Chiyambi: Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri Yokhudza Kuika Anthu Paupandu

Chiphunzitso cha kuopsa kwa kaŵiri chikuimira chimodzi cha zitetezero zozama kwambiri m'njira zaupandu za Anglo - America. Chimaletsa boma kuchititsa munthu mlandu wobwerezabwereza, mwakutero kutetezera oimbidwa mlandu ku kuvutitsidwa, zowonongedwa, ndi kupsinjika maganizo kwa mayeso ambiri. Lamulo limeneli likusungidwa mu Demendment ku United States Constitution , limene limalengeza kuti palibe munthu “adzagonjera pa mlandu umodzimodziwo kuikidwa kaŵiri m’maupandu a moyo kapena kumbuyo kwa ziwalo. Zitetezero zofananazo zilipo m'malamulo a maiko ena ambiri ogwirizana ndi malamulo, kuphatikizapo Canada, United Kingdom, ndi Australia, limodzinso ndi ufulu wa mitundu yonse monga Chigawo 147 cha Malamulo a Chigwirizano ndi za Chigwirizano cha Chiko cha Chiko.

Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la maziko limaoneka kukhala lomveka bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kukhala kovuta kwambiri pamene oimbidwa mlandu ambiri kapena operekera mlandu akuphatikizidwa. Nkhani zimene zimajambula akanema ambiri . "kuphwanya, milandu yogwirizana, kapena ntchito zaupandu zolinganizidwa . Kufunsa mafunso ovuta ponena za ngati coodententi imodzi ya kukhululukidwa kapena kutsekedwa kwa mlandu wina chifukwa cha kuukira kwa upandu umodzimodzi. Nkhaniyi imafufuza kutsendereza pakati pa ngozi zoŵirikiza kaŵiri ndi kutsendedwa ndi zigawa zaunyinji, kupereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa mlandu, zitokoso, ndi kukambitsirana kwabwino kaamba ka kutetezera ndi oimba milandu mofanana.

Chiphunzitso cha Chikomyunizimu: Pamene Chiphuphu Chimamatiza

Asanapende zochitika za codendenting , nkofunika kumvetsetsa nthaŵi ya kuopsa kwa nthaŵi yomwe imakhala. M'kuweruza mlandu, kuopsa kumagwirizanitsidwa pamene ajuli aikidwa pa malo oyenera ndi kulumbira. M’kuzengedwa kwa ben, ngozi imagwirizanitsidwa pamene mboni yoyamba yalumbira. Kusudzulidwa kapena kutsimikiza pambuyo pa malowo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsekera mlandu wachiŵiri pa mlandu wachiŵiri pansi pa Woweruza Wachiwiri. Komabe, Clausia saletsa ziyeso zopatuka za milandu yosiyanasiyana yochokera ku kachitidwe kenako ngati mlandu uliwonse ungafunikire umboni wa chinthu chimene winayo sakufuna kuti winayo adziŵe bwino [[FLT:] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kwa oimba mlandu, funso la kumamatirana limeneli limakhala losuliza: kuzenga mlandu umodzi kungaphatikizepo oimbidwa mlandu ambiri, koma ngozi imaphatikizana mosiyana kwa woimbidwa mlandu aliyense panthaŵi imene mlandu wawo uyamba. Ngati mlandu waperekedwa, kapena ngati woimbidwa mlandu waleka kupitiriza, nthaŵi ya kusungidwa kwa ngozi ingatsimikizire ngati kuweruzanso nkololedwa.

