Kuloŵetsedwa m’Njira ya Kuweruza

Chigamulo cha chiweruzo ndi njira yalamulo yolinganizidwa imene mikangano imathetsedwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa chilungamo m’chitaganya cholamulidwa ndi lamulo. Chimaphatikizapo mzera wa masitepe a malamulo, kuyambira nthaŵi imene chidzudzulo cha lamulo chaperekedwa mwalamulo ku khoti kufikira ku kupereka chigamulo chomaliza. Njira imeneyi siimodzi yokha; imasiyanasiyana (malamulo a boma), mitundu ya milandu (chigamulo, upandu, kuyang'anira), ndi kukhalapo kwa khoti. Kumvetsetsa njira imeneyi ndi yofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndi nzika zomwe, pamene ikusonyezera mmene malamulo alamulo amagwiritsirira ku mikangano yeniyeni. Nkhaniyi imapereka njira yokwanira, yotetezera, yotsendekera, ndi yotsendekera, ndi yotsutsa, ndi yotsutsa.

Otengamo mbali Okulira m’Ntchito ya Kuweruza

Tisanafufuze mbali ya mlandu, tiyenera kudziwa kaye anthu amene amachititsa kuti mlandu uyambe kuchitika.

Mapwando

M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, chipani chimene chimayamba mlandu ndicho propect [FLT ,1] , ndipo chipani chimene chikuzengedwa ndicho dendendient [. M'milandu yaupandu, boma (kuphana) libweretsa milandu pa dendendint .

Uphungu Walamulo

Makina oimira mapwandowo amaimira, kupereka malangizo a zamalamulo, kukonza zikalata, kupereka umboni, ndi kupikisana.

Woweruza

Woweruza amachita monga wotsutsa lamulo. Woweruza amalamulira pa kachitidwe kamwambo, amasankha kulephera kwa umboni, amalangiza oweruza pa lamulo logwira ntchito (m’maweruzo a ajuli), ndipo, m’kuzenga milandu ya benchi, amatumikira monga wotola wopereka chiweruzo.

Jury

M’milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni ndi yaupandu, oweruza a nzika amapanga mafunso a zenizeni — mwachitsanzo, kaya woimbidwa mlanduyo anachitadi choimbidwa mlanducho. Mbali ya oweruzawo njolekezera kupenda umboni ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo monga momwe linalangizidwa ndi woweruzayo.

Ogwira Ntchito m’khoti Ndiponso Othandiza Ogwira Ntchito

Atolankhani a khotili amalemba nkhani zomveka bwino ndipo anthu a m’khoti amaonetsetsa kuti milanduyo ikuchitika mwachilungamo.

Chigawo 1: Kuzenga Nkhani (Kusintha Malamulo)

Chigamulo chikuyamba pamene chipani chapempha ulamuliro wa khoti. Mbali imeneyi imalamulidwa ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza ulamuliro, malo, ndi zolembedwa zoyenerera.

Kudandaula ndi Kutchula (Chilango) Kapena Kuimba Mlandu (Mlandu)

M'kutsutsa kwachiŵeniŵeni, m'mafailo a m’boma amafainya . Chikalata chimene chimakhazikitsa maziko a ulamuliro wa khoti, zinenezo zoona, ndi mawu alamulo ofotokoza (mantha a kachitidwe) motsutsana ndi woimbidwa mlandu. Chidandaulo chiyenera kuperekedwa kwa woimbidwa mlandu pamodzi ndi mamons , zimene zimalamula woimbidwayo kuyankha mkati mwa nyengo yoikika (masiku 21-30). Kulephera kuyankha kungatulukapo mlandulo wotsegulidwa motsutsana ndi woimbidwa.

Pamilandu, boma limayambitsa mlanduwo kupyolera mwa kulakwa (kubwezedwa ndi ajuli aakulu) kapena reformation [[FLT :3] (woimbidwa mlandu mwachindunji ndi woweruza). Mapepala ameneŵa amaimba mlandu wolakwa ndi mlandu ndi kutchula kuswa malamulo.

Madzi Obowola ndi Othira Madzi

Oweruza ayenera kulipira ndalama zolipirira ndalama, ngakhale kuti olipira ndalama alipo kwa zipani zopanda lamulo. Makalaliki a khoti amaika nambala ya mlandu wapadera, amaika mlanduwo padoko la khoti, ndi kuika masiku oyambirira.

Kupenda Koyamba kwa Chiweruzo

M'mayiko ena, oweruza amapendanso madandaulo oyambirira kuti atsimikizire kuti ndi wokhutira ndi lamulo (zonena zopanda pake). Izi n’zofala kwambiri m'mapepala a pulogalamu (odziimira).

