Kumvetsetsa Maulamuliro Olinganizidwa ndi Opititsidwa Pansi

Maboma amalinganiza ulamuliro wawo ndi kupanga zosankha mogwirizana ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana kuyambira pakati pa chigawo chapakati kufika pa choyenerera kwambiri. Madongosolo apakati amasumika mphamvu pa likulu la dziko, ndi maulamuliro a m'chigawo ndi akumaloko amene akugwira ntchito monga ogwiritsira ntchito malangizo apakati. Madongosolo oyendetsedwa akugawira ulamuliro ku maiko a mitundu yonse . Zigawo, zigawo, kapena magawo . Amawapatsa ufulu waukulu pa malamulo, mpambo wa zopereka chuma, ndi ntchito. Kusankha pakati pa maluso ameneŵa kumapanga mphamvu ya dziko kuyankha ku mavuto, kuchokera ku masoka achilengedwe ndi miliri yachilengedwe ku kusokoneza chuma.

Kuvutika kwa anthu kumafunika kuyang'aniridwa mofulumira, kuyendera limodzi, ndiponso kutha kusintha zinthu. Maboma apakati ndiponso olemekezeka abweretsa mapindu osiyanasiyana komanso mavuto osiyanasiyana pa mavuto amenewa. Pa zaka 20 zapitazi, zinthu zikuluzikulu monga tsunami ya 2004 ya ku Indian Ocean, chivomezi cha Haiti cha 2010, kuyambika kwa Ebola, ndi mliri wa CHOVID wa padziko lonse woyerekezera njira ziwirizi.

Ulamuliro Wofunika Kwambiri: Kufotokoza ndi Kudziimira

M'boma lalikulu, mkulu wa dzikolo ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wopanga zosankha. Mabungwe a mayiko monga madera, zigawo, kapena zigawo . Ayenera kutsatira malamulo apakati, malamulo, ndi kugawirana zinthu. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwirizanitsa unyolo wa malamulo, njira zoyendetsera, ndi malo amodzi oŵerengerapo mlandu. Mayiko onga France, China, ndi Japan amavomereza ulamuliro wapamwamba.

Centralat imapereka mapindu owonekera kaamba ka kuyankha kwa tsoka: Wopanga mmodzi angapereke malangizo m'dziko lonse, kusonkhanitsa zinthu ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo yofanana m'madera onse. Mliri wa Covid , boma lapakati la China linakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuyendayenda, ndi malamulo oyesera amene anagwiritsiridwa ntchito mofanana m’zigawo zonse. Mofananamo, dongosolo la Japan loyang'anira ngozi limachititsa kuti boma lilinganize bwino kugwedezeka ndi tsunami.

Maulamuliro Otsogola: Kufotokoza ndi Kudziimira

Maboma oletsedwa amapatsa maulamuliro aakulu mabungwe a chigawo kapena malo. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo maboma m'dongosolo la boma, madera odziimira okha, kapena ma maofesi okhala ndi mphamvu zotetezedwa ndi lamulo. Kusintha kungatenge mitundu ya makampani (kukweza ndalama ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa munthu), mitundu ya maulamuliro (kugwiritsira ntchito kwa malowokha malamulo a dzikolo mwanzeru), kapena mitundu ya ndale zadziko (akuluakulu osankhidwa mwalamulo kupanga malamulo). Germany, United States, ndi India ndi madongosolo otchuka kwambiri.

Kusintha kwa zinthu kumachititsa kuti pakhale kuyandikira kwa anthu okhudzidwa. Akuluakulu a boma akudziwa bwino za kuchuluka kwa anthu, kulephera kwa zinthu, ndiponso chikhalidwe. Kuzindikira kumeneku kungachititse mavuto ambiri ogwirizana ndi opindulitsa. Panthaŵi ya mphepo ku United States, boma ndi mabungwe oyang'anira ngozi a m'deralo, kugawira katundu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolinga zotetezera zochokera pa zinthu za m'deralo. M'nthaŵi ya mliri wa CHOVID-19, mayiko a Germany (Länder) anatulukira njira zoyesera ndi kuphera zoyendera anthu a m’madera awo ndi zaumoyo.

