M'ndale zamakono za osankhira a ku America, ndi magulu ochepa amene asinthanso kwambiri monga kukwera kwa mabungwe ogwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Makomiti a zandale osakhala ogwirizana atulukira monga akanema otchuka m'masankho a boma, makamaka m'mayiko amene masinthidwe ochepa a malingaliro ovota angatsimikizire zotsatira za dziko. Makomiti ameneŵa amagwira ntchito popanda kugwirizana ndi oyembekezera kapena zigwirizano, komabe mphamvu zawo za ndalama ndi luso lapadera zimawalola kukonza malo okhala chidziŵitso, kusonkhanitsa zigawo zovota, ndi kusonkhezera nkhani zimene zimalamulira mkangano wapokha. Kumvetsetsa mmene anthu ogwirizana ndi PCs amagwirira ntchito ntchito, kumene amaperekera chuma chawo, ndi zimene zimatulutsa ziyambukiro zapadera kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuzindikira mphamvu zankhondo zamakono m'madera ankhondo.

Kufotokoza Mapale Osagwirizanitsidwa m’Nyengo Yapambuyo pa Kubadwa kwa United

Ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa ndi makomiti odziimira okha ogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zimene zimakweza ndi kuwonongera ndalama kusonkhezera masankho a boma popanda kuyang'anira ndi oyembekezera kapena zipani za ndale. Malamulo olamulira magulu ameneŵa anasinthidwa kwenikweni ndi zochitika zazikulu ziŵiri: chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu cha 2010 mu Citizens United . FEC ndi khoti laling'ono lotsatiralo likhoza kupereka chigamulo chosamalitsa mu Speech Tsopano. org v. FEC . FEC . [FLT.3] zigamu zimenezi zinachotsa ziletso pa kuwonongedwa kwa ndale yandale zadziko, mabungwe, ndi mabungwe osakhala a malonda, ndi anthu opanga zinthu, ndipo anapanga kuti anthu azipereka mosakwanira ku kuyendetsa zinthu.

Federal Ecomtion Commission imasiyanitsa ma PAC ndi ogwirizanitsidwa ndi PCs, amene ali ogwirizana mwalamulo ndi gulu lochirikiza monga bungwe la antchito, bungwe la antchito, kapena bungwe la malonda. Ogwirizanitsa APCS amayang'anizana ndi malire okhwima a zopereka ndipo ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito thumba lopatula. Opanda olumikizidwa, kuphatikizapo amene amatchedwa kuti Super PCs, amene angalandire zopereka zosamalitsa kwa anthu, makampani, ndi maukwati, limodzi ndi Hybrid PAC, zimene zimasunga zonse ziŵiri nkhani ya PaC yolembedwa pa KC ku malire ndi nkhani yapamwamba ya PPAC kaamba ka ndalama zaufulu.

Kupyola makomiti olembetsedwa mwalamulo ameneŵa, malo okhala ndi mabungwe osapanga phindu oikidwa pansi pa Gawo 501 (c)(4) la Lamulo la Mwinieveve Revenue imachita ntchito ya ndale zadziko popanda kubisa opereka awo. Maguluwa "ndalama zobisika" angawononge ndalama zofalitsa zachinyengo ndi kuvota malinga ngati ndale siziri chifuno chawo chachikulu, kupanga njira yoyendera yoyendera mphamvu yofanana imene imagwira mwa kuwala pang’ono kuposa PCs. Msanganizo wa Great PAC ndi ndalama zopanda mdima wapanga ndawala ya ndawala ya kampani kumene magwero a kutumiza mauthenga andale zadziko kaŵirikaŵiri amatchuka kwa ovota.

Kupangidwa kwa Ndalama kwa Mapale Opanda Ogwirizana

Mlingo wa ndalama zopanda ogwirizanitsidwa wakula kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazo. M'nyengo ya chisankho yokha ya 2020, Super PACS ndi makomiti ena odziimira okha otukula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoposa $2.5 biliyoni, mogwirizana ndi chidziŵitso cha OpenSEcrets . Kuwononga kumeneku kumaperekedwa kwambiri pakati pa chiŵerengero chochepa cha mamegadoners, kuphatikizapo anthu olemera, zikondwerero za makampani, ndi magulu a zandale amene amawona chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko kukhala malonda apamwamba m'malamulo.

