Kumvetsetsa Ziphunzitso za Malamulo m’Madongosolo a Malamulo a ku America

Zigamulo zalamulo ndizo zigamulo zalamulo zimene zimakhazikitsa lamulo kapena mfundo yakuti makhoti aang'ono ayenera kutsatira m'nkhani zofanana. Ku United States, chiphunzitso cha stare decisis [ chimakakamiza makhoti kumamatira ku zigamulo zakale, kutsimikizira kukhazikika ndi kutsimikizirika m'malamulo. Lamulo limeneli ndi lozikidwa pa malamulo a anthu ambiri ndipo limayambukira mwachindunji mmene mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amapangira malamulo, ophunzitsa, ophunzitsa, ndi kukwaniritsa ntchito zawo. Makhoti achokera ku milingo yonse ya judiary, koma zigamu zochokera ku U. Khoti lalikulu limakhala ndi ukulu waukulu, logwirizanitsa boma lililonse ndi bwalo la boma pansi pa Supremaclaus. Kumvetsa zalamulo nkofunika kwa aliyense chifukwa cha kuyang'anira ntchito kwamakono chifukwa cha kugawa kwa lamulo, kachitidwe kochitidwa ndi kuukulu kwaukulu kwa lamulo, kuchokera ku ku chikalata cha U.

Mphamvu ya chitsanzo si yotheratu; makhoti angasinthe zosankha zapasadakhale pamene malamulo asintha kapena pamene malingaliro akale apezedwa kukhala olakwika. Kwa kusungidwa kwa lamulo, ichi chimatanthauza kukhala ndi miyezo yalamulo yogwirizana ndi chitokoso cha malamulo kuli chitokoso chosalekeza. Nthaŵi zonse makampani ayenera kukonzanso zophunzitsira ndi mabuku a za m’magawo kusonyeza mafotokozedwe amakono a malamulo otetezera. Kuphatikiza pakati pa lamulo lachiweruzo ndi apolisi othandiza kumapangitsa malo okhala ndi mphamvu kumene apolisi ayenera kulinganiza kalata ya lamulo ndi malamulo a dongosolo lapamwamba la khwalala.

Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapansi Yomwe Inalongosolanso Chilamulo

Zigamulo zingapo za Khoti Lalikulu zasintha kwambiri mmene apolisi amagwirizanira ndi onyumwira, kusonkhanitsa umboni, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Zigamulo zimenezi siziri kokha nthanthi zalamulo zongopeka; ziri ndi ziyambukiro zenizeni, za tsiku ndi tsiku pa kachitidwe ndi chisungiko cha anthu. Pansipa pali zina za zochitika zofunika kwambiri zimene zikupitirizabe kuumba machitachita a lamulo m’dziko lonselo.

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966) – Kuyenera kwa Kulankhula ndi Kupereka Uphungu

Mu [[NTL:0] Malamulo ndi. Arizona, Bwalo Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti chitetezo cha Fitempime ndi kudzipha kumanzere kumafuna lamulo kudziŵitsa kukayikira ufulu wawo asanaimbidwe mlandu. Oyang'anira ayenera tsopano kutchula zimene zadziŵika monga [[FLT:] Mayeso [2] Mapiri] Mapiri : kuyenera kukhala chete, kuti chilichonse chinenedwe kwa iwo m’khoti, kuyenera kwa loya kwa loya kwa loya, ndi kuti loya ya chilo chikane ngati sangathe kulipira mmodzi. Chigamucho chikatuluka kuchokera ku zochitika zinayi zoikidwa popanda kudziŵidwa. Chigamu cha Boma. Khoti la chikanero china chinali chikanero chachithunzi cha kumbuyo, cha kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa lamulo la kumbuyo kwa lamulo la kugamula kwake. [5]

