kuti chigawo chili chotetezereka kwa chipani chimodzi, mpikisano weniweni umachitika pakati pa oyembekezera kupikisana ndi chipani chimenecho. Osankha oyambirira amakhala opambanitsa kuposa osankha aunyinji, popeza kuti ochirikiza chipani chodzipereka kwambiri amakhala othekera kwambiri kutenga nawo mbali m'malamulo. Zimenezi zimayambitsa zisonkhezero kwa oyembekezera kukhala ndi malo opambanitsa kuti apenyerere kwa osankhidwawo, kuthandizira kusanthula anthu onse, monga momwe ochirikiza chipani chodzipereka kwambiri.

Atasankhidwa kuchokera ku zigawo zotetezereka, opanga malamulo samakhala ndi chisonkhezero chochepa cha kuchepetsa malo awo kapena kugwira ntchito m'madera a zipani. Chisungiko chawo chosankhidwa chimadalira pa kusunga chichirikizo pakati pa maziko a gulu lawo, osati pakukopa anthu ovota kapena ziŵalo za gulu lina. Zimenezi zimaletsa kugwirizana kolimba kofunikira kaamba ka kulamulira kogwira mtima, makamaka pankhani zotsutsana kumene malo a gulu amadumpha mowonekera.

Unansi pakati pa gerrymandering ndi kutha kwa dziko ngwaukulu ndipo n’ngotsutsana pakati pa asayansi andale zadziko. Kufufuza kwina kukusonyeza kuti kuthandiza kwa gerrymander kugaŵanitsa kuli kochepa poyerekezera ndi zinthu zina monga kugaŵikana kwa malo, kugaŵikana kwa manyuzipepala, ndi kutsimikizira kwa malingaliro. Komabe, ngakhale ngati kuyendetsa malowo sikuli kuyendetsa kwakukulu kwa kugaŵikana, mwachionekere kumasonkhezera zikhoterero ndipo kumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuchotsa zinthuzo kupyolera mu mpikisano wa pulogalamu.

Zotsatirapo Zachuma ndi Zamakhalidwe

Ziyambukiro za kulinganiza sizimapita kumbali ya ndale zosankhidwa kuti zisonkhezere kayendetsedwe ka chuma, maprogramu a kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndi kutukuka kwa chitaganya. Pamene madera amakopeka kuwonjezera phindu la ogaŵanikana mmalo mwa kuimira chitaganya chogwirizana, chizindikiro chotulukapo sichingathetse bwino zosoŵa za kumaloko kapena zinthu zofunika.

Madera a Gerrymanged kaŵirikaŵiri amagaŵa mizinda, magawo, kapena madera a madera omwe amagaŵanidwa madera achidwi. Mzinda ungakhale wogawikana pakati pa madera angapo, omwe amaphatikizapo midzi yaikulu kapena dera la m’midzi, kuchepetsa mawu a mzinda mu nyumba ya malamulo. Zimenezi zingapangitse kuti kumadera a m’tauni kukhale kovuta kuti apeze malo okwanira ndi chuma chokwanira, maphunziro, zoyendera za anthu onse, ndi zinthu zina zofunika. Mofananamo, madera akumidzi angadzipeze kukhala ogaŵanitsidwa pakati pa zigawo zambiri zolamulidwa ndi mizinda kapena m’midzi yokhala ndi zinthu zofunika zosiyana.

Kusoŵa kwa mpikisano wa masankho m'madera otchuka kungayambukirenso kayendetsedwe ka chuma. Pamene opanga malamulo adzimva kukhala otetezereka m'mipando yawo, iwo angakhale osalabadira kwambiri nkhaŵa za zachuma zonga ngati kukonza ntchito, kupata, kapena kuyendetsa malonda. Iwo angayambitse ntchito za malingaliro kapena kukondera utsogoleri wa zipani m’zigawo zawo zachuma. Zimenezi zingatulutse malamulo amene samasonyeza mikhalidwe yachuma kapena zosoŵa za dzikolo.