Mbiri ndi Zitsanzo

Chisinthiko cha maulamuliro chimasonyeza njira za m'mbiri. Madongosolo apakati kaŵirikaŵiri anatuluka kuchokera ku miyambo yaunyinji, nyumba zapambuyo pa dziko la Enimale, kapena maulamuliro a authoritarianism amene anagogomezera ulamuliro wapamwamba. Madongosolo opotozedwa anachokera ku bungwe la boma, madera osiyanasiyana, kapena zoyesayesa zadala kupititsa patsogolo kugawana kwa demokrase. Mwachitsanzo, Federal Republic of Germany’s Prefter-World War II inakhala ndi mphamvu ya kuletsa kupondereza ulamuliro wa a a authoritarian. Mosiyana ndi, malamulo a France anachirikiza kwambiri ulamuliro wa m'tsogolo.

Mavuto amakono ayesa mawonekedwe onse aŵiri. Mliri wa Fluwenza wa 2009 unavumbula kulephera kwa kugwirizana kwa magulu onse aŵiri apakati ndi oyenerera. Posachedwapa, mliri wa CHOVID-19 unachititsa kufufuza kokulira. Kufufuza 2022 kochitidwa ndi OECD kupenda ziyambukiro za malo ndi mayankho a kuyendetsa , kutsimikizira kuti palibe chitsanzo chimodzi chimene chinakhala chopambana china; kudalira pa mphamvu ya pakale, maunansi, ndi njira zolankhulira.

Maboma Apamwamba ndi Kulabadira Mavuto: Mphamvu ndi Zofooka

Pamene vuto lifuna kuchita zinthu mofulumira, zinthu zofanana m’dziko lonselo, zikhoza kukhala zothandiza kwambiri.

Mphamvu: Kuthamanga, Kufanana, ndi Kugwirizana

Maboma apakati angapeŵe kukambirana ndi kupambana kwa dziko. Pakachitika ngozi zoopsa, komiti yaikulu ya ngozi ingalengeze mkhalidwe wa ngozi, kusonkhezera mitu ya nkhondo, ndi kutumiza katundu wankhondo ku madera oyambukiridwa m'maola angapo. Kuthamanga kumeneku kunaonekera m'kuyankha koyamba kwa China kwa Covid-19, kumene boma lapakati linakhazikitsa njira yoyendera dziko lonse ndi kutumiza magulu a zamankhwala kuchokera ku madera osayambukiridwa kwenikweni ku Wuhan m'masiku angapo.

Kufanana kumatsimikizira kuti nzika zonse zimalandira kulemberana makalata kosasintha, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo, ndi kutetezedwa mwalamulo. M'madongosolo apakati, boma limodzi la zaumoyo limaika malangizo oyesera, ochiritsa, ndi opatula, kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa uminisitala wa zaumoyo wa Falansa wotsogoza malamulo a kuchepetsa nthaŵi ndi kuletsa kubwerera ku dziko lonselo ndi zinyawu zimene zinali zofanana m’madera a Paris ndi m’midzi, kufeŵetsa malamulo ndi kugonjera kwa anthu.

Kugwirizana m'madera osiyanasiyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zofooka: U.S.A., Kusoŵa Kusintha kwa Malo

Mosasamala kanthu za nyonga zimenezi, zivomerezo zazikulu kaŵirikaŵiri zimavutika ndi machitidwe a ntchito aultractic interentia. Njira zogwirira ntchito zikhoza kukhala zovuta, zokonzekeretsedwa kaamba ka mikhalidwe yanthaŵi zonse mmalo mwa mavuto aakulu. Miyalo yopanga zosankha ikhoza kuchedwetsa zivomerezo za kumaloko opangidwa. M'nthaŵi ya mphepo Katrina mu 2005, boma la United States (imene imachititsa kuyankha koyenera pansi pa Stafford Act kaamba ka masoka aakulu) inayang'anizana ndi kusulizidwa kwakukulu kwa kuchedwetsa zinthu ndi kulephera kuzoloŵerana ndi kakhalidwe kapadera ka New Orleans.