PCs yosagwirizana ndi makampani amatumiza chuma chawo m'mawiri ambiri. Kutsatsa malonda a pa TV kudakali gulu lalikulu kwambiri la ndalama, makamaka m'misika yokwera mtengo ya manyuzipepala m'maboma. Kusatsa malonda kwa manambala kwakula mofulumira, kupereka mphamvu zenizeni zimene zimalola ma PAC kupereka mauthenga ku zigawo za anthu ndi malo ena. Makalata apadera, kubanki ya telefoni, ndi ntchito zaulonda zosonkhanitsa kampani kutengeramo mbali zazikulu za ndalama za PC.

Mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri ya dongosolo lamakono ndi mpata wotulukira. Pamene kuli kwakuti Super PACs iyenera kunenera operekawo ku FEC, iwo angalandire ndalama kuchokera ku mabungwe oimira, monga 501(c)(4) makampani osapanga phindu kapena makampani opereŵera amene amabisa magwero oyambirira a ndalama. Kuyesayesa kumeneku, nthaŵi zina kutchedwa "kupitira" ndalama, kumalola operekawo kukhala obisika kwa anthu pamene akusonkhezerabe masankho. Brenan Center ya Justice yatsimikizira kuti m'masankhoti aposachedwapa, mbali yaikulu ya ndalama ya PC yachokera ku malo osadziŵika, kusokoneza kuwonekera kumene malamulo adakonzedwa kuti atulukiretu.

Chifukwa Chake Ntchito Yonyamula Anthu Inaikidwa pa Thupi

Maboma a Sung amalandira mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zopitira popanda kulumikizidwa chifukwa chakuti votoral SAIL imapanga phindu lapamwamba pa kuikizira ndalama za ndale zadziko. M'maiko kumene zotulukapo za ofufuza sizingadziŵike, ndalama zowonjezereka sizingasinthe chotulukapo. Komabe, m'maboma ankhondo, madeti aang'ono amatanthauza kuti ngakhale kusintha pang'ono kwa voti kapena kukopa kungapereke chipambano ku gulu limodzi kapena gulu lina.

Electoral College imagwirizanitsa mphamvu imeneyi. Ndemanga za pulezidenti zimayang'ana kwambiri pa maboma ochepa a mpikisano, ndipo osagwirizana ndi ma PAC amatsatira mfundo yomweyi. Mu 2020, maboma asanu otchuka a nkhondo — Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Arizona, ndi Georgia — zimene zinapanga 60 peresenti ya ndalama zonse zowonongedwa pawekha m'likiti la pulezidenti, ngakhale kuti zikuimira kokha pafupifupi pafupifupi munthu mmodzi wa mtundu wa dzikolo. Kuchuluka kwa chuma kumeneku kumachititsa kusokonezeka kumene Foffic akulengeza zandale, kutumiza kolunjika, ndi makompyuta kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa makampani osakhala a pulezidenti.

Kufufuza kuchokera ku [[FLT: 0] Brookings Institution kwasonyeza kuti madongosolo a maboma a mpikisano amasintha kwa nthaŵi monga zizoloŵezi za anthu, kutsimikizira, ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko za kumaloko kusinthika. Ma PC osagwirizanitsidwa ayenera nthaŵi zonse kupendanso zimene maboma akuseŵera ndi kugaŵira chuma chawo mogwirizana. Karculos ameneyu amadziŵitsidwa ndi kusanthula kotchuka, kuyerekezera, ndi kutembenuza mbiri yakale kumene kumachititsa kuti pa Cs apeze mitundu ndi zigawo zokhoza kuvota ndi zolondola kwambiri.

Zida ndi Maluso

Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Ma PAC amakono osalumikizidwa amagwira ntchito monga mabungwe opanga chidziŵitso. Amagula kapena kupanga mafaelo opanga ophatikiza chidziŵitso cha anthu, khalidwe la kuvota, masinthidwe, ndi ogula kukhala ndi ndandanda yatsatanetsatane ya munthu aliyense wovota. Kugwiritsira ntchito masamu, ma PAC angaikepo mitundu ya mavoti m'magulu ochirikiza kuthekera kwa kuchirikiza woloŵa, kuthekera kwa kutembenukira ku voti, ndi kuvomereza ku mauthenga otsimikizirika.