Makonzedwe a kakhalidwe ka anthu angayambukiridwenso ndi gerrymaninger. Magawo olinganizidwa kaamba ka phindu la ochirikiza sangakhale ogwirizana ndi madera achilengedwe operekera utumiki kapena madera okhala ndi zosoŵa za anthu. Izi zingavute zoyesayesa kuthetsa mavuto monga kupezeka kwa zaumoyo, mtundu wa maphunziro, kusoŵa kwa nyumba, ndi kutsika kwa umphaŵi. Pamene madera a malamulo sagwirizana ndi madera amene akulingaliridwa kutumikira, kumakhala kovuta kukulitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ogwira ntchito amene amasamalira mavuto a kumaloko.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse a Zamankhwala

Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyendetsa zinthu kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi ndale zadziko la America, mademokrase ena alimbana ndi nkhani zofananazo ndi kuyambitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera njira zopendera. Kupenda machitachita a mitundu yonse kumapereka lingaliro labwino pa njira zina zopangira malire osankhidwa ndi kuletsa kupotoza.

Maboma ambiri a demokrase amagwiritsira ntchito makhonsati a malire odziimira okha kuchotsa njira ya kusankhira magawo a mavoti, Canada, Australia, ndi New Zealand onse amagwiritsira ntchito makampani a kudziimira ndi zigwirizano zosiyanasiyana. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito motsatira malamulo amene amaika zinthu zofunika monga kufanana kwa anthu, mbali za malo, ndi malire a chitaganya mmalo mwa kuchepetsa phindu.

Bungwe la UK's Boundary Commissions, mwachitsanzo, ndi mabungwe a anthu odziimira okha amene amapenda ndi kujambulanso malamulo nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Iwo amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo koma amapanga zosankha zawo modziimira, kufunsa kwa anthu ndi kuyang'ana zitsutso asanathetse malire. Ngakhale kuti si otetezeka ku mkangano, dongosololi lapeŵa kupondereza kopambanitsa kowonekera m'maiko ena a ku America.

Maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito njira zoimira chigawo zimene zimachepetsa kapena kuchotsa kufunika kwa malire a chigawo. M'madongosolo ameneŵa, zipani zimalandira mipando yalamulo mogwirizana ndi mbali yawo ya voti ya dziko kapena yachigawo, kupangitsa mavoti kukhala osathandiza kwenikweni. Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo oimira zigawo za chigawo chimodzi ali ndi ubwino wawo ndi kuipa kwake, amasonyeza kuti madera amodzi sindiwo okha amene amalinganiza kuimira demokrase.

Germany amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya chigawo chimodzi yophatikizana chigawo chimodzi ndi kuimira mbali imodzi, kuyesa kukopa mapindu a njira zonse ziŵiri. Voter amaponya ma blottes aŵiri . Limodzi kwa woimira wakomweko ndi limodzi la chipani chimodzi la mpambo wa mpambo wa chipani . Ndi kupangidwa kwa nyumba yovomerezeka kuonetsa chivoti pamene akusunga kuimira kwa kumaloko. Dongosololi limapanga germander perderrial chifukwa chakuti mbali yogwirizana imatsimikizira kuti mbali ya malamulo ya mbali za gululo imayenderana ndi mavoti awo mosasamala kanthu za mmene malire a chigawo amakokera.

Tsogolo la Kukonza ndi Kuimira Zinthu Zosintha

Pamene tiyang’ana ku kayendedwe ka m’tsogolo kosintha zinthu, zochitika zingapo zidzaumba mmene malamulo opangira zinthu adzakokera ndi mmene kuŵerengera anthu ndi kupenda zinthu zina kudzayendera m’zaka khumi zikubwerazi.

Kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga kudzapangitsa kupendedwa kwaluso ndi koonekera kwambiri. Pambali imodzi, awo ofuna kupezerapo phindu la gulu la anthu adzakhala ndi zida zamphamvu zothandizira kulinganiza malire a chigawo. Kumbali ina, okonzanso ndi magulu a olonda adzakhala ndi zipangizo zabwino zodziŵira gerrymerder ndi kutulutsa mapu ena amene amasonyeza njira zosonyezera kulondola. Kuthamanga kwa zida zamakono kumeneku kudzapitirizabe, ndi mbali zonse zikumakulakulakula kwa mphamvu zamakono.