Terry ndi Ohio (1968) – Stop ndi Frisk Authority

THULE] ndi. Ohio . apolisi ololedwa kuchita ndi amuna atatu oyembekezera kuima, ofufuza ndi olephera pamene ali ndi kukayikira koyenera kuti munthu ali ndi zida ndi ngozi. Muyezo umenewu ngwaung'ono kuposa chifukwa chothekera, kulola maofesala aakulu kuloŵererapo upandu usanakule. Mlandu wokhudzana ndi m’Cleveland amene anaona amuna atatu akuima kunja kwa sitolo, akumawakayikira kuti akulinganiza kuba, ndi kuwagwetsa pansi, kupeza zida. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kufunafunako monga koyenera pansi pa Kusintha Komphonya Koyamba. Chigamutsira mlandu chinapereka chigamulo chachi. Chomwe chikayikire kwa oyenera kuletsa [FLT:], chidamake chamakono, ngakhale kuli chitsanzo chaungwe chaunyiri chaunyiri, makamaka ponena za kutsutsana ndi chiganizo cha chiwonjeko cha chiwongo chachi. Chigamu chikho, chikho chikho chika chika chachi chika kutsimikizira choyenera kutsimikizira kuti chikhale, chika

Graham v. Connor (1998) – Kufuna Kuchita Zinthu Moyenerera Pogwiritsira Ntchito Gulu la Asilikali

Asanaike Graham v. Connor , makhoti anagwiritsira ntchito miyezo yosiyanasiyana kuweruza zinenezo zamphamvu, kaŵirikaŵiri kudalira pa njira yofunikira pansi pa Kusintha kwa 144. Nkhaniyi imagwirizana ndi kupenda kwa cholinga cha Kusintha kwa Kachinayi. Khoti linagamula kuti mawu onse akuti apolisi alamulo agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yopambanitsa mkati mwa kumangidwa, kutsekedwa, kapena kutengeka kwina kuyenera kupendedwa pansi pa “kuyenera kwa Kusintha kwa Zamangidwe za . Muyezo umenewu umalingalira ukulu wa upandu, kaya wolingaliridwayo akukhala chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga ku a nduna kapena ena, ndipo kaya okayikirawongokanidwawo akukana kumangidwa kapena kuthaŵa kugwidwa ndi kuthaŵa. Kuyenera kupendedwa kwamphamvu ya kuyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kuyenerera kwa kuyang'anira ntchito kwa oyang’anira milandu yoyenerera, ngakhale kupindula ndi kuyang'kanika kwa mphamvu za boma kwa anthu ena.

United States v. Jones (202) – GPS Tracking and Fourterment

Mu United States v. Jones, Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti kuika chipangizo cha GPS ku galimoto ndi kuyang'anira kayendedwe ake kukupanga kufunafuna kwake pansi pa Demendment Yachinayi. Boma linatsutsa kuti chifukwa chakuti galimotoyo inali pa misewu ya anthu onse, panalibe chiyembekezo choyenera cha kukhala chinsinsi. Komabe, Khoti linagamula kuti kusokoneza zinthu zokayikiridwazo ku zinthu za m'machenjera kuti ziike chipangizo choswa Koletsedwa chachinayi. Chiweruzo cha Scalia chimadalira kuyesa kwa lamulo lakale, koma Chilungamo cha Sotomando chikudzutsa nkhaŵa zambiri ponena za kuyang'anira kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa magetsi. Chigamulocho chili ndi mfundo zazikulu zamakono za sayansi yokhudza ntchito yamakono, maselo olemba magalimoto, ndi magalimoto a olemba a zikalata alamulo agwiritsidwa ntchito tsopano kusungidwa ndi zikalata za malamulo.

Floyd v. City of New York (2013) – Policing ndi Kulankhulana Kwaufuko

Pamene kuli kwakuti si mlandu wa Supreme Court, chigamulo cha khoti la boma mu Floyd v. Mzinda wa New York [1] (2013) ndi chitsanzo chowopsa cha lamulo ponena za kuletsa ndi kutumiza machitidwe a bungwe. Khotilo linapeza kuti kugwiritsira ntchito kwa New York apolisi kuletsa ndi kuletsa ndi frisk kunaswa malamulo a Chisanu ndi khumi ndi anayi mwa kukakamiza anthu a mafuko ochepa popanda kukayikira koyenera. Chigamulocho chinafuna kukonzanso malamulo aakulu, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa pulogalamu ya boma ndi kuyendetsa makhamera. Mlanduwuwu umasonyeza mmene makhoti aang'ono a boma angakhazikitsirenso zitsanzo zamphamvu zimene mapulogalamu a kumaloko, makamaka kuzungulira ndi kuŵerengera kwaufuko.