Kukhoza kwa kachipangizo kang'ono kameneka kumachititsa kuti ma PAC apereke mauthenga osiyanasiyana kwa anthu osiyanasiyana, ngakhale m'manyuzipepala omwewo. Mayi wa m’mudzi angalandire mauthenga ozikidwa pa ndalama zamaphunziro ndi zaumoyo, pamene mwininyumba wa kumudzi angapatsidwe ntchito yotsatsatsa malonda a misonkho ya katundu ndi malamulo a mphamvu. Mapulatifomu a manambala a magetsi amatheketsa kuti anthu a ku PC afikire chigawo cha ovota ndi mauthenga awo odziŵika bwino ndi odziŵika bwino.

Kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kumathandizanso kuti a PC aone ngati akugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama zawo panthaŵi yeniyeni. Mwakufufuza masinthidwe a manambala ofufuza, kuvota, ndi kulinganiza makompyuta, APAC angasinthe njira zawo zapakati pa njinga, kusintha zinthu kuchokera ku ku kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama mochepera kuti apeze mipata yowonjezereka. Kusintha kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ma PAC amene sanalumikizidwe akhale othandiza kwambiri kuposa opikisana ndi makompyuta.

Kuyambitsa Vuto la Kuphunzira ndi Kupanga Zinthu Monkitsa

PC Opanda olumikizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amasumika kulemberana makalata awo mwachindunji pa chichirikizo cha wobatizidwa. Mmalomwake, amawononga ndalama zambiri kutsutsa mfundo zimene zimatsutsana ndi malamulo a mafrem m’njira zabwino kwa ofuna kulowa kapena zovulaza otsutsa. Ochirikiza Democratic C C angachititse mkupiti wotsatsa malonda wogogomezera kupezeka kwa zaumoyo kapena kulengedwa kwa ntchito, kugwirizanitsa zotulukapo zabwino ndi Ddemocratic shanding popanda kusonkhezera openyerera kuvota munthu wina. PaC wotchuka angayendetse malonda ogogomezera kusamuka kwa anthu kapena malamulo a zachuma, kupanga malo abwino kwa ofunsira za kukonza za ku Republic.

Njira yolunjikitsidwa imeneyi imapereka mapindu a lamulo. Ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma zimene zimachirikiza mwachindunji chisankho kapena kugonjetsedwa kwa wobatizidwa zikhoza kuvumbulidwa ndi kuikidwa dalaivala. Kutsutsa kutembenuza, pamene kuli kwakuti kuli kolinganizidwira kusonkhezera zotulukapo za kusanthula, zimagwira ntchito m'malo abwinja omwe angalole PCs kulankhula mauthenga awo mosaonekera bwino. Mzera pakati pa nkhani ya kusankhidwa kwa osankhidwa ndi kulongosola kupikisana, ndipo PCs akuletsa malire a kusiyanitsa kumeneku.

Kutsekerezedwa ndi Zombo za M’madzi ndi Kutsekerezedwa

Pambuyo pa kusatsa malonda, APAC amapanga ndalama zopangira mavoti omwe angayambukire mwachindunji njira zopitira. Izi zimaphatikizapo kutsegula khomo ndi khomo, kusunga foni, mkupiti wa mauthenga, ndi zipangizo za foni zimene zimathandiza ochirikiza kupeza malo ofunsira, kupempha makalata m'mavoti, ndi kusanthula zofunika. M'maiko opikisana kwambiri, kukhoza kuwonjezera kutsata pakati pa zigawo zabwino za wovota ndi ngakhale mfundo zochepa chabe zingatsimikizire zotsatira za mpikisano wa kutsika kwa mpikisano wa mpikisano wa balot , ndi kupikisana kwa prezidenti.

A PAC ena amaloŵanso m'kugamula ndi kugamula malamulo a kuvota. Zovuta ku malamulo a voti, malamulo a kufunsira, ndi njira zolowera zopimira kuntchito zakhala mbali yokhazikika ya masankho m'maboma ankhondo. Zoyesayesa zalamulo zimenezi, ngakhale kuti sizikuikidwa monga zogwirizana, zimayendera limodzi ndi zikondwerero za gulu limodzi kapena lachiŵiri ndipo zimaimira njira ina imene pakhala ndi pulogalamu yosagwirizana ndi pulogalamu ya kampani.