Kuzindikira kwa anthu za kukonza makampani kwawonjezeka kwambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha milandu yapamwamba ya khoti, kuulutsa nkhani, ndi ndawala zauphunzitsi. Kuzindikira kumeneku kwachititsa kuti pakhale ndale, ndi anthu ovotera kuvomereza kuti apange mabungwe odziimira okha kapena kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano zokokera madera. Kupambana kwa zoyesayesa zimenezi kumapereka lingaliro la anthu onse la kukondera njira zosonyezera, ngakhale kuti chitsutso ndi zolinga za ndale zadziko zamphamvu chimakhala champhamvu.

Ntchito ya makhoti a boma m'makhoti ogawa apolisi ozembera boma ikula bwino potsatira chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu ku Rucho. Makhoti aakulu a boma m’mayiko ambiri asonyeza kufunitsitsa kuswa mapu opangidwa motsatira malamulo a boma, ndipo ochirikiza akuyesetsa kufotokoza malamulo a boma m’mayiko ena. Kukula kwa lamulo la boma pa kupenda malowo kudzakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri, monga momwe maboma osiyanasiyana angayambire miyezo ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.

Masinthidwe a mbiri yakale adzayambukiranso kusintha kwa magawo. Kusintha kwa anthu ku madera a m’mizinda ndi m’midzi, kuwonjezereka kwa mitundu ndi mafuko, ndi kusintha kwa mibadwo ya zikondwerero za ndale zadziko zonsezo zikuyambukira mmene zigawo zingakokedwere ndi mmene zigawo za anthu zingakhalire ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko. Zikhoterero zimenezi zingapange njira zina zokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa kapena kupanga mipata yatsopano ya kupotoza zinthu, kudalira pa mmene zimachitira ndi njira za ndale zadziko.

Zimene Nzika Zingachite ndi Kudya Majeremusi

Ngakhale kuti kukonza zinthu ndi vuto lovuta kuli, nzika ndi anthu osiyanasiyana angachitepo kanthu kuti athetse vutoli ndipo alimbikitse anthu kuti azioneka kuti ndi abwino.

Kutenga mbali m'njira yolunjika imatanthauza sitepe loyamba lofunika kwambiri. Maboma ambiri amagamula milandu ya anthu kumene nzika zingapereke umboni wa malingaliro opeputsa, kugawana chidziŵitso cha anthu a m'madera awo, ndi kulimbikitsa njira zina zojambula madera. Kupezekapo, kulemba ndemanga, kapena kukhazikitsa mapu ena kumapangitsa nzika kukhala ndi chidziŵitso chachindunji m'njira imene madera awo akukokedwa. Ngakhale ngati ndemanga za munthu aliyense sasintha mapeto, kugawana kwa anthu onse kungasinthe zosankha zogwirizana ndi kupanga mbiri ya zikondwerero za chitaganya.

Kuchirikiza zoyesayesa za kusintha kumapereka njira ina ya kachitidwe. Mabungwe ambiri amagwira ntchito pa kusintha kwa mtundu ndi m'zigawo, kuchirikiza ntchito za ufulu, njira zoonekera bwino, ndi njira zolungama zowonetsera madera. Magulu onga Common Change , Chigwirizano cha Akazi Voters, ndi Fairvote chimagwira ntchito pa nkhani zimenezi ndi chichirikizo chaufulu, zopereka, ndi udzu. Kuphatikizidwa ndi magulu ameneŵa kumawonetsa mawu aumwini ndi kuthandizira kukonzanso masinthidwe.