Chiyambukiro Chogwira Ntchito pa Kuphunzitsa ndi Kukhazikitsa Lamulo

Pamene chitsanzo chalamulo chibuka, chiyambukiro choyamba chimakhala kuyesayesa kwa makampani osungitsa lamulo kukonzanso maphunziro a pasukulu. Masukulu a apolisi ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa ayenera kusonyeza miyezo yamakono ya malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa Manda , madipatimenti oyambitsa makadi oyenera ndi mawu ochenjeza ndi kuphatikiza ntchito yothandiza kutsimikizira kuti apolisi angawapereke pansi pa kupsinjika maganizo. Pambuyo pa [FLT:] Graham v. Connor , kugwiritsira ntchito ndandanda ya zofunikira kuchokera ku “zochitika zapadera za" kuyandikira ku ku kulinganiza kwa zoyenerera, kuphatikizapo kukonzekera kwa kulinganiza kwa maluso, kuphatikizapo kuyankha ndi kuyankha koyenera.

Mabuku a za malamulo amakonzedwanso kuti apereke malangizo padera. Mwachitsanzo, mabungwe ambiri tsopano amafuna kuti akuluakulu a boma alembe mfundo zenizeni zogwirizana ndi kukayikira koyenera kwa Terry . Kulephera kuchita zimenezi kungapangitse kuti umboni ndi mlandu wa boma uchotsedwe. Majeremusi [[FLT:] amatsogolera kukonza zinthu ndi kusimba ndi mabungwe ofunikira kuti apange malamulo oyenerera kuti GPS itenge njira ndi kuti ikhale ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka kuti ikhale yovomerezeka asanagwiritse ntchito njira zina zoyendera.

Unansi ndi Kudalirika kwa Anthu

Zitsanzo zalamulo sizimakhudza kokha khalidwe la ofisala; zimasinthanso kaonedwe ka anthu ka malamulo. Makhoti akakakamiza malamulo kuteteza, amauza anthu kuti ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi wofunika. Izi zingawonjezere kudalirana ndi kugwirizana, kumene kuli kofunika kuti apolisi agwire bwino ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kufunika kwa kuŵerenga Manda ufulu wa anthu tsopano umavomerezedwa ndi anthu ambiri kudzera pa wailesi yakanema ndi m'manyuzipepala, ndipo zimayambitsa chiyembekezo chakuti apolisi adzachita zinthu movomerezeka.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene zitsanzo zioneka kuti zipatsa apolisi mphamvu kwambiri, monga momwe ena amanenera [[FLT: 0] Terry v. Ohio [1] adatero, kukhulupirira anthu kungawoneke, makamaka m'midzi yokhudzidwa ndi kuimitsa ndi machitidwe. FLD [[FLT:] FYD] ['FLT] chigamulo chokhudzana ndi vutoli, kuvomereza kuti kusagwirizana ndi boma kumathetsa ubale wa anthu ndi kuchepetsa kuyenera kwa apolisi. Kumanga sikumafuna kumvera lamulo komanso kumachita ntchito ndi ziŵalo kuti afotokoze malamulo ndi kufunafuna mfundo. Mabungwe ambiri apanga mabungwe a anthu oyang'anira ndi oyang’anira milandu yokhudza ufulu wa anthu.

Kusinthasintha kwa Zinthu ndi Kuthetsa Mavuto

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo otsatizana a Khoti Lalikulu, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumasiyanasiyana. Madipatimenti a apolisi a m’deralo ali ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ma bajeti, ndi madera a zandale. Dipatimenti ya m’tauni yapafupi ingathe kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro alamulo ndi kuyang'anira , pamene ofesi ya maofesi a boma ya kumidzi ingadalire pa zotsitsimula zapachaka ndi kuchepa kwa kumasulira kwa lamulo. Kusiyana kumeneku kungatsogolere ku ku kugwiritsa ntchito kwa malamulo motsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, muyezo woganizira woyenerera mu Terry v. Ohio [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ndiponso, makhoti a boma nthaŵi zina amamasulira mfundo za boma kukhala zotsatizana kwambiri kapena zocheperapo, kupanga miyalo ina ya zocholoŵana. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo amene amaposa chitetezo cha boma, monga ngati kufuna chilolezo cha kulondola zonse zamagetsi kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri miyezo yamphamvu. Oyang'anira amene amagwira ntchito m’mizere ya boma kapena m'ntchito ya boma ayenera kuyendetsa ntchito imeneyi. Maphunziro opitirizabe ndi kuletsa kulankhulana ndi kutsalirana ndi kutsekedwa ndi kuchepetsa kulakwa.