Kufufuza za Matenda m’Madenderezedwe a Zosankha Zaposachedwapa

Msonkhano wa Pulezidenti 2020 ku Pennsylvania ndi Michigan

Mzera wa masankho 2020 unasonyeza mlingo umene ma PAC osagwirizana angagwire ntchito m'maiko apadera. Ku Pennsylvania, makomiti odziimira ndalama zowonongedwa anawononga ndalama zoposa $50 miliyoni m'mafuko a pulezidenti ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, malinga ndi FEC mapepala osonkhanitsidwa ndi Opensecrets. Mbali yaikulu kwambiri inachokera ku Super PaCs kumbali zonse ziŵiri, kuphatikizapo mabungwe onga ngati Pricious USA Action ku mbali ya Democratic ndi America First Action kumbali ya Republican.

Makomiti a Democratic-agine anasumika maganizo awo pa nkhani zochepera. Makomiti a democratic anagogomezera chitetezo cha zaumoyo, kuchira kwa chuma ku mliriwo, ndi kuukira kwa makhalidwe pa pulezidenti wa chibalo. Makomiti a Republican adasumika maganizo pa lamulo ndi dongosolo, kutsegulanso kwa chuma, ndi maupandu olingaliridwa a malamulo opita patsogolo. Kudzaza kwa wailesi yakanema mu Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Detroit, ndi Grand Rapids misika ya zamalonda za kanema zinapangitsa zimenezi kukhala zolengezedwa mokulira m'dziko.

Kusanthula kwa pambuyo pa chisankho kwa asayansi andale zadziko kwapereka zigamulo zosiyana ponena za chiyambukiro chachindunji cha kuwonongetsa ndalama. Kufufuza kwina kukusonyeza kuti phindu lalikulu la Democratic-agening PaCs ku Pennsylvania — kugwiritsa ntchito makomiti a Republican ndi audindo kumbali yapadera m'masabata omalizira — kuthandizira kuchotsa chiŵerengero chochepa koma chotheratu cha osankhidwa osakhala osankhidwa. Kufufuza kwina kumatsutsa kuti chiyambukiro chinali chochepa, mmalo mwa kukhazikitsa zikonda za dziko, mkhalidwe wofuna kutchuka, ndi zikhoterero zandale za dziko zimene zinagonjetsa zotsatsa malonda.

Kusintha kwa Nthaŵi kwa 2018 m’Madera a Substerban

Chisankho cha 2018 chinapereka chitsanzo chomveka bwino cha mmene ma PC osalumikizira angakhudzire kupanga Nyumba za Malamulo. Mzera umenewo unakhala ndi kuchuluka kwapadera kwa ndalama zowonongedwa m'zigawo za Democratic-alustra ku madera a m'midzi ya m'madera a m'matauni omwe anali odalira pa dziko la Republican koma anali opikisana kwambiri. Mapic monga Nyumba ya Majority PC ndi Democraticbactic Republic ndi Democratic Cities United analimbana ndi zigawo za California, New Jersey, ndi Illinois ndipo mauthenga ake anali osumikidwa pa chitetezo ndi kutsutsa msonkho anapitirira mu 2017.

PaCs, kuphatikizapo Congregational Leadership Fund, inayankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, koma Democratic popereka ndalama ndi kutumiza mauthenga zinawalola kusungunula mipando yoposa 40 ndi kuyang'aniranso Nyumba. Zigawo za madera a m’midzi zimene zinasintha manja zinali malo enieni amene anthu osakhala ogwirizana anali kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi mfundo za m'dzikolo.

Mayendedwe ameneŵa anasonyezanso kufunika kwa malo a kusankhidwa kusanachitike. Mapasa omwe anayamba mkupiti wawo wotsatsa malonda mwamsanga — asanakhale Labor Day lapambuyo pa Lapp — anakhoza kulongosola mawu a mkanganowo m’njira zimene zimaika adani awo kuchinjiriza. Kuthera patsogolo m'zigawo zosinthasintha maganizo a osankhawo asanathe kufotokoza bwino lomwe mauthenga awo, njira imene yakhala chizoloŵezi cha mpikisano.

Madeti 2022 ndi Kuyambika kwa Nkhondo za Boma la Thupi

Pambuyo pa 2022 zisankho zinawona kubuka kwa malo atsopano ankhondo, makamaka ku Wisconsin, Arizona, ndi Georgia, kumene kuli mpikisano wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi mafuko a opikisana anapanga ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera ndalama. Ma PAC osagwirizana kumbali zonse ziŵiri anayesa njira zatsopano, kuphatikizapo kutsatsa malonda aakulu m'makompyuta ndi kutsatsa malonda a wailesi yakanema pamene kuwonerera wailesi kunapitirizabe kusweka.