Kusoŵa kwa kusintha kwa maloko kungakhale koopsa. Kachitidwe kamodzi kofuna kulinganiza zinthu kanganyalanyaze kusiyana kwa madera, kayendetsedwe ka chuma, zaumoyo, kapena miyambo ya chikhalidwe. M'miliri ya COVID-19, maiko apakati amene anaika malo otsekera amodzi kaŵirikaŵiri anavutika ndi mavuto aakulu a zachuma m'madera amene anthu anali ndi ziŵerengero zochepa, pamene malo apamwamba a m'matauni sanapeze njira zokwanira. Lipoti la World Bank [[FL: 0] silinaonedwe kuti machitidwe amodziwo analimbana ndi mavuto a kukwaniritsa zosoŵa za kumaloko, makamaka m'mayiko okhala ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya boma.

Kupenda Nkhani: Chivomerezo cha Chikomyunizimu cha China cha 19

Chivomerezo cha China chimasonyeza ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa kukhazikitsa. Boma lalikulu linakhazikitsa chitseko mwamsanga ku chigawo cha Hubei ndi mzinda wa Wuhan, kumanga zipatala zopitira panthaŵi yolembedwa, ndi kutumiza magulu a zaumoyo wa anthu onse m'dziko lonselo. Zochita zimenezi zinayambitsa kuyambika koyamba. Komabe, malangizo apamwamba anatsogoleranso ku kuuchigawenga ndi malipoti a akuluakulu a boma akutsendereza chidziŵitso kuti apeŵe kusuliza. Chitsanzocho chinagwira bwino ntchito yosonkhanitsa chuma komano kusungitsabe chidaliro ndi kulolerana.

Kuphunzira za Matenda: Chivomezi cha ku Japan ndi Kukonzekera kwa Tsunami

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Maboma Okhala ndi Mavuto ndi Kulabadira: Mphamvu ndi Zofooka

Kulamulira kwa maulamuliro opangidwa mwadongosolo kumathandiza kwambiri ndiponso kumathandiza m’malo ena, koma kungachititsenso kuti anthu azilephera kupanga makompyuta osiyanasiyana.

Mphamvu: Kusinthasintha, Kudziŵa Zakumene Amapeza, ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chuma

Akuluakulu a m'madongosolo oyenera angagwirizane ndi malangizo a mtundu ndi mliri wawo. Mkati mwa mliri wa Chovid-19, maboma a Germany adagwiritsira ntchito malamulo osiyanasiyana otsegulira sukulu, kutsegulanso ndandanda, ndi njira zoyesera zozikidwa pa ziŵerengero za matenda a m'madera ndi zipinda za sukulu. Kusintha kumeneku kunachititsa madera okhala ndi vuto lochepa kupeŵetsa kusokonezedwa kosafunikira pamene mahospotiwo anawonjezera ziletso.

Chidziŵitso cha kumaloko chimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ozindikira zinthu. Mabwana a mizinda, akuluakulu a zaumoyo, ndi atsogoleri a m'dera amvetsa malo oyendera, malo otsekereza zinthu, ndi anthu ovutika m’madera awo. M'madongosolo abwino, iwo angayambitse malo oyesera a m'dera lawo, kugwirizana ndi mabizinesi a m'dzikolo kuti apereke zopereka, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito wailesi pofalitsa mauthenga a zaumoyo m’zinenero za kumaloko.

Maboma a boma atha kukonzanso ndalama za malowo, kutumiza anthu ongodzipereka, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makampani a boma popanda kudikira kuti alandire chilolezo chapakati. M’chaka cha 2012, boma la New York City ndi New Jersey linakonza malo awo ochitirako ngozi, malo okonzera zinthu, ndi kusamutsira anthu kugombe boma lisanabwere.