Mayesero Ogwirizana Otsutsana ndi Mayesero Osiyana: Kukhutiritsa ndi Kuchita Zabwino

Kuthandiza Anthu Ogwirizana Kuti Aziyenda Bwino

Makhoti ambiri amalimbikitsa kuzenga mlandu pamodzi kwa oimbidwa mlandu woperekedwa ndi mlandu woperekedwa ndi malonda amodzimodzi kapena mapangano. Federal Procedia Regional of Criminal Procedation pogawana ndi oimbidwa mlanduwo kukhala atachitapo kanthu kapena kugulitsa, mndandanda umodzimodzi wa machitidwe kapena malonda, kapena pamene chiwembu chazengezo chiimbidwa. Maweruzidwe a komiti amachirikiza chuma cha komiti, amachepetsa kuchedwa, kupeŵa zigamulo zosagwirizana, ndi kulola oweruza kuona chithunzi chonse cha kampani yaupandu.

Komabe, lingaliro silili lokwanira. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti kuzenga mlandu pamodzi kungapereke mlandu watsankho kwa anthu oimbidwa mlandu, makamaka pamene umboni ukhoza kutsutsidwa kokha ndi mnzake mmodzi woimira boma. Pamene tsankho loterolo liposa mapindu a mlandu wogwirizana, khoti lingapereke kulekezedwa kwa mlanduwo kukhala mlandu wosiyana wa woimbidwa mlandu aliyense.

Kulimba Mtima ndi Kuvuta Kwake Koŵiri

Ngati pakhala kuleka kuikidwa pa ngozi (inde, ajuli asanalumbire), sipakhala kudera nkhaŵa koŵirikiza chifukwa chakuti boma nlomasuka kuyesa woimbidwa mlandu aliyense payekha pa milandu imodzimodzi. Koma ngati patakhala kugawidwa kwa pakati pa mabwalo ataikidwa, nkhani zovuta zimabuka. Mwachitsanzo, ngati khoti lipereka kulakwa kwa mlandu wofanana ndi wina pamene likulola kuzengedwa mlanduwo kupitiriza kwa ena, ngozi zingaingire kuwirikiza kaŵiri mlandu wa wochotsedwayo pokhapokha ngati kuvomereza kolakwako kwa woimbidwayo kapena koyenera kuonekera (kusiyana kodziŵika kwa [[FLT:]] United States v., 1824).

Mu Wade v. Mpikisano (1949), Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti mlandu ungalengezedwe popanda kukhazikitsanso mlandu pamene “mapeto a chiweruzo chapoyera” akufunikiridwa, koma muyezo uli wokwera. Kuwonekera kukhalako pamene mikhalidwe ikupanga kukhala kosatheka kufikira chigamulo cholungama [1] kaamba ka chitsanzo, jaji wakufa, nthenda ya mwadzidzidzi ya woweruza, kapena kuukira mlandu m’khoti.

Kulimba Mtima Koŵirikiza m’Maziko a Kupeputsa ndi Kulimba kwa Mano

Kufufuza Kofananako Kochitidwa Pamodzi ndi Opanga Malamulo

Mwinamwake funso lochititsa kuipidwa koŵirikiza kaŵiri ndilo kaya chitsimikizo kapena kukhululukidwa kwa mnzake mmodzi kuli kozenga mlandu wa wina kaamba ka chiwembu chimodzimodzicho. Yankho limadalira pa kaya ngati mlandu wa oimbidwa mlandu aŵiriwo ukupanga “mlandu umodzi . Pansi pa Jeopardy Clause Wachiŵiri.

Chiwembu: Ngati Delenting A wamasulidwa ku kugawira cocaine, angatsutsebe B kuti ayesedwebe kaamba ka chiwembu chimodzimodzicho? Lamulo lachisawawa ndi inde . Chifukwa chakuti kukanidwa kwa A sikutsimikizira kuti kulibe chiwembu; kumangokhazikitsa kuti boma linalephera kutsimikizira liwongo la A kuposa kukaikira koyenera. Mlandu wopalamula B uli mlandu wopatulidwa kwa B monga munthu mmodzi, ngakhale kuti ukuchokera ku pangano limodzimodzilo. Khoti Lapamwamba linachititsa zimenezi kuonekera bwino mu [[FLT: 0] United States v. Feliksiks[FL:] [12], , , likuchita kuti kulakwa koŵirikizana kwa wokwaniriridwa chifukwa cha kulakwa kwapachwiridwa kwapambuyoku chifukwa cha kutsutsana kwa chiwembu chokhudza chiwembu chofanana ndi chipandu cha m’mbuyo pansi pa chiganizo. [F.]