Ku Georgia, kumene sikunali boma la pulezidenti la mpikisano kwa zaka makumi ambiri 2020 isanafike, PCs anaikiza ndalama zambiri kuti alembetse ovota ndi kusonkhanitsa zoyesayesa zofutukula osankha. Nyumba ziŵiri za boma za malamulo zotha kutulutsa zisonyeze chiyambukiro cha pangano la PaC lopitirizabe m'malo ozungulira otchuka. Chiŵerengero cha 20222 chinasonyeza kuti Georgia akakhalabe ndi cholinga cha kugula zinthu paokha, ndi mbali zonse ziŵirizo kuitenga monga nkhondo yachikhalire m’malo mwa kupikisana kwakanthaŵi.

Arizona anapereka mphamvu yosiyana, ndi chisankho cha Latinoo osankhidwa ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha ovota odziimira okha akukopa PACI. Makomiti osagwirizana operekedwa m'kutsatsa malonda a zinenero za Chispanya ndi chikhalidwe chawo anakonzekera ntchito yosonkhanitsa ovota amene sanapangidwe m'mizere yapita. Kugwira ntchito kwa zoyesayesa zimenezi kukutsutsanabe, koma kufunika kwapadera kokhala ndi anthu ambiri mu Arizona kumasonyeza kuchuluka kwa ntchito za PC.

Kufufuza Zokhudza Ntchito Zawo Ndiponso Zogwira Mtima

Asayansi andale zadziko apereka chisamaliro chachikulu ku kupima chiyambukiro cha PC yosagwirizanitsidwa pa zotulukapo za chisankho. Kuvomerezako kumawonekera. Ndalama zikuwoneka kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pansi pa mikhalidwe ina — makamaka m'mafuko apamwamba a manyuzi, m'mipikisano yotseguka pamene palibe m'gulu limene lili ndi phindu lomangidwa, ndipo m'malo amene mbali imodzi imasangalala ndi phindu lalikulu. M'mipikisano yapamwamba ya prezidenti yokhala ndi militi yaikulu ndi milingo ya chidziŵitso chapamwamba, zotsatira za kuwonjezera pa CC zingakhale zazing'ono.

Kufufuza za kutsatsa malonda kukusonyeza kuti kusatsa malonda kwa mkupiti kukuchepa. Kumvetsera koyamba uthenga kungasinthe maganizo, koma kuwonjezera kuchulukako kungasinthe pang’ono. Kuchuluka kumeneku kumachititsa kuti pakhale phindu limene munthu wolandira ndalama zambiri kwambiri angathe kupeza, pamene otsutsa amene amalephera angatsimikizirebe kuti mauthenga awo aakulu afika kwa otola nkhani olembedwa ndi otsatsa malonda ndi makompyuta otsika.

Kutumiza ndalama zowonongedwa, mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zambiri. Maphunziro a maseŵero a m’mamunda ndi kutuluka ndi zoyesayesa za kuwona mosalekeza kuti kukambitsirana kwaumwini — kaya ndi telefoni, khomo la ku khomo, kapena kutsazika kwa magetsi — kumawonjezera kukwera pakati pa osankhidwa. Kwa ma PAC amene sagwirizana ndi oika ndalama m'zamalonda, kubwezedwa kwa ndalama kukhoza kukhala kwakukulu kuposa kusatsatsa malonda kokha, makamaka m'malo otsika monga masankhoti apakati.

Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi anthu onse, monga momwe kunafupikitsidwira ndi Center yofufuza , n’kwakuti lingaliro la anthu limavomereza kwambiri malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndawala ndi kuonekera kwambiri. Anthu ambiri a ku America pa zipani amakhulupirira kuti ndalama zili ndi mphamvu kwambiri m’ndale ndipo zimalimbikitsa kusintha kumene kungawonjezere ntchito ya opereka ndalama zambiri. Kukonda zimenezi kumayambitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa malamulo oteteza anthu kuti adziyendetse okha ndiponso kuti azikhala ndi phindu la demokrase la ndale.

Kufuna Kulamulira Mwademokalase

Kukwera kwa ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa kumadzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za kuŵerengera mlandu kwa demokrase ndi mtundu wa kuimira. Pamene oyembekezera a dongosolo la ndale zadziko adalira kwambiri pa kuwonongedwa ndi makomiti odziimira amene amagwira ntchito popanda kuvumbula poyera kwa opereka awo, ovota sangaonetse mokwanira zikondwerero zimene ofuna kubatizidwa angakakamizidwe kutumikira. Ngakhale ngati ndalama zimene awonongazo sizingagule mwachindunji zipambano za democracy, kufunika kwa kukopa woperekayo kuyambitsa zisonkhezero kuti ofuna kulingana ndi malo a operekawo olemera mmalo a chisankholetso chachikulu.

