Kumanga Maulamuliro a Maphunziro ku United States

Maphunziro oyendetsedwa ku United States ndi njira yoikidwa m'malamulo kumene maboma a boma amagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wokwanira. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limapereka ndalama ndi zitsogozo zambiri kupyolera mwa malamulo onga ngati The Everseeds Foundations Act (ESA), likulamulira kuti likhale ndi thayo lalikulu la kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira za maphunziro. Nthumwi zamphamvu zimenezi zimasonyeza Demendment ya Khumith, imene imasunga ku maulamuliro amene sapatsidwa mwachindunji ku boma. Kachipang'ka ka boma kolamulira kadziko kamakhala koyambirira kophatikizapo bungwe la boma la maphunziro, bungwe la maphunziro (kaŵirikaŵiri kotsogozedwa ndi presite kapena koyang'ejeta), ndi madera a sukulu amene amayang'anira sukulu padziko lapansi.

Boma lililonse limakhazikitsa malamulo ake ndi malamulo a maphunziro, zomwe zimachititsa kuti malamulo a dzikolo asiyane. Mwachitsanzo, maboma monga Texas ndi California ali ndi njira zapakati kwambiri zimene boma limalamulira mapulogalamu a maphunziro ndi ndalama, pamene kuli kwakuti ena monga Colorado ndi Illinois amapereka ufulu waukulu ku madera akwawo. Kumvetsa mapulani ameneŵa n’kofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene zosankha zapamwamba za boma zimakhalira m’kalasi, mphunzitsi wogwira ntchito, ndi zotsatira zake za ophunzira.

Oseŵera Otchuka m’Malamulo a Maphunziro a Boma

  • State Boards of Education: Kuikidwa kapena kusankhidwa kumene kumakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro a dziko lonse, kuvomereza mabuku ophunzirira, ndi kuyang'anira zikalata zoikizira.
  • State Suintenstems/Commissioners of Education: akuluakulu a mabungwe a maphunziro a boma, okhala ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a bungwe ndi kuyang'anira maprogramu a maphunziro apamwamba a boma.
  • Governors ndi Legislatures za Boma: Ma bajeti a maphunziro ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamulira milingo ya ndalama, maprogramu a sukulu osankha, ndi masitepi a mlandu.
  • [[FLT :0] Magawo a Sukulu a ku madera akuno:[[FLT :1] Mabungwe a sukulu amene amasintha malamulo a boma mogwirizana ndi malo akwawo, kuyang'anira sukulu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chawo.

Dongosolo losiyanasiyana limeneli limatsimikizira kuti pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amakhazikitsa njira yonse, anthu akumaloko amakhala okhoza kusamalira zosoŵa zapadera. Komabe, kuseŵera pakati pa milingo imeneyi kungayambitse mikangano, makamaka pa kuchirikiza kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa maphunziro.

Kupereka Maphunziro: Chinsinsi Champhamvu Koposa cha Boma

Maboma ndiwo opereka ndalama zazikulu za maphunziro a anthu onse K-12 ku United States, akumapereka pa avareji 47% ya ndalama zonse, ndi misonkho ya katundu yakwawoko yopereka pafupifupi 45% ndi ndalama za boma zotsala 8% (magwero: National Center for Education Statistics ). Maboma achuma okhala ndi chuma chapamwamba angawonjezere ndalama zokwanira za kumaloko, pamene kuli kwakuti madera osauka amadalira kwambiri pa chithandizo cha boma. Boma limayesa kulinganiza mapangano ameneŵa mwa njira zofanana, koma zotulukapo zake zimasiyana kwambiri.

Boma Lofala Likuchirikiza Makina

  • Formulas: Madziko amatsimikizira mlingo wa ndalama wochepera pa mlingo uliwonse wa ndalama, ndi boma likukwaniritsa kusiyana pakati pa chipinda chimenecho ndi zimene zigawo za kumaloko zingalemere.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ophunzira Opimira Kupereka: Amasintha ndalama zowonjezereka za ophunzira okhala ndi zosoŵa zapadera, monga za mabanja osauka, ophunzira Chingelezi, kapena ophunzira olumala.
  • Malo Opereka Opereka: Ndalama zoikidwiratu kaamba ka maprogramu onga maphunziro a ubwana, maphunziro apadera, kapena maphunziro a ntchito.