Kuima Pansi kwa 2: Kupitira Patsogolo kwa Mayesero (Msewu Wonka Kuzengedwa Mayeso)

Pambuyo pa mlanduwo ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo ayankha (kaŵirikaŵiri ndi chigawo kuyankha [1] kapena kuchotsa [), maphwandowo amaloŵa m'nyengo ya kuyambika kwa pulogalamu. Imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri ndiyo mbali yaitali ndi yovuta koposa, popeza milandu yambiri imathetsedwa isanafikire ku kuzenga mlandu.

Kutulukira

Kufufuza zinthu zimenezi kumathandiza kuti anthu asamadabwe akaweruzidwa, asamangokambirana nkhani zimene zasemphana ndi mfundozo, komanso kuti pakhale umboni.

  • ['Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro.
  • Malamulo: Umboni wa Mawu wochitidwa asanazengedwe mlandu, pamene maloya angafunse mafunso a mboni ndi zipani.
  • Mafunsidwe kaamba ka Kutulutsidwa kwa Zolembedwa: Zofunidwa kusanthula zikalata zoyenerera, ma email, mapangano, zithunzithunzi, ndi maumboni ena owoneka.
  • Mapangano a Kuzenga: Mawu amene mbali ina imapemphedwa kuvomereza kapena kukana, kuchepetsa nkhani za kuyesa.

Kutulukira kungakhale kwa mkangano, kutsogolera ku kukakamiza kapena kutetezera. M'milandu, kutulukira kuli kolekezera kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhaŵa za lamulo, koma mlanduwo uyenera kuvumbula umboni wa kugalukira pansi pa Brady v. Maryland [1].

Kuyeseza Zoyenda Nazo

Ma attorney amasinthasintha njira zosiyanasiyana kukonza nkhaniyo. Zochitika zofala za nthaŵi ya makhoti isanakwane zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuchotsa: Agues kuti mlandu uyenera kutayidwa kunja kaamba ka kusagwira ntchito kwalamulo, kusoŵa ulamuliro, kapena kulephera kulongosola chinenezo.
  • Motion ya Chisalungamo cha Chidutswa: [[FT:1] ifuna lamulo lakuti munthu mmodzi ali woyenerera kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo chifukwa chakuti palibe mkangano weniweni wa zenizeni zakuthupi.
  • Motion in Limine [1]: imafunsa khoti kuchotsa umboni wina kuti usaperekedwe pozenga mlandu (m'onong'onong'ono, makutu, zithunzithunzi zowonetsera).
  • Kusintha Venue: Pempho zosonkhezera kuyesako kukakhala kumalo ena kuti apeŵe tsankhu kapena kuti apezeko bwino.

Misonkhano Yapachiyambi ndi Kugwirizana

Woweruza amachititsa misonkhano ndi maloya kukambitsirana za kuyang'anira milandu, kuika masiku a kutulukira ndi kutumiza nkhani, kupenda kutha kwa ziyeso, ndi kulinganiza deti la kuzenga mlandu. Mabwalo ambiri amafuna kuti zigamulo zipereke ndemanga yogwirizana imene imafotokoza mfundo zogwirizana, nkhani zotsutsana, mpambo wa umboni, ndi mpambo wa zoonetsera.

Kulimbana Kosiyana Kothetsa Vuto (ADR)

Makhoti amalimbikitsa kapena kulamula kapena kutumiza mlandu usanaikidwe. Kugwirizanitsa mbali yachitatu yosaloŵerera imene imathetsa kukambirana. Arbitation ndi njira yovomerezeka kwambiri pamene woyang'anira wosaloŵerera amapanga chigamulo chokakamiza kapena chosagwirizana. ADR yopambana ingathetse nkhaniyo popanda kuzenga mlandu, kusunga nthaŵi ndi chuma.

Chizindikiro 3: Kuzenga Mlandu — Chochitika Chapakati Chopereka Chiyeneretso

Mlanduwo ndi mlandu wapoyera, kuweruza mlandu kumene magulu amapereka umboni ndi mikangano kwa oweruza kapena oweruza.

Chosankha cha Jury ([[FLT: 0] Direyir )

M'maweruziro a oweruza, khoti limaitana chigawo cha okhoza kukhala ajuli. Ma a atchero aŵiri amatsutsa vonire (pankhwala) kuti afunsire kukondera kumene kungaletse kusakondera. Mbali iliyonse ingapange [[FLT: 0] chillenges kaamba ka chochititsa (kupanda malire, ngati jur ikodi yatsata) ndi [FLT:] zopikitsa (kupanda chifukwa chofunikira, koma sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusiyanitsa ndi fuko kapena chisembwere pansi pa [FLT:] BBN] v.[FLT]

Mawu Otsegulira

Loya aliyense amapereka mwachidule umboni umene akuyembekezera kupereka, mawu otsegulira sindiwo makambitsirano — ali mapu a msewu weniweni.