Maballot amapereka njira yachindunji ya kusintha m'nkhani zimene zimalola njira za nzika kuyendera. Makampani m'mayiko ambiri avomereza njira zopangira mabungwe odziimira okha kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano othandizira kusaina. Kuchirikiza zoyesayesa zosonkhanitsa, kuchirikiza njira zosinthira zinthu, ndi kuvotera kuti apange njira zosinthira zinthu pamene aonekera pa boloti kungayambitse kusintha kozoloŵereka kwa magawo.

Kuphunzitsa ena za kuyendetsa zinthu kumathandiza kuchititsa anthu kuzindikira ndi kuchirikiza kusintha. Anthu ambiri samvetsa mmene kupeputsa ntchito kapena mmene kumakhudzira kuimira kwawo. Kugaŵana chidziŵitso chonena za kuyendetsa ndi mabwenzi, banja, ndi ziŵalo za m'mudzi, kulemba makalata ku manyuzipepala a kumaloko, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zoulutsira za anthu kugogomezera nkhani za kulongosola nkhani za kulinganiza kungathandize kupangitsa anthu odziŵa bwino kuti demokrase ifunike. Anthu ambiri amvetsetsa gerrydering, kuvuta kwa andale kuti adziloŵetse mchitidwe wosokoneza zinthu popanda kuyang'anizana ndi chitsutso chapo ndi anthu.

Kuyang'ana njira zothetsera mavuto ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kukhala ndi mlandu kumbali ina yofunika ya pangano la boma. Kuyang’ana mmene madera akukopera, kuyerekezera mapu olingaliridwa ku maloŵa auchete, ndi kutchula kukakamiza kuti apange mayeso oyeneretsedwa. Akuluakulu osankhidwa apereke nkhaŵa za kukonzanso, kufunsa ofunsira malo awo pa kusintha zinthu, ndi kutchula chizindikiro chonse cha kusanthula kwa andale zadziko amene amasamalira kuimira koyenera.

Kumvetsa Maselo: Mmene Mungadziŵire Majeremusi

Kuzindikira kufunikira kuzindikira manambala ndi zizindikiro zimene zikusonyeza kuti madera agwiritsiridwa ntchito kuthandizira anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe njira imodzi yotsimikizira jiryanindering, zipangizo zingapo za mankhwala zikhoza kuvumbula njira zokayikitsa zimene zimafunikira kupendedwa mosamalitsa.

Mavoti a gulu lililonse amaikidwa bwino kwambiri. Padongosolo loyenera, onse aŵiri ayenera "kufulumira" ngati manambala ofanana a mavoti . Mavoti amaponyedwa kuti ataye ofunsira kapena kupambana. Pamene gulu lina litaya mavoti ochepa kwambiri kuposa linalo, limapereka lingaliro lakuti madera afunidwa kupereka mwaŵi. Mpata waukulu umasonyeza kuti gulu limodzi likupambana chigawo chake ndi mphepete mopapatiza pamene gulu lina likupambana ndi mipando yaikulu, pepala logwirizana ndi kugwetsa ndi kujambula ndi kujambula.

Partisan symmetry akufufuza ngati kugwirizana pakati pa mavoti ndi mipando kuli kofanana kwa mbali zonse ziŵiri. M'dongosolo la kulingana, ngati Gulu A lilandira X% ya voti, liyenera kupambana mochepera chiŵerengero cha mipando imene gulu B likapambana ndi X% ya voti. Chachikulu n’chakuti gulu limodzi lifunikira kugawana mavoti apamwamba kuposa linalo kuti lipambane chiŵerengero chimodzimodzi cha mipando .

Kugwirizana kumayesa malo a madera. Pamene kuli kwakuti madera ozungulira samakhala abwino nthaŵi zonse, zigawo zosagwirizana kwambiri zokhala ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa kaŵirikaŵiri zimasonyeza kupotoza. Masamu osiyanasiyana akukhalako, kuphatikizapo Chigawo cha Popper ndi Chojambula cha Reock, zomwe zimayerekezera dera la chigawo ndi chigawo chake kapena chigawo chaching'ono kwambiri chimene chingaikhoze. Magawo okhala ndi madeti otsika kwambiri osonyeza kulinganiza kwake kuyenera kusanthula ngati mawonekedwe awo akuthandiza pa zolinga zoyenerera kapena kuwunikira gerrymanling.