Mikhalidwe Yomadza ndi Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo

Zitsanzo za malamulo sizisinthasintha; zimasintha ndi luso la zopangapanga, mabungwe a zachikhalidwe, ndi nzeru zachiweruzo.

  • Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Mafuko ndi De-isaculture : Pambuyo pa zochitika zazikulu ndi chipolowe chachiŵeniŵeni, makhoti akufufuza mowonjezereka kugwiritsira ntchito kwa apolisi. Maboma ena atengerapo “mphamvu kuti aloŵetsemo” malamulo ndi kufuna kuti akuluakulu a mtsogoleri agwiritsire ntchito njira zopatulira. Khoti Lapamwamba lingamvetse mwamsanga ngati maofesala angaikidwe kukhala oyenera kulephera kuloŵerera m’mphamvu yopambanitsa ya mnzake.
  • Umboni ndi Kuyenerera kwa Kudzitetezera: Oyang'anira okhoza kutetezera ku milandu yachiŵeniŵeni pokhapo ngati aswa lamulo lotsimikizirika. Milandu ingapo ya Khoti Lalikulu yachepetsa chiphunzitso chimenechi, ndipo kumasulira kowonjezereka kukuyembekezeredwa. Maboma ena achotsa chitetezo choyeneretsedwa pansi pa lamulo la boma, kupanga chitsanzo chatsopano kaamba ka kuŵerengera mlandu kwa apolisi.
  • Zomera ndi Digital Umboni: Kufalikira kwa kamera za thupi kwadzutsa mafunso atsopano Opatula za Kusintha kwa Kachinayi ponena za kujambula m'nyumba za anthu ndi kuyenera kwa anthu kuti afike pa malo amodzi. Makhoti akulimbana ndi mmene angalinganizire kuonekera, zachinsinsi, ndi malamulo oonekera bwino.
  • Thanzi la Matantha ndi Policia: Pamene kuzindikira mavuto a maganizo kukukula, makhoti akusanthula kaya kugwiritsira ntchito apolisi kukakamiza anthu m’nsautso ya maganizo kuswa Kusintha kwa Kachinayi kapena Amereka ndi Chilango. Madera ena adanena kuti apolisi ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito njira zapadera poyang’anizana ndi anthu odwala maganizo.
  • Chigamulo chachibadwidwe Equality ndi Bias: [[FLT :1] ufuko wa dongosolo la kachitidwe m'mapolisi chikutokosedwabe m'khoti. Floyd [ chigamulo chinakhazikitsa chitsanzo chogwiritsira ntchito umboni wa masamu kutsimikizira kuti apolisi a boma. Zotsatira za m’tsogolo zingapereke umboni wolakwika wa makampani ofufuza m’magalimoto policy. Zotsatira zake zingaperekeze kutseka, kutsekera, ndi kulamula.

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ayenera kukhalabe okhazikika, kuyang'anira zochitika za lamulo ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe zisanasinthe mphamvu za kukhazikitsa. Mabungwe ambiri aukatswiri, monga ngati International of Kings of Police ndi Amelika a Lamulo la Imploctive Inflicement , amapereka chuma ndi malamulo achitsanzo kuthandiza madipatimenti kupitirizabe kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa zitsanzo zalamulo ndi kusungitsa lamulo uli wamphamvu ndi wochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Kuchokera ku Miranda machenjezo amene amayamba kumangidwa [[FLT:] Graham] [[ muyezo wolamulira ntchito iliyonse ya mphamvu, zigamulo zachiweruzo zimapatsa DNA ya lamulo ya ntchito yamakono. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti chitetezo cha malamulo si chamwambo chabe koma kuti chiyambukiro chenicheni cha dziko lonse pa makhalidwe a a a a apolisi ndi ufulu wa nzika. Pamene chitaganya chikupitirizabe kutsutsana ndi kupitiriza ntchito yoyenera kwa apolisi, makhoti aakulu adzakhalabe malo ofunika kaamba ka kulongosola malire a ulamuliro. [FF] Oweruza a m'malamulo oikidwa ndi malamulo opangidwa ndi: [F]