California’s [[FLT: 0] Kusamalira kwa chigawo cha Office Formula (LCF) , kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2013-14, ndi chitsanzo chotchuka cha ndalama za ophunzira olemera. Kumapereka ndalama zothandizira ophunzira onse komanso ndalama zowonjezera pa anthu ofunikira kwambiri. Kufufuza kuchokera ku Learning Policy Institute kumasonyeza kuti LCFF yawonjezera ndalama zowonongera ndalama m'zigawo zapamwamba ndi zotulukapo zowongoleredwa bwino za ophunzira, makamaka m'malipiro a ophunzira ( Kuphunzitsa Policy Institute yowonjezerapo anthu ofunikira. Kufufuzako, kunena kuti, kudalira kwambiri misonkhozo yakwa yakwa, yonga ngati Illino ndi Pennsylvania, kuli ndi ndalama zowonjezereka zimene zimathandizira ndi zopimira pa kukwaniritsa chipambano kwa anthu apansi kwa madera.

Mavuto a Kukondera ndi Kusintha Ndalama za Sukulu

Kusagwirizana m'masukulu kwachititsa milandu yambiri. M'maboma ambiri, makhoti apanga lamulo lakuti madongosolo a ndalama amene alipo akuswa zitsimikizo za malamulo a malamulo a maphunziro oyenerera kapena osasintha. Mwachitsanzo, mlandu woimira [[FLT: 0] Abott v. Burke[ mu New Jersey] anatsogolera ku mpambo wa malamulo ofuna boma kusungitsa madera a m’mizinda pamiyezo yofanana ndi ya mizinda yolemera. Momwemonso, 2019 Mcvicvisy v. Washington anakakamiza chigamu cha Washington kuchirikiza maphunziro ofunikira kwambiri. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti boma likhale ndi udindo wothandiza kuyendetsa ndalama m'zango zachuma, koma zikugwirizana ndi zandale zadziko.

Miyezo ya Maphunziro: Kulamulira Boma pa Zimene Ophunzira Aphunzira

Mayiko ali ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa mfundo zimene ophunzira ayenera kudziwa komanso zimene ayenera kuchita m’kalasi iliyonse. Malamulo amenewa amakhudza kusankha mabuku, malangizo a m’kalasi, ndi kuyendera mfundo za boma padziko lonse. Kutsatira mfundo za Boma Common Core State State kumayambiriro kwa 2010 kunasonyeza nthawi yofunika kwambiri ya kugwirizana kwa mayiko ena, koma ndale zachititsa mayiko ambiri kukonza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mabaibulo awoawo. Masiku ano, mayiko ochepa okha ndi amene akugwiritsabe ntchito mfundo zachikhalidwe cha m’dzikolo; ambiri atsatira mfundo za chikhalidwe zimene zikugwirizana ndi zimene zili zofunika kwambiri m’dzikolo.

Kusinthasintha kwa Zinthu ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Malamulo a boma amasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Massachusetts ndi Virginia akhala akudziŵika kwa nthaŵi yaitali chifukwa cha malamulo a masamu ndi Chingelezi, pamene mayiko ena asankha zinthu zachikhalidwe chosiyana, monga kugogomezera kwa Texas mbiri ya boma ndi zigawo. Miyezo ya sayansi yakhala malo ankhondo, ndipo maboma monga California ndi New York akuphatikizapo Secondation Science Seption (NGS) ndi ena onga Alabama ndi Oklahoma omwe amagwiritsira ntchito chinenero chimene chimaloŵetsamo chiphunzitso cha malingaliro ena pa chisinthiko ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.