Zofooka: Kulephera Kugwirizana

Malamulo osinthasintha m'madera onse angasokoneze ndi kuphwanya malamulo a mayiko apafupi ngati atsatira malamulo otsutsana oletsa kusiyanitsa anthu kapena kubisa zinthu, nzika zingayende m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kuti zipewetse ntchito zina, kulepheretsa anthu kudwala. Pamiyezi yoyambirira ya U.S. Covid, kuyankha kosiyanasiyana kwa boma poyesa kuti anthu alipo ndi kukhalabe panyumbapo ndipo mwina kunayambitsa kufalikira kwa tizilombo.

Kugwirizana pakati pa milingo ya boma kungakhale kovuta. Madongosolo ochepetsa boma kaŵirikaŵiri alibe ulamuliro umodzi wa lamulo; kugwirizana kwamphamvu pakati pa maiko kapena kuŵerengera kungakhale kodzifunira ndi kofooka. United States inayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu m’kugaŵira zopereka za mankhwala ndi katemera mkati mwa mliriwo chifukwa chakuti boma linadalira pa migwirizano yogaŵira ya mlingo wa boma imene inagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana ndi njira zogaŵira nkhondo.

Kusiyana kwa zinthu pakati pa madera olemera ndi osauka kukukula kwa kusagwirizana. Madongosolo osinthasintha kumene maboma akumeneko amadalira kwambiri pa phindu la ndalama zapadera kaŵirikaŵiri amawona kuti malamulo apamwamba achitapo kanthu bwino pamene osauka akulimbana. Kufufuza 2020 kofalitsidwa mu The Lancet [] yothandiza kwambiri mmene kusiyanitsa kwabwino m'dziko ku Italy kunachititsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa zigawo za za anthu [ m'zotsatirapo zaumoyo, zimene zinakhudza miliri.

Kupenda Nkhani: Chivomerezo cha Pandulo ya Pandemesi cha Germany

Dongosolo la boma la Germany limapereka ufulu wokwanira 16 pa njira zaumoyo wa anthu. Maboma anakhazikitsa malamulo otsekera, malamulo a sukulu, ndi ndawala za katemera. Zimenezi zinalola Bayern kukhazikitsa kutsekedwa kwamphamvu kwa malire pamene Schlesiwig-Holstein anagwiritsira ntchito kuyesa kwakukulu. Njira yoyenerera yopimira chidziŵitso cha kumaloko ndi kusungidwa kwa anthu m'madera kumene ziletso zinaonedwa kukhala zogwirizana. Komabe, kugwirizana kunali kolakwika: atsogoleri a boma anakambirana ndi nduna ya boma m'mavidiyo aumboni achiwawa, ndipo njira zotsutsana zinatsogolera kuti agwirizanitse anthu ambiri a m'dzikolo kudzera mwa National Pandemic Council.

Kupenda Nkhani: Kuletsa Ngozi Zachilengedwe kwa ku United States

Maboma a United States akuyesa kubweretsa masoka achilengedwe kudzera m'dongosolo la boma: maboma a boma ndi boma akutsogolera kuyankha koyamba, ndi thandizo la boma (FEMA) kuwonjezera zoyesayesa zawo pamene chuma cha boma chagonjetsedwa. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimagwira bwino ntchito pa zochitika za kumaloko: madipatimenti a moto ndi mabwana a zangozi a m'deralo amadziŵa madera awo. Komabe, panthaŵi ya ngozi monga mphepo ya Hurricane Maria ku Puerto Rico (2017), dongosolo loyenerera la Puerto Rico linalimbana.

Kupenda Moyerekezera: Pamene Dongosolo Lililonse Lichita Bwino

Malo abwino kwambiri amadalira mtundu wa mavuto, kuchuluka kwa zinthu, liwiro, ndi mphamvu zimene zilipo.