Kuyerekezera mapu opangidwa ndi makompyuta ndi mapulogalamu ena kumapereka umboni wamphamvu wa gerrymanider. Ofufuza angapange mapu zikwizikwi ogwirizana ndi malamulo amene amagwirizana ndi malamulo pamene akutsatira miyezo yauchete, kupanga kugaŵidwa kwa zotsatira zothekera. Ngati mapu a pulogalamu ndi masamu a ziŵerengero zazikulu kwambiri . Kufalitsa zotsatirapo zimene sizipezeka kaŵirikaŵiri kapena sizipezeka konse m'mamepu osaloŵerera. Njira imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito m’makhoti kusonyeza kuti mapu otsutsa ndi ovuta kwambiri kuchitika mwamwayi.

Kupenda mmene zigawo zimagaŵikirana malire andale zadziko omwe alipo kungavumbulenso kugaŵanitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti kugaŵanika kwa mabwinja, mizinda, kapena magawo ena kuli kosapeŵeka, kugaŵikana kwakukulu kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonyeza kuti kusamala anthu okhala m’madera omwe alipo kumaposa ulemu wa anthu. Magawo amene njoka imagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zambiri, kugwirizanitsa malo opatukirana ndi kupeŵeratu ena, kwenikweni kumasonyeza kukonza mapu a otsutsa mmalo mwa zoyesayesa za kugwirizanitsa anthu.

Unansi Pakati pa Kuponderezana ndi Kutsenderezana kwa Madzi

Kudziwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza zinthu kumakhudzana ndi njira zinanso zochitira ovota, n’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu athe kuthana ndi mavuto ogwirizanawa.

Pamene kuli kwakuti kutsendereza kugwiritsa ntchito malire a chigawo kululuza mphamvu ya kuvota, njira zina zotsendereza zimafuna kuletsa kapena kuletsa anthu kuvota. Ziyeneretso za ovota, zochepetsa mwaŵi woyambirira wa kuvota, kutsekereza, kuchotsa ovota, ndi ziletso za kulembetsa zingachepetse kutseguka, makamaka pakati pa kagulu kochepa, ka kapilala, ndi kavoti ka achichepere. Ngati ziphatikizidwa ndi kuvota, njira zimenezi zingaphatikizane ndi ziyambukiro zawo, kupangitsa kukhala zovuta kwambiri kwa magulu osankhidwa kukwaniritsa chisonyezero chabwino.

Akanema andale omwe amapindula ndi kuletsa ovota kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza njira zopimira ovota, ndipo njira ziŵirizo zingalimbikitse wina ndi mnzake. Malamulo angapange mipando yalamulo yotetezereka imene imalola andale zadziko kuchirikiza njira zotsendereza zosatchuka popanda kuyang'anizana ndi zotulukapo za sankho. Koma, kupondereza ovota kungathandize kusungitsa mphamvu ya ndale zadziko yofunikira kulamulira ndi kuchirikiza kukhazikitsa malamulo. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kayendedwe ka kudziimira kodziimira komwe kumasonkhezera mphamvu yandale zadziko ndipo kupangitsa kusintha kukhala kovuta kwambiri.

Kuletsa ndi kupondereza ovota konseku kumakhudza kwambiri anthu ochepa, kuchititsa nkhaŵa yaikulu ponena za kuyenera kwa mafuko m'mbali za ndale. Njira za mbiri yakale za tsankho posankha zikupitiriza kusonkhezera machitachita amakono, ndipo kufooketsa kwa Congdos Rights Act kwapangitsa maboma kukhala osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo onse aŵiri oyendetsedwa ndi kutsendereza malamulo ovomerezera. Kukambirana nkhani zimenezi kumafuna kuzindikira kugwirizana kwawo ndi kulondola kusintha kwakukulu kumene kumatetezera zoyenera zosankha ndi kutsimikizira kuti kuyenera kusankhidwa bwino.