Umboni Wosonyeza

Umboni wosonyeza zimenezi umaperekedwa kudzera mwa mboni ndi zisonyezero:

  • [[FULT:0] Kusanthula: Kuitana anthu kumafunsa mboni zawo kuti apeze umboni wabwino.
  • Kugaŵanika: Chipani chotsutsa chimafunsa umboni, kugamula kukana umboni kapena kuvumbula kusagwirizana.
  • Kulunjika ndi Kubwereranso: Tsatirani mafunso olekezera ku nkhani zodzutsidwa mkati mwa mtanda.
  • Umboni Wachikale: Mapepala, zithunzithunzi, zida, ndi zina zotero, amayambitsidwa ndi kuikidwa chizindikiro monga zisonyezero.
  • Umboni wokhutiritsa: Akatswiri oyenerera (m' lekuatiso, oŵerengera ndalama, madokotala) amapereka malingaliro apadera kuthandiza oweruza.

Malamulo a umboni — makamaka a Federal Rules of Evidence kapena a boma lofanana — amalamulira zimene zingaperekedwe.

Kutseka Malire

Attorney akufotokoza mwachidule umboniwo, kutsutsana mmene umachirikizira mlandu wawo, ndi kupempha oweruza chigamulo chachindunji. Iwo angaloze ku zifooko m'mbali inayo. M'milandu, wozenga mlanduyo angakhale ndi mawu omalizira.

Malangizo ndi Malonjezo

Woweruza amalangiza oweruza pa miyezo yalamulo imene ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito (m’chitsanzo, umboni wosatsutsika m’milandu yaupandu; kutsimikizira umboni m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni). Ndiyeno oweruza amapatula ntchito yadala pachinsinsi. Malamulo angatenge maola kapena masiku. Ngati ajuliwo sangafikire chigamulo chimodzi, zotulukapo za ajuli opachikidwa, ndipo mlanduwo ungatsutsidwenso.

Mayeso a Benkch

M’kuzenga mlandu kwa ben ben (palibe juli), woweruza amatumikira monga wotola zenizeni ndi kutsutsa chigamulo limodzi ndi zopezedwa za zenizeni ndi zigamulo za lamulo. Milandu ya Bench njofala m’nkhani zamalonda zovuta kapena kumene oweruza amatsutsidwa.

Chithunzi 4: Chiweruziro ndi Kuloŵa M’chiweruzo

Chigamulocho ndi chosankha chalamulo, kaya cholakwa kapena chopanda mlandu (mlandu) kapena chosayenera (chilango).

Kuipitsa Jury

Chigamulocho chitatha kuŵerengedwa m’khoti lapoyera, chipani chilichonse chingapemphe kuti afunse ajuli aliyense payekha ngati avomereza chigamulocho.

Kuyenda Pambuyo pa Kulira

Chiweruzo chisanathe, chipanicho chingalembe njira zotsatirira pambuyo pa milandu:

  • Motion for Chiweruzo Butting Verdict (JNOV): Argues kuti chigamulocho nchosachirikizidwa mwalamulo ndipo woweruza ayenera kuloŵa m’chotsatirapo.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kuweruza mlandu Watsopano: Zonena kuti kulakwa mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu (m’chitsanzo, malangizo osayenera a ajuli, kusamvera malamulo ndi uphungu) zinakana kuzengedwa mlandu kwachilungamo.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kusintha kapena Chigamulo Chokonzedwanso: imafuna kusintha mlingo wa chiweruzo kapena mawu ena.

Ngati akana kuchita zinthu zimenezi, khotilo lidzaweruza mlandu womaliza.

Chithunzi 5: Kukopa ndi Njira Zochiritsira Zotsatira

Khotili limafufuza milandu ndi mfundo zina zachidule kuti lione ngati khotilo limatsatira lamulolo molondola.

Kukopa Anthu

Phwando liyenera kulembedwa [[FLT: 0] pepala la apilo m'nyengo yoikika (kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 30 kuchokera ku kuloŵa m'chiweruzo). Kulephera kuchita zimenezo kumataya ufulu wa kukopa.