Kusintha kwa zinthu

Madongosolo apakati kwenikweni amapeza mayankhidwe a mwamsanga a dziko. Woyang'anira mmodzi angalengeze zadzidzidzi, kusonkhezera chuma chankhondo, ndi kufalitsa malamulo a dziko lonselo m'maola angapo. Kuthamanga kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri pa mavuto aakulu, ofulumira, monga kutayikira kwa makemikolo, kuukira kwa zigaŵenga, kapena zotsatira za chivomezi. Madongosolo a decentralzed, mosiyana, angafunikire kufunsa atsogoleri ambiri a kumaloko asanafikire kuvomerezana, kuchedwetsa kachitidwe ka dziko.

Komabe, kusinthasintha kumakhala kofunika kwambiri pa mavuto okhalitsa monga miliri kapena masoka a nyengo kumene mikhalidwe imasintha milungu ndi miyezi. Madongosolo a decentral angasinthe njira za kumaloko popanda kudikira masinthidwe a malangizo. Mwachitsanzo, panthaŵi ya vuto la opioid ku United States, maboma ndi kuŵerengera koyesedwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana , malo otetezeka operekera jekeseni, malo opangira mankhwala oyeza / popanda kupempha chilolezo cha boma, kutheketsa kuphunzira mofulumira ndi kuloŵererapo.

Kugwirizana kutsutsana ndi mphamvu za kumaloko

Maboma otchuka amapambana pa kuyang'anira machitidwe m'madera ndi m'zigawo zambiri. Mabungwe a malamulo ogwirizana amatsimikizira kuti thanzi, zoyendera, ndi chitetezo zimagwira ntchito kuchokera ku bukhu limodzi losewera. M'madongosolo oyenerera, kugwirizana kumafuna mapangano aufulu, mabungwe a boma, kapena matalada a luntha amene angagwe pansi pa kupsinjika. Malamulo 2024 OECD amatsimikizira kuti vuto lakuyendetsa limafunikira zonse ziŵiri zapakati ndi mphamvu ya kumaloko, kutsutsa kuti kuyeretsa kapena kuyera kwanthaŵi zambiri kumatsogolera ku zotsatirapo.

Komabe, mphamvu za kumaloko zingawonjezere chidaliro ndi kumvera kwa anthu. Nzika zimatha kutsatira malangizo a zaumoyo operekedwa ndi atsogoleri otchuka a boma kuposa atsamunda a dzikolo osadziŵika. M’madongosolo abwino, maboma a m'dzikolo angapange mauthenga ogwirizana ndi nkhani zinazake, kuchepetsa chitsutso.

Ntchito ya Udindo

Kugwira ntchito kwa mawonekedwe onse aŵiri kumadalira pa kukhoza kwa maatom'amene amapanga chivomerezo. Madongosolo apakati amafuna bungwe la boma laluso lokhala ndi madongosolo a chidziŵitso odalirika ndi odalirika. Madongosolo a decentralral amafuna kuti maboma azikhala ndi antchito ophunzitsidwa, chuma, ndi zipangizo zapamwamba. M’mayiko amene mphamvu za dziko lonse n’zofooka, zoyenerera zingayambitse chipwirikiti. Kusintha kwa dziko kukhoza kuchititsa mbali imodzi ya kulephera. Kufufuza 201 ndi World Bank kupeza kuti [[FLD: 0] chipambano cha kusinthasintha zinthu koyenera m'matenda kumadalira pa kumanga maluso a kumaloko. masoka asanafike.

Mafanizo a Hybrid: Kodi Ndi Dziko Labwino Koposa pa Madziko Onse Aŵiriwo?

Mayiko ambiri akufufuza mafaelo opangidwa mwaluso kwambiri amene amagwirizana ndi mmene zinthu za m’deralo zikugwirira ntchito.

Zitsanzo za Madongosolo Osiyanasiyana

Magulu a ku Spain omwe amadzilamulira okha ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu pa zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi chitetezo cha boma, koma boma lalikulu lili ndi ulamuliro wokha pa ngozi za dziko ndi kugwirizana kwa dziko. Mliri wa CHOVID-19, Spanya inayamba kupanga zosankha pansi pa alamu, kenaka inalola madera kukhazikitsa malamulo. Njira imeneyi yogwirizana ndi njira yachidule yochitira zinthu mofulumira pamene pambuyo pake ikufuna kusintha matenda a m’madera ena.