Kumasulidwa kwa Mlembi Mmodzi: Kuyambukira Ena

M'mayeso ogwirizana, zigamulo zosagwirizana zingachitike . Zigamulo zosiyana zingachitike , Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu linafotokoza kuti majaji angagwiritsidwe ntchito kapena kuponderezedwa pa umboni wofanana. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likugamula kuti kusasintha kumeneku si chifukwa chosinthira. United States v. Powell . [19984] [Kuweruza] (194]), Khoti linafotokoza kuti majaji atha kugwiritsa ntchito unyolo kapena kulolera, ndipo kukana pa mlingo umodzi sikumalepheretsa kutsimikizira kulakwa kwa chigamulo china.

Komabe, pali kusiyana kwakukulu ngati chigamulo cha oweruza chitsimikizira chenicheni chenicheni chimene chingachotsere chitsimikiziro china. Mwachitsanzo, ngati woweruza wa mlandu wa kuimbidwa mlandu mwa kupeza kuti chiŵembu chonenedwacho sichinakhaleko, kuti kupeza kungaimitse boma kuletsa kukhalapo kwa chiŵembucho m'kuzenga kotsatira. Chiphunzitso chimenechi cha preclusion (choletsa) m'milandu yachiŵembu n’chozikidwa pa mlandu wa Wolakwa Wachiwiri Jeopardy Clause ndipo chinadziŵika mu [FLT:] ASTIAN . M'chaka cha XEP: [FLD] [12]

Chiphunzitso Chosiyana cha Mfumu: Kuweruza ndi Boma

Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kutetezera kwa ngozi koŵirikiza [1] ndi kumene kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambukira chigawo cha opasadansi . Pansi pa lamuloli, Jeopardy Claus , Samaletsa kuweruza kotsatizana kwa olamulira osiyanasiyana (m., maboma a boma ndi boma) kaamba ka khalidwe laupandu limodzimodzilo. Mbali ndi yakuti wolamulira aliyense akutetezera zikondwerero zake ndi malamulo ake.

M’nkhani zambiri, zimenezi zingatsogolere ku zochitika kumene ozengedwa mlanduwo amaweruzidwa choyamba m’khoti la boma ndipo pambuyo pake m'khoti la boma, kapena kumbali zake. Mwachitsanzo, ngati oimbidwa mlandu atatu aimbidwa mlandu wakuba umene umaswa lamulo la boma ndi la boma, woimbidwa mlandu aliyense angaimbidwe mlandu m’bwalo la boma, ndipo kenaka wozengedwa mlandu wina angapite m’khoti la boma popanda kuphwanya ngozi ziŵiri. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikiziranso chiphunzitso chimenechi mu . United States[FLT:] (20) ), kukana chitokosokoso ku lamulo logawa lalamulo logawa.

Chiyambukiro chopindulitsa kwa operekeza mlanduwo nchapadera. Woimbidwa mlandu m'khoti la boma angayang'anizanebe ndi mlandu wa kachitidwe kamodzimodziko, kudzutsa mafunso ponena za chilungamo ndi chuma. Komabe, Department yoweruza ya . Lamulo la lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri limaletsa kuzengedwa mlandu kwa boma pambuyo pa kuzengedwa mlandu kokha ngati kuliko zikondwerero zina zokakamiza. Komabe, chopinga cha lamulo cha lamulo chiripo.