Njira Yofunira Kukula

  • Copeding on Appeal: Kalaliki wa khoti amasonkhanitsa cholembera chalamulo — kuchonderera, marekodi, zisonyezero, ndi zigamulo.
  • Mabungwe: [[FLT :1] Chipani (chipani chopereka) chimatumiza mfundo zachidule zofotokoza zolakwa ndi mfundo zalamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mlandu wa mawu: M'zifunsiro zambiri, maloya amapereka zitsutso zachidule (m’ lekuatiso, 15-30 mphindi) pamaso pa gulu la oweruza (monga atatu m’makhoti apakati; kufikira kufikira ku asanu ndi anayi m’makhoti aakulu). Oweruza angafunse mafunso ofufuza.
  • Decision :[FLT :1] Khoti logamula mawu limafalitsa lingaliro lolembedwa, limene lingapereke kutsimikizira [ (choloŵa]), kutembenuka (kusintha) kapena ndi (kubwezera kumbuyo kwa zochitika zogwirizana ndi lingaliro).

Kukopa Ena ndi Kukonzanso Malo

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha khoti lapakati, chipani cholepheracho chingafune kubwereramo kwa khoti lalikulu koposa (m’chitsanzo, khoti lapamwamba kapena khoti Lapamwamba la U.S.). Kaŵirikaŵiri, khoti lalikulu koposa limakhala ndi kupenda kogamulapo — lingasankhe kumva mlanduwo kupyolera mwa nyuzi ya coriari .

Kukakamiza Chiweruzo

Ngati chiweruzo chiri chomalizira ndipo palibe zifunsiro zina zotsala, gulu lotchuka lingachirikize chiweruzo. Njira zimaphatikizapo malipiro a ndalama, malo, ndalama zoikidwiratu kubanki, kapena kulanda katundu (m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni). M’milanduwo, woimbidwa mlanduyo angaweruzidwe kundende, kusutiridwa, kulipira faindi, kapena zilango zina.

Kusamalira Kwapadera Mitundu ya Milandu

Kachitidwe kachiweruzo kamasintha malinga ndi mtundu wa mkanganowo.

Kulimbana ndi Chigawenga.

Milandu ya apandu imaphatikizapo zitetezero za lamulo (kuyenera kupereka uphungu, kutsutsana ndi kudzilungamitsa, kudziona kukhala wopanda liwongo). Boma limakhala ndi umboni wosatsutsika. Milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imaphatikizapo mikangano yaumwini, ndi umboni wochepa — kuyang'anitsitsa umboni (mwachidziŵikire kuposa kutero).

Federal v. Khoti la Boma System

Makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu ya malamulo a boma, kusiyanasiyana kwa ulamuliro, kapena malamulo a boma. Makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri — malamulo a banja, mikangano, zingwe, ndi milandu ya boma. Dongosolo lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake (Malamulo a Chigawo cha Procedure ndi malamulo a boma).

Zochita Zocholoŵana za Malingaliro ndi Makhalidwe a Anthu

Nkhani zazikulu zonga ngati millidical litigition (MDL) kapena zochita za kalasi, zimaphatikizapo masitepe owonjezera a procedal, kuphatikizapo kutumiza zikalata za akumva m'kalasi, mayeso a belwether, ndi kuyang'anira malo ovuta.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo zamakono pa Kachitidwe ka Ulemu

Mapepala a electronic stem (e-filfil) ndi madongosolo a kuyang'anira milandu ali ndi njira zodziŵira ndi kusinthana mapepala. Kumva kwachinsinsi ndi kuchuluka kwa mapepala, kofulumizitsidwa ndi mliriwo, tsopano ndizo chizoloŵezi m'makhoti ambiri. Umboni wa manambala (makalata, makampani a za makampani, makompyuta, metam metam ) umafunikira zipangizo zatsopano zotulukira ndi kuyambitsa nkhani zapadera zachinsinsi. Makhoti akugwiritsiranso ntchito AIB pa ntchito zina za boma, ngakhale kuti chigamulo cha chiweruzo chimakhalabe chaumunthu.

Kumaliza: Kufunafuna Chilungamo Mwadongosolo

Chigamulo, kuyambira pa mlandu womaliza ndi kupitirira, ndicho njira yolinganizidwa bwino yoyendera ndi kulinganiza. Fiji iliyonse — kuyambira pa kudandaula koyamba mpaka kukutulukira, kuzenga mlandu, ndi kuchonderera — imatumikira kutsimikizira kuti mikangano yathetsedwa ndi mfundo ndi lamulo, osati mphamvu kapena kutengeka maganizo. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe dongosolo lokwanira, kuzindikira njira za procedtura, kupatsa mphamvu otengamo ndi openyerera kuyendetsa makhoti ndi kuyamikira malamulo a ntchito. Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, kuyang'ana [[FLT:] U. Makhoti a njira ya chiweruzo ya boma , [FL:], [FLT] , [12] , [K] , ndi kusadalira chiganitso cha chiganitso cha chiganitso chachi chachiganizo chachi. [UT]