Kuyang'anira maphunziro a boma kumagwirizananso ndi mabukhu. ku Texas, Board of Education ya kutengera maphunziro kuli ndi mphamvu za dziko chifukwa cha malonda aakulu a boma. Zimenezi zayambitsa mkangano wokhudza kukondera maganizo a zinthu zophunziridwa. Mofananamo, lamulo la 2022 la Florida loletsa maphunziro a m’kalasi ponena za mmene munthu amaonera kugonana ndi chiwerewere (lamulo la “Don’t Say Gay”) likusonyeza mmene maboma angalinganizire mwachindunji za mayanjano a anthu.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuŵerengera

Kumbali ya miyezo, kulinganiza kapena kusankha mayeso oyezera kupita patsogolo kwa ophunzira. Kufufuza kumeneku, kofunikira pansi pa lamulo la boma la magiredi 3-8 ndi kalelo pasukulu yasekondale, kutumikira monga zipangizo zoŵerengera masukulu ndi kuyang'ana madera ofunikira kuwongoleredwa. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mayeso ameneŵa kwachititsa kusulizidwa. Maboma ena, mofanana ndi New Hampshire, achita upainiya wofufuza wodalira pa ntchito m’malo mwa mayeso a mayeso ambiri. Ena asankha kuchepetsa ziŵerengero kapena kulola zigawo kusankha mapendedwe ena. Kuyang'anira ndi kusintha kwa maphunziro kumakhalabe vuto lalikulu m'zamaphunziro.

Mkhalidwe Wauphunzitsi: Kutsimikizira, Kupenda, ndi Chichirikizo

Maboma anaika njira zophunzitsira pa ntchitoyi pogwiritsira ntchito zikalata. Izi zimaphatikizapo madigiri apamwamba, kumaliza pulogalamu yokonzekeretsa aphunzitsi yovomerezedwa, ndi kutumiza mayeso a ma ensolation. Mayiko ena amafunanso maprogramu auphunzitsi a aphunzitsi a anthu osadziŵa. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuperewera kwa aphunzitsi kwachititsa mayiko ambiri kuchepetsa zopinga, monga kupanga njira zina zothandizira osintha ntchito kuti alowe m’makalasi mofulumira.

Njira Zofufuzira ndi Kudzitetezera

Mmene maboma amapendera ntchito ya aphunzitsi amasiyanasiyananso kwambiri. Kukakamiza kwa “mapilo amtengo wapatali" oikidwa ndi ophunzira. Kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso a mayeso kuti aweruze mphunzitsi wogwira bwino ntchito . Kusintha kwa bungwe la Gawo la Gawo la Pamwamba kwa boma kwakhala kwakonzedwa kuti kubwezeredwe kumbuyo kwa aphunzitsi. Maboma ambiri tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito msanganizo wa malongosoledwe a m’kalasi, kukula kwa ophunzira, ndi mathayo a akatswiri. Mwachitsanzo, njira ya Tennessee ya TeAM iphatikizanam stect syl ndipo yasonyezedwa monga chitsanzo chopimira kupenda bwino. Pamapeto ena, mofanana ndi California ali ndi malamulo khumi osonkhezera kwambiri mayanjano amene amaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa ophunzira zipambano za antchito.

Kukula kwa Ntchito Ndiponso Kuisunga Bwino

Maboma amapanganso ntchito yaukatswiri kuthandiza aphunzitsi kuwongolera. Programu monga North Carolina’s Survice Service Program imapereka maphunziro olinganizidwa kwa aphunzitsi anthaŵi yoyamba, pamene maiko onga Colorado akupereka ndalama za National Board Creant . Komabe, kuiŵala kudakali kovuta. Malinga ndi Learning Policy Institute, pafupifupi 8% ya aphunzitsi amasiya ntchitoyo chaka chilichonse, ndi kukwera kwambiri m'masukulu olandira ndalama zochepa. Malamulo a boma amene amapereka malipiro opikisana, kuchepetsa katundu wa oyang’anira, ndi kuwongolera mikhalidwe yantchito amasulitsa ntchito kutulutsa chivoko.

Zimene Ophunzira Apeza: Umboni wa Kusintha kwa Mfundo za Boma

Kufufuza kosasintha kumasonyeza kuti malamulo a boma amakhudza chipambano cha ophunzira, ngakhale kuti ziyambukiro zake zimasonyezedwa ndi kukwaniritsa kukhulupirika ndi nkhani zakumaloko. Kufufuza kwa 2019 kochitidwa ndi National Bureau of Economic Research kunapeza kuti ndi kusintha kwa ndalama zambiri za sukulu kochitidwa ndi masinthidwe aakulu oyesa ndi kumaliza maphunziro a ophunzira osoŵa ( pepala logwira ntchito ).