Dongosolo la boma la India limagawa mathayo pakati pa boma la bungwe ndi maboma. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) imakhazikitsa malamulo ndi kupereka ndalama, pamene akuluakulu a boma oyang'anira tsoka achitapo kanthu. Mkati mwa chivomerezo cha chimphepo, Dipatimenti ya Meteorological ya India inapereka zoneneratu za kutsogolo, maboma amayang'anira othaŵa, ndi maphantat a kumaloko omwe amasamalira ntchito zotetezera. Dongosolo limeneli lokhala ndi mpambo lawongolera chiŵerengero cha imfa za chimphepo pa zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo.

Kulinganiza Njira ya Pakati ndi Olympine Yakumaloko

Atsamwali otchuka a mtundu wa Ebola amakhazikitsa malamulo omveka bwino a pangano: boma lalikulu limakhazikitsa zolinga zazikulu, miyezo, ndi kugaŵiridwa kwa chuma, pamene maboma akumaloko amasungabe njira zoyendera. Njira zolankhulirana ziyenera kukhala zogwira ntchito ndi zotsogolera. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa kubuka kwa Ebola ya 2014 West Africa, mabungwe a mitundu yonse anakakamiza maiko kutengera kugwirizana kwa pakati. Ku Liberia, bungwe la Incident Managed Management Management System linawongolera mapulogalamu, koma chitaganya chako chinapanga mayanjano ndi kugwirizanitsa, kuletsa kusokonezeka.

Njira ina yofunika ndi yakuti makompyuta a kachipangizo kajambule apereke ndalama zimene akuluakulu a boma angapereke kuti akwaniritse zosoŵa za anthu a m’deralo popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. Malo oyendetsera ntchito ndiponso ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu zamwadzidzidzi zingapatse mphamvu malo pamene akusungabe mlandu.

Zochititsa Zofunika Kusonkhezera Kugwira Ntchito Kwake

Kuwonjezera pa kusankhidwa kwa nyumbayo, pali zinthu zingapo zimene zimatsimikizira ngati boma lingathetse mavuto mogwira mtima mosasamala kanthu za mmene lingachitire.

Ukulu wa Mabungwe Oyamba

Kusintha kapena kuchepetsa zinthu pakokha sikungabwezeretse mabungwe ofooka. Boma lapakati lokhala ndi ntchito yoipa kapena yosagwira ntchito kwambiri lidzalephera kukwaniritsa ngakhale makonzedwe abwino koposa. Mofananamo, maulamuliro aulemu osoŵa oyang’anira zangozi ophunzitsidwa, madongosolo a zachuma, kapena malaboratori a zaumoyo a anthu onse adzavutika. Kupanga ndalama m'maluso aakulu ndiko chofunika kaamba ka chitsanzo cha aulamuliro chirichonse kuti apambane m’mavuto.

Kulankhulana ndi Kuulutsirana Nkhani

Kugaŵana chidziŵitso chanthaŵi yeniyeni pakati pa milingo ya boma nkovuta. Madongosolo apakati amafunikira chidziŵitso cha kumaloko kuti apange zosankha; madongosolo oyenerera amafunikira chidziŵitso chapakati kuti chigwirizane. Pamene chidziŵitso chiyenda momasuka ku mapulatifomu ogwirizana, mafanizo onse aŵiri amawongokera. Kulephera kugawana chidziŵitso cha miliri pakati pa boma la U.S. ndi maboma mu 2020 mu 2020 akuchedwetsa kudziŵidwa kwa magetsi otentha. Mosiyana ndi, njira ya chidziŵitso ya South Korea yapakati koma yowonekera bwino imalola kujambula mwamsanga pamene kuli chinsinsi.