Makhoti, Hung Juries, ndi Masulo a Opereka Malamulo

Pamene Wachitsikana Sagwirizana

Oweruza opachikidwa ali chitsanzo chodziŵika bwino cha kufunika. Ngati ajuli aikidwa m'bwalo loweruza logamulidwa ndi mlandu umodzi akupereka lipoti lakuti ali olephera kotheratu ponena za oimbidwa mlandu onse, woweruza angalengeze kulakwa, ndipo boma lingatsutsenso onse oweruza. Koma bwanji ngati ajuli afikira chigamulo cha oimbidwa mlandu koma oferedwa koma oferedwa kwa ena? Khotilo lingavomereze zigamulozo ndi kulengeza kulakwa kokha kwa oimbidwa mlanduwo. Ngozi ziŵiri sizimaletsa kuweruzanso oimbidwawo chifukwa chakuti mlanduwo unali woyenerera kuonekera kukhala wolakwa.

Mlandu Wolakwa ndi Masitolo Ozengera Malonda

Ngati mlandu waperekedwa pa mlandu (kapena ndi chilolezo cha woimbidwa mlandu), kugamulanso kumaloledwa mwachisawawa kusiyapo ngati boma lichitapo kanthu m’chikhulupiriro choipa kudzutsa mlandu. Mu Oregon v. Kennedy [1982], Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti mipiringizo iŵiri itsekenso pamene woimba mlanduyo akufuna kusuntha mpikisani. Mlandulo ungachite nawo mchitidwe wakuti woimbidwa mlandu mmodzi yekha, kuchititsa woimbidwa mlandu kusuntha mlandu wina wolakwika pamene ena adakalipo. Mpiriyo ungagwire ntchito kwa woimbidwa mlandu woimba mlanduyo ndi wokha ngati wongofuna kudzutsa mlanduwo.

Kum’patsa Chilango ndi Kum’langa Nthawi Zambiri

Maupandu aŵiri amaletsanso chilango chambiri kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodziwo. Mlandu wambiri , nkhani imeneyi imabuka kaŵirikaŵiri pamene oimbidwa mlandu apezedwa ndi mlandu wa chiwembu ndi ziŵerengero zina, kapena pamene ayang'anizana ndi zigamulo zochulukitsitsa kaamba ka zimene atsutsanazo ndi njira imodzi ya khalidwe. Makhoti amatsatira Sitburger [1] kuyesa kuti aone ngati kuŵerengera kulikonse kumafuna umboni wa mbali inayo. Ngati ziŵerengerozo zimaonedwa kukhala zofanana ndi zifuno zangozi ziŵiri, bwalo lamilandu liyenera kuzigwirizanitsa kuti ligamule mlandu.

Makampani a boma angaweruzidwe mosiyana chifukwa cha ntchito zawo, maupandu, ndi kugawana nawo. Kuwopsa kwaŵiri sikumafuna kuti ziganizo zikhale zofanana pakati pa operekeza. Komabe, ngati mmodzi wa operekeza adafandi aikidwa pa apilo ndipo mlanduwo umabwezeredwanso chifukwa cha kuipidwa, kuopsa koŵirikiza sikumaletsa chilango chankhanza pa zifuno zoŵirikizapo. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi chiyembekezo chotsimikizirika cha kutha. Khoti Lapamwamba limatchula zimenezi mu United States v. Dis [1] [FLT:] (180], lokhala ndi chigamu cha chigamulo chosatseka kuikidwa pa zifukwa zopiding'ono kufikira pamene kuchondererako kwatha, chilonjezo chowonjezereka chakuwonjezereka. Chiganizo chovomerezedwanso chaku

Kuyerekezera: Kuika Maupandu Paŵiri m’Malangizo Ena

Pamene kuli kwakuti United States ili ndi chimodzi cha zitetezero zazikulu koposa za ngozi ziŵiri, maulamuliro ena amasamalira nkhani zambiri mosiyana. Mu United Kingdom, lamulo loletsa ngozi ya kaŵiri linachepetsedwa mokulira ndi Criminal Justice Act 2003, limene limalola kugamulanso milandu yaikulu ngati umboni watsopano ndi wotsimikizirika ubuka . kapena ngati kukhululukidwa koyambako kunaipitsidwa ndi umboni wochititsa mantha. Zimenezi zingayambukire ogwirizana pamene wina waikidwanso mozikidwa pa umboni watsopano pamene ena satero.