Maphunziro a Paubwana Ndiponso Kupambana pa Sukulu Yapamwamba

Kupanga maprogramu a boma a K asanafike kuli chimodzi cha zizindikiro zamphamvu kwambiri za chipambano chapambuyo pake. Maboma onga Oklahoma ndi New Jersey ali ndi njira zapadziko lonse zimene zasonyeza kubwerera kwamphamvu m'kuŵerenga ndi masamu. Pamlingo wachiŵiri, amanena kuti amapereka maphunziro onse aŵiri ovuta ndi kuchirikiza kuloŵerera kwa mapulogalamu a “Bast Foot" yophunzitsa kapena ndalama za Georgia zothandizira ophunzira ambiri okonzekera maphunziro a pa koleji kapena ntchito.

Kuthetsa Vutoli

Mliri wa Chovid-19 unagogomezera ntchito ya maboma kugaŵa mlingo wa manambala. Maboma amene adasungitsa kale zinthu zoyendetsera zinthu, monga aja a m'Khomishoni ya United States yopanga makompyuta], anali pamalo abwinopo kuchirikiza maphunziro akutali. Arizona ndi Michigan anagwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma pogaŵira zipangizo ndi zidutswa zotentha, kusonyeza mmene utsogoleri wa boma angapangire luso la zopangapanga zinthu. Kupita patsogolo, malamulo a boma adzakhala ofunika kwambiri potsimikizira kuti apeze njira yopitira pa Intaneti yosatha kukafika pa 21-kuphunzira.

Maulamuliro Adziko Atsopano ndi Zotulukapo Zawo

Maboma ambiri aswa maziko atsopano ndi malamulo amene asintha kukhala zitsanzo kwa ena.

Kusintha kwa Sukulu ya Florida

Florida imadziwitsa imodzi ya maprogramu apamwamba koposa a sukulu m'dzikolo, kuphatikizapo sukulu za tchata, mameseji, ndi maphunziro a msonkho. Kukula kwa 2019 kwa Family Maclearity Pritimencyship kwa boma kunapanga ndalama zothandizira sukulu yaumwini, kuphunzitsa, ndi zoyendera ophunzira ochokera ku mabanja otsika ndi opeza bwino. Kufufuza kwa Urban Institute kumapereka lingaliro lakuti mpikisano kuchokera ku maprogramu osankha wasonkhezera kuwongolera koyenera m'kuyendetsa sukulu kwamwambo wa onse, ngakhale kuti otsutsa amati imawapyoza ndalama kuchokera ku dongosolo la anthu onse.

Maphunziro ndi Chisamaliro Zoyamba za Massachusetts

Massachusetts anawononga ndalama zambiri pophunzitsa ana oyambirira, ndipo mu 2005 anakhazikitsa Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro a Early ndi Care. Bomali limapereka sukulu yapamwamba yolowera kumadera osoŵa kwambiri ndipo lawonjezera njira yoperekera katundu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo anthu opereka chithandizo kwa anthu onse ndi kwa munthu mmodzi.

Chitsanzo cha Sukulu za M’chitaganya ku California

California watengera njira ya sukulu za m'chitaganya, kumene anzawo a sukulu a zipatala zaumoyo, mautumiki a zachikhalidwe, ndi maprogramu a pambuyo pa sukulu a kuyang'anira zopinga zosafunikira kuphunzira. Boma lagaŵira zoposa $3 biliyoni kufutukula chitsanzo chimenechi, makamaka m'madera okhala ndi umphaŵi waukulu. Malipoti oyambirira kuchokera ku [FLT: 0] Departgarment of Education amasonyeza kuwongolera kwa opezekapo, kulonjezana kwa banja, ndi kupindulitsa kwa ophunzira.

Mavuto Opitirizabe kwa Opanga Malamulo a Maphunziro a Boma

Ngakhale kuti maboma ali ndi luso losintha zinthu, amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu amene angasokoneze ntchito yokonzanso zinthu.