Malo Opangira Mafulemu Ovomerezeka ndi Opangidwa ndi Malamulo

Malamulo ndi bajeti amasintha zinthu. Maboma apakati amafunikira ulamuliro walamulo kuti athetse ufulu wa anthu panthaŵi ya ngozi. Maboma oyendetsedwa amafunikira kumveka bwino kwa lamulo kumene kuli ndi udindo wotsogolera mtundu wa mavuto. Mabungwe a Finland omwe amalola kubwereka zinthu zamwadzidzidzi kapena kupereka kusamutsidwa kwa boma pa nthawi ya masoka amachepetsa kuchedwa. Chithandizo cha ndalama cha Yuropu cha chithandizo chapadera cha zinthu zachilengedwe chimene chimathandiza pa zochitika zazikulu ndi za m'dzikolo.

Malangizo Othandiza Kuchepetsa Mavuto

Maphunziro otengedwa pa kusanthula koyerekezera amachititsa malingaliro angapo otheka kwa maboma ofunafuna kuwongolera njira zothetsera mavuto mosasamala kanthu za zimene amakonda.

Kulimbikitsa Kugwirizana kwa Maluso

Mayiko ayenera kukhazikitsa mabungwe a boma amene amakumana nthaŵi zonse . Osati pa nthawi ya mavuto okha. Mabungwe ameneŵa angayambitse kukhulupirirana, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuyeseza. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la United Kingdom’s Civil Continmentation Act lokhazikitsa njira zothandizira zigawo zimene zimagwirizanitsa mabungwe a boma, akuluakulu a boma, mautumiki a zamwadzidzidzi, ndi zigawo za anthu wamba. Pakusefukira kwa madzi ndi kutentha, zimenezi zimagwirizanitsa njira zochitira zinthu popanda kusokoneza.

Kugwira Ntchito za M’madera Ena

Maboma apakati ayenera kumanga chuma kuti alimbitse mphamvu za maiko onse kale kwambiri masoka asanayambe. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuphunzitsa mamanejala a ngozi a kumaloko, kukonzanso makompyuta a kumaloko, ndi kusunga ndalama. Maprogramu a World Bank a “kusungitsa ngozi zangozi . kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera kuikizira ndalama ziŵiriziŵiri: malamulo apakati limodzi ndi kukwaniritsa kwa malowo.

Kulinganiza Zinthu ndi Chifaniziro

Madongosolo onse aŵiri apakati ndi oyenerera amapindula ndi kulinganiza kwa nthaŵi zonse kumene kumayesa kugwirizana kwa zinthu, kugawa katundu, ndi kupanga zosankha. Maseŵero ayenera kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a m'milingo yonse ya boma ndi kuyerekezera zopinga zenizeni zonga kuwonongeka kwa kulankhulana, kupereŵera kwa zopereka, ndi zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko. Kuphunzira kuchokera ku ku kulinganiza kumeneku kungadziŵitse mipata m'chitsanzo ndi kuwongolera kotsatira.

Kumaliza

Chiyambukiro cha ulamuliro wolinganizidwa ndi woyenerera pa kuyankha kwa mavuto sichiri chimodzi chokha. Madongosolo apakati angapereke liŵiro ndi kufanana koma kukhala ovuta ndi kusasinthika kwa malo. Madongosolo apamwamba amapereka kusinthika ndi kulephera kwa kumaloko koma angavutike ndi kusintha ndi kulephera kwa kagwiridwe kake ka zinthu. Zotsatirapo zimene zimachokera ku madongosolo ogwirizana ndi kugwirizanitsa mphamvu za kumaloko, zochirikizidwa ndi mabungwe amphamvu, kutsendedwa ndi kutsendereza, kulankhulana kwabwino, ndi kusasintha kwapadera kwa maluso a dziko lawo, mphamvu za ntchito, ndi zandale m'malo ake m’malo a kutengera kaganinetse kuzoloŵera kuyendetsa zinthu zapakati kapena kuyendetsa bwino. Mwa kuphunzira ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zambiri, maboma angakulitse moyo ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zambiri, maboma angalimbitse moyo ndi kukwaniritsa moyo wosatsimikizirika m’tsogolo.