Ku Canada, chigawo 11 (h) cha Charter of Rights and Freedoms chimapereka chitetezo chofananacho, koma Bwalo Lapamwamba la Canada lazindikira kuti kusagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa kwa njira yochitira zinthu nthaŵi zina kungaikenso mlandu umene sukanasokoneza ngozi ziŵiri. Kwa ogwirizana ozengedwa mlandu m'chiwembu, njira ya ku Canada kaŵirikaŵiri imasonyeza lamulo la ku Amereka: kukhululukidwa kwa wina sikumangidwa chifukwa cha chiwembu chimodzimodzicho.

Padziko lonse, lamulo la ma bis mu silemu (Chilatini kaamba ka “osati kaŵiri m'chinthu chimodzimodzi”) amaikidwa mu Roma Scyte of the International Criminal Court , koma amakhoma okha kumangidwa ndi ACC pambuyo pa khoti la dziko lonse layesa kale munthu kaamba ka khalidwe limodzimodzilo . Pakanapanda kuti milandu ya mtundu ilinganizidwira kutetezera woimbidwa kapena kusachitidwa payekha.

Kufufuza Njira Zothandiza Zotetezera

Kulimbikitsa Kupuma

Uphungu wa kutetezera kwa woperekerako mlandu ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa osati kokha kuletsa tsankhu komanso kupeza mapindu apadera pansi pa Mabanja a Jeopardy Claus . Mwachitsanzo, ngati mmodzi wa ankhondoyo wamasulidwa m'kuzenga kosiyana, chigamulocho chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kutsutsa kuletsa kope loletsa m'kuyesa kwapambuyo pake kwa wotsalayo wotsalirayo. Ngati chigamulo choyambiriracho chigamuladiditsa chenicheni ku mlandu wa pambuyo pake. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti kutetezera estol eepel sikumagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'nkhani yogwirizana, maloyansi ayenera kutetezera mosamalitsa ndi kupempha zigamulo zapadera zimene oweruzawonetsa.

Nthaŵi Yaitali ya Kutsekereza

M'milandu yambiri, nthaŵi ya kupatula ingatsimikizire ngati ngozi yakhala yogwirizana. Kachitidwe koimirira mlandu usanaikidwe mlandu, kasanalumbitsidwe, sikakhala ndi ngozi ya kaŵiri chifukwa chakuti boma lingayesebe aliyense woimbidwa mlandu. Koma ngati kachitidwe kachitika pambuyo pa kuikidwa kwa ajuli pa malo oyenera, khoti liyenera kulingalira ngati kulola kuyendako kumlingo wolakwika ndi ngati kuli kofunikira. Maloya a Svavy angagwiritsitse nthaŵi imeneyi kukhazikitsa chikole cha ngozi ngati mlandu wa boma uli wofooka.

Kuthetsa Mapangano Pakati pa Othandizana

Mapangano a mapulaneti angagwirizanenso ndi ngozi ziŵiri. Ngati mmodzi wa bungwe la adefanti achonderera liwongo ndi kuvomerezana ndi ena, woimbidwa mlandu wosatetezeredwa ku mlandu wofananawo pambuyo pake kusiyapo kokha ngati chivomerezo cha kuchonderera chipereka chitetezero chachisawawa. Ngakhale pamenepo, chitetezero cha ngozi ziŵiri chingangotsekereza mlandu wofananawo, osati chifukwa cha milandu ina yochokera ku khalidwe limodzimodzilo. Chiri chofunika kwambiri kuti uphungu wotetezera kukambitsirana za kutetezera ku kusungidwa kotsimikizirika komwe kumabisa milandu yonse yothekera yochokera ku malonda aupandu.