Kumaliza: Njira Yochitira Chithunzi Chabwino

Gerymander kuimira ulamuliro wa democracy, kupotoza ndi kululuza lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino lakuti osankha ayenera kusankha oimira awo mmalo mwa kutsata. Chizolowezicho chasintha kuchokera ku kugawa malire ndi ku kulinganiza kocholoŵana kwa masamu, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yogwira mtima ndi yovuta kwambiri kulimbana nayo kuposa ndi kale lonse. Kumvetsa mmene kuyendetsa maluso kumagwirira ntchito, kuzindikira njira zake zosiyanasiyana, ndi kuzindikira zotsatira zake zazikulu ndizo njira zoyambirira zofunika kwambiri zothetsera vutoli.

Ziyambukiro za kuyendetsa ziyambukiro ziposa ziyambukiro za chisankho kuyambukira ziyambukiro za kachitidwe ka mayanjano andale zadziko, kuimira kwa chitaganya, ndi ulamuliro wa demokrase. Pamene madera akopeka ku kuikiratu zotulukapo, ovota amalefulidwa, mpikisano umatha, ndipo oimira sangakhale oŵerengera kwa anthu awo. Boma lotulukapo silingasonyeze zokonda zenizeni za anthu, kutsogolera ku malamulo amene amasintha maganizo a anthu ndi kuchepetsa chidaliro chawo m’mabungwe a democracy.

Kuyesa kusintha kumapereka chiyembekezo cha njira zowonetsera. Commission commission projects, masplacial, ndi zitetezero za boma zonsezo zimapereka njira zochepetsera kupotoza ndi kupanga madera amene amatumikira bwino madera. Ngakhale kuti palibe dongosolo langwiro, umboni umasonyeza kuti kusintha kwabwino kungawongolere kwambiri kulinganiza koyenera ndi kuyambitsa masankhoti oimira kwambiri.

Tsogolo la kukonzanso zinthu lidzaumbidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi yosatha, kugwirizanitsa miyezo ya zamalamulo, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi kugawidwa kwa anthu. Nzika zili ndi njira zambiri zosonkhezera zotsatirapo za kukonza zinthu ndi kuchirikiza kusintha, kuyambira pa kugawana kwapoyera kufikira pa zoyesayesa za apolisi kuchititsa akuluakulu kukhala ndi mlandu. Kukonza chidziŵitso cha anthu ndi ndale zadziko zidzakhala zofunika kwambiri, popeza kuti zolinga zozika mizukwayo zimapindula ndi mkhalidwe ndi kusintha kwa anthu ndi kukana kusintha kumene kungasokoneze mapindu awo andale.

Pomalizira pake, kulankhula ndi kuyendetsa zinthu kumafuna kudzipereka kosalekeza kwa nzika, okonzanso zinthu, ndi atsogoleri andale amene amaika patsogolo kuimira kwabwino pa mapindu a otsatsa. Chitokoso nchapadera, koma nchofunika kwambiri . Mwakuzindikira kuvulaza kwake, ndi kugwira ntchito ku kusintha kwatanthauzo, tingayandikire ku dongosolo la ndale zadziko limene limaimiradi nzika zonse ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa zosoŵa zawo ndi zofuna zawo. Chiyeneretso sichili chabe nkhani ya luso la kujambula mizere pa mapu; ndi chofunika chachikulu cha demokrase kuti igwire ntchito monga momwe amafunira, kutsimikizira kuti boma lipanga kuyenerera kwake kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa ndi odziŵerengera kwa anthu amene akutumikira.

Kwa awo ofuna kuphunzira zambiri ponena za kusintha ndi kuloŵetsedwa m'zoyesayesa zaukapolo, magulu onga Brennan Center ya Chilungamo amapereka chuma chachikulu, kufufuza, ndi mwaŵi wa pangano. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi gerrymaning ikupitirizabe, ndi kuuzidwa, nzika zotonzedwa zikukhalabe mphamvu yaikulu yopangira chilungamo, demokrase yoimira imene nzika zonse zimafunikira.