Kusintha Ndale ndi Kutsekereza Lamulo

Njira ya maphunziro yakhala yowonjezereka, ndi nkhondo za nthanthi ya fuko yosuliza, LGBTQ+ zoyenera, ndi malamulo a miliri otsegulira mavuto a ndalama monga kulinganiza. M'maboma ogaŵanika, kusintha kwakukulu kaŵirikaŵiri nkosatheka, kuchititsa masinthidwe amene amalephera kuthetsa mavuto a dongosolo la zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, makambitsirano onena za malamulo a kubisa zovala mu 2021 anasokonezeka ndi zoyesayesa za kupeza bwino chifukwa cha kutaya mtima.

Mavuto a Ufulu ndi Zachuma

Mayiko ayenera kulimbana ndi ndalama zokwera, makamaka chifukwa cha maphunziro apadera ndi mapindu a opuma pantchito. Pakali pano, chiŵerengero cha ophunzira chikuwonjezereka, chikufunikira malamulo ovomereza ndi kulangiza kwa zinenero zambiri. Maboma onga Wyoming ndi Vermont amayang'anizana ndi kulephera kulowa m'dziko, mtundu wa ndalama pa ndalama iliyonse pamene ndalama zoikidwiratu zidakalipo. Kulinganiza zitsenderezo zimenezi pamene kuli kusamalira thayo la kuyang'anira kuyesa mphamvu ya mabungwe a maphunziro a boma.

M’tsogolo: Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Kuti Boma Lichitepo Kanthu

Poyang’ana kutsogolo, maboma adzafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani zofunika kwambiri zingapo kuti akhalebe oyang’anira ogwira ntchito bwino a maphunziro a boma.

Kusonkhezera Kuphunzira Kugwirizana ndi Anthu ndi Chichirikizo cha Thanzi la Maganizo

Mliri wa kuwonongeka kwa maganizo a ophunzira wapangitsa maphunziro a kakhalidwe ka anthu kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Mayiko onga Illinois ndi Georgia atengera miyezo ya SELE ndi kulangiza aphunzitsi. Kugwirizanitsa mipikisano imeneyi ndi maphunziro a maphunziro limodzi ndi miyambo idzafuna kusungitsa ndalama ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukatswiri.

Kukonzekera Ntchito Yamphamvu

Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga kwamwamsanga kumafuna kuti sukulu zikonzekeretse ophunzira maluso a ntchito zimene mwina sizilipo. Maboma akuyesa njira za ntchito ndi maphunziro a zopangapanga (CTE), kugwirizana ndi makoleji a anthu, ndi kujambula kwa makompyuta. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya Washington Carebrary sanganiza programu ya sukulu ya sekondale ndi makampani ofunika m'zaluso la zaumoyo, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi kukonza maprojekiti opita patsogolo. Maprogramu otero amafunikira kugwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa mabungwe a maphunziro ndi makampani a zachuma.

Kulimbikitsa Mfundo Zokhudzana ndi Malamulo Opereka Umboni

Maboma awongolera luso lawo la kujambula ophunzira kupyolera m'madongosolo a chidziŵitso aatali, koma ambiri akulimbanabe kugwiritsira ntchito bwino chidziŵitso chimenecho. Kufufuza m'makampani ogwirizanitsa ndalama, aphunzitsi, ndi zotsatirapo zake kumathandiza opanga malamulo kuukira zipangizo zimene amakhudza kwambiri. Caltive Longidal Data Systems Grant [1] Kuchokera ku U.S Department of Education imapereka ndalama za mbewu za zoyesayesa zimenezi, koma nthaŵi yaitali imadalira pa kudzipereka kwa boma.

Kumaliza

Maboma asunga malamulo a maphunziro a ku America, kuyambira pa kupereka ndalama ndi maphunziro mpaka kuikiza aphunzitsi ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Zosankha zawo zimasintha m'kalasi iliyonse, kuumba mipata ya ophunzira mamiliyoni ambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto onga magaŵano andale ndi kulephera kwa ziŵiya zikupitirizabe, maboma asonyeza kuthekera kwapadera kwa kukonza zinthu ndi kuzoloŵera. Mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a kulinganiza zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito paubwana, ndi kuvomereza masinthidwe ozikidwa pa umboni, atsogoleri a boma angapange madongosolo a maphunziro amene amatumikira bwino ophunzira onse, ndipo, pochita zimenezo, alimbitsa maziko a chitaganya cha ku America kwa mibadwo ikudza.