Chizindikiro Choyambirira Kugwa Pansi Chimawononga Zinthu Zambiri

Zigamulo zingapo za Khoti Lalikulu zimapatsa mpata womvetsetsa maupandu oŵirikiza kaŵiri m’nkhani za mgwirizano:

  • United States v. Perez (1824) [1] – kukhazikitsa muyezo wowonekera bwino wa mayeso, amene amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi milandu ya oimbidwa mlandu ambiri.
  • tamburger v. United States[FLT :2] (1932) [1] [1] - Laids projects zofanana zoyesera ngati milandu iŵiri ili yofanana pa zolinga za ngozi ziŵiri.
  • Ashe v. Sunson [FLT :2] (1970) [1] [1] – Kuimitsa kwa pulogalamu ya Jeopardy Claus , pokhulupirira kuti kukhululukidwa kunatsimikizira mfundo imene inaletsa kumangidwa kwa woimbidwa mlandu wina chifukwa cha mlandu wofananawo wochokera ku chochitika chimodzimodzicho.
  • [FLT] United States v. Felix [FLT :2] (1992 [1] - Woweruzidwa kuti kuweruza mlandu wachiwembu ndi mlandu waung’ono wa mlandu wa kundende sizingawononge ngozi ziŵiri ngakhale ngati ziphatikizapo khalidwe lofanana, chifukwa ndi milandu yosiyana pansi pa [[FLT:]4] sinki ya burger .
  • Gwigg v. United States[FLT :2] (2029) – Reaftrect famistry launist profecture, kulola makhoti a boma ndi maulamuliro a mchitidwe waupandu umodzimodziwo.

Nkhani zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti nkhalango ya Faict Jeopardy Claus, ngakhale kuti imateteza, siimakhala yopanda malire, makamaka m’malo ovuta kuifotokoza.

Kumaliza: Kusamala ndi Kudziteteza

Chiyambukiro cha ngozi ziŵiri pa milandu yophatikizapo ophatikana ndi magawo ambiri chidakali chimodzi cha mbali zovuta kwambiri za njira zaupandu . Chiphunzitsochi chimapereka chitetezero chofunika kwambiri kwa ochenjerera a boma, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m’mayeso a onse, milandu yachiwembu, ndi kuzenga mlandu wodutsana ndi mlandu kumafuna kulinganiza mosamalitsa zinthu zopikisana: kutha kwa chuma, kuweruza, kufunafuna choonadi, ndi chilungamo kwa woimbidwa aliyense.

Kwa maloya otetezera, kumvetsetsa masinthidwe ameneŵa nkofunika kwambiri kutetezera ogula ku milandu yotsatizana imene imagwiritsira ntchito njira zachilendo. Kwa oweruza, kuzindikira za kulephera kwa ngozi koŵirikiza kumatsimikizira kuti kubwezera zosankha ndi njira zoyesera zimalemekeza malamulo a . Ndipo kwa opanga malamulo ndi oweruza, kupitiriza kuwongolera chiphunzitsocho . Makamaka chifukwa cha mabizinesi aupandu ndi kugwirizanitsa zinthu zambiri.

Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la maziko la ngozi ziŵiri limapereka chitsimikiziro cha maziko cha kutsutsa kubwerezabwereza kwa mlandu, ntchito yake yeniyeni ya dziko m'nkhani zambiri imafunikira kufufuza mozama pamene ndi mmene ngozi imagwirizanitsira, chimene chingakhale cholakwa chimodzimodzi, ndi mmene maulamuliro opatukana angachitire. Kokha mwakuchotsa kuvuta kumeneku ndi pamene ochiritsa angayamikire mokwanira zimene Mabibiri Jeopardy Claus amafuna [1] ndi zimene amalola.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani:[[ML:1]

  • [[Nthambi:0] Khoti Lalamulo: Kupereka Chiphuphu [Kuŵiri]
  • [[ML:0] Constitution Anowtion: Chiphunzitso cha Kuŵiri cha Jeopardy
  • [[NU.S. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo : Nkhani za Jeopardy m'Malinga Amitundumitundu