Kuona padera ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Kufuna kuti malamulo amakono adziŵike kwa opereka ndalama ku SS PACs, koma kulephera kulola ndalama kuyenda kudzera m'mabungwe amene amatetezera magwero oyambirira. Malamulo onga ngati DSCLOSE Act, amene angafunikire mabungwe onse owononga ndalama m'masankho kuti aulule anthu awo opereka mphatso, ayambitsidwa m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana koma sanalandire chichirikizo chokwanira cha bipartisan kuti akhale lamulo. FEC, amene ali ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo a ndawala, anyozedwa ndi ochirikiza kusintha chifukwa cha makhoma ake opasulidwa ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zawo.

Kusintha kwa boma kumapereka njira ina. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo awo a zandalama opimira kupyola lamulo la boma, ndipo ena apanga madongosolo a zandalama olola oyembekezera kusankha kugula ndalama zaumwini. Kufufuza kumeneku kumapereka zitsanzo za mmene chisonkhezero cha PC yosakhala yogwirizanitsidwa chingachepetsedwe kapena kuyendetsedwa m’njira zimene zimatumikira miyezo ya demokrase.

Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa amakhudzanso mphamvu za mkati za zipani za ndale zadziko. Mwa kupereka magwero aumwini a ndalama ndi kufalitsa uthenga, Ma PPAC ndi magulu a ndalama zakuda angasonkhezere zipani ku malo opambanitsa kapena zinthu zina zofunika zoyanjidwa ndi opereka otchuka. Zimenezi zimachepetsa mphamvu yogwirizanitsa ya atsogoleri a zipani ndipo zingachititse gulu lonselo kumasulira mosintha.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ma PAC osalumikizidwa amapereka njira ya kutengamo mbali m'ndale zadziko imene ikanapanda kupezeka kwa nzika zambiri ndi mabungwe. Kukhoza kuphatikiza chuma ndi kuchirikiza nkhani kupyolera mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama mwaufulu kuli mtundu wa kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko kotetezeredwa ndi Kusintha. Zoyesayesa za kusintha ziyenera kulinganiza phindu la kukhala ndi phande m’ndale ndi maupandu a chisonkhezero chosalingana ndi kuchepetsa kuwonekera bwino.

Kumaliza

A PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa akhala oseŵera apakati pa masankho a ku America, ndi chisonkhezero chawo champhamvu kwambiri m'mawuwo ogwirizana kuti amagamula zotulukapo za pulezidenti ndi kulamulira kwa Congress. Chuma chawo cha zachuma, njira zodziŵira zinthu, ndi luso la kugwira ntchito popanda kugwirizana mwachindunji ndi oyembekezera awapatsa iwo mapindu apadera m'kugwirizanitsa malingaliro ndi njira zosonkhanitsa. Kuikidwa kwa ntchito ya PAC m'nkhondo m'zigawo zimenezi kumatanthauza kuti osankha m'zigawo akukhala ndi malo osankhidwa osiyana kwambiri kuposa aja a m'maboma otetezereka, kulandira kukambitsirana kwa ndale ndi kuwonekera kopikisana kwa ndale.

Umboni wakuti kaya kugwiritsa ntchito masinthidwe ogwirizana ndi masankho kulidi kogwirizana, koma lingaliro lakuti ndalama zimagula chisonkhezero nlofala pakati pa osankha ndipo liri ndi ziyambukiro zowononga pa kukhulupirira mabungwe a demokrase . Kusoŵa kwa kuwonekera kotheratu m'zochitika za ndawala za kampani kumachititsa kulephera kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kupangitsa anthu kukhala ovuta kuyang'anira mauthenga amene amalandira. Pamene ndawala ya malamulo yolamulira ikupitiriza kutulukira pa zigamulo za khoti ndi zochita zolamulira, ntchito ya APAC m'maboma osagwirizana ndi projective idzakhalabe malo ovuta kwambiri a phunziro ndi makambitsirano. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ofufuza zinthu zovuta ndi opanga malamulo ogwirira ntchito kutsimikizira kuti masankhoti asonyeze chifuniro a anthu m’malo mwa chuma cha anthu ochepa.