Kuchepa Mphamvu

M'mbiri yonse, kugwirizana pakati pa maboma ndi olamulidwa kwakhala kukulongosoka ndi kusagwirizana: kufunika kwa ulamuliro kusungitsa bata ndi ngozi yakuti ulamuliro udzafutukuka kuposa malire. Pamene maboma apyola mphamvu zawo, zotsatirapo zake zimafalikira m'zitaganya, nthaŵi zina. Kutha kwa kukhulupirika, kupondereza ufulu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito machenjera a auchigawenga kumakhala ngati chenjezo loopsa. Kumvetsa mphamvu zimenezi sikuli njira yongophunzitsa za democracy ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zitsanzo za anthu amene boma linawachenjerera, ikufotokozanso mmene anthu ndi mabungwe ena angachitire zinthu kuti ayambenso kuchita zinthu molakwika.

Chifukwa Chake Kuchepetsa Mphamvu ya Boma Kuli Kofunika

Lingaliro la boma lokhala ndi malire limabwerera ku Magna Carta (1215), yomwe inatsimikizira kuti mfumu sinali yoposa lamulo. Demokrase yamakono imatsata lamulo lakuti mphamvu iyenera kufalitsidwa, kupendedwa, ndi kulangidwa. Popanda machinjirizo ameneŵa, ngakhale maboma ofunitsitsa angatengere ku ulamuliro wankhanza. Mwachitsanzo, maFramers a United States Constitution, anapanga dala dongosolo la maulamuliro opatulidwa , opatulidwa, alamulo, oweruza .

Komabe malire ali okha monga mmene amachitira ndi chikhalidwe chimene chimawachirikiza. Pamene mantha, mavuto, kapena kutengeka maganizo kwa anthu otchuka kunyalanyaza malamulo alamulo, ochenjera kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatira. chitokoso chiri kusungabe kukhala maso ngakhale pamene boma liwoneka kukhala likuchitapo kanthu mokondweretsedwa ndi anthu. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti mphamvu zangozi, zitaperekedwa, sizimaperekedwa mwaufulu.

Milandu Yosiyanasiyana ya Boma Loloŵerera

Ulamuliro wa Uchigawenga: Kusintha kwa zinthu m’dziko la France (1793-1794)

Chipanduko cha ku France chinalonjeza ufulu, kufanana, ndi kugwirizana, koma pofika 1793 boma loukira lachipanduko linaloŵa m'vuto. Pansi pa utsogoleri wa Komiti ya Safety ya Public, yotsogozedwa ndi Maximien Robespierre, boma linakhazikitsa Chilamulo cha Suspects, kulola kumangidwa kwa aliyense amene anawonedwa kukhala chiwopsezo cha chipanduko. Pakati pa nyengo ya 1793 ndi July 1794, anthu pafupifupi 16,000 ku 40,000 anaphedwa ndi kufera, kaŵirikaŵiri pambuyo pa ziyeso. Kupoto kuswako kunakhala chizindikiro cha boma lomwe linafikira kukhala mdani wake.

Augne of Terror imasonyeza mmene kuyera kwa malingaliro kungachitire cholungamitsira chiwawa cha anthu ambiri. Komitiyo inathetsa kusagwirizana, inachotsa ufulu wa anthu, ndi ulamuliro wapakati m’njira imene imasonyeza kuukira kumene kunayamba kugwetsedwa. Robespierre . ndi kuphedwa kwa munthu . Mu July 1794 inasonyeza kuti palibe mtsogoleri amene ali wotetezeka ngati njira yauchigawenga yayamba. Phunzirolo nlomveka bwino: pamene boma liyamba kufotokoza kuti kupulumuka kwake ndi kwa mtundu, palibe amene anganenedwe kuti n’kosatsutsika.

American Internation ya ku Japan: Wartime Hysteria and Racial Prejudice (1942 - 1946)

Pambuyo pa kuukira pa Pearl Harbor, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt anatulutsa Od Directive 906, akuloleza kusamutsidwanso kokakamiza kwa Ajapani pafupifupi 1200,000, Aamereka aŵiri mwa amene anali nzika za United States. Iwo anatumizidwa ku misasa yopanda zinyama yozingidwa ndi waya wa minga, kaŵirikaŵiri kutaya nyumba, mabizinesi, ndi zochirikiza moyo. Pambuyo pake lamulo lonenedwalo lakuti lijambulidwe kukhala losachirikizidwa ndi umboni; palibe Japan America inaimbidwapo mlandu wa kulanda kapena kuthawa mkati mwa nkhondo.

Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linachirikiza kubwezera kobwezera kwa Korematsu v. United States [[FT:1] [1944], chigamulo chimene chatsutsidwa kwambiri kuyambira mu 1988, boma la United States linapepesa ndi kubwezera kumbuyo kwa $200,000 kwa wopulumuka aliyense. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene mantha angachotsere chitetezo cha malamulo, ndi mmene jaji ya jadidiary ingalepherere kuyang'anira ngati maganizo otchuka ayanja anthu ambiri. Imagogomezeranso ngozi ya magulu oukira ozikidwa pa fuko kapena mtundu mmalo mwa khalidwe la munthu aliyense.

Stalin's Achoke: The State Consuming Ityen (1936-1938)

Joseph Stalin’s Great Coffset inali imodzi ya zitsanzo zadongosolo kwambiri za boma lopandukira anthu ake . Panyengo imeneyi, apolisi achinsinsi a Soviet (NKVD) anamangidwa, kuzunzidwa, ndi kuphedwa mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu omwe ankaonedwa kuti ndi adani a anthu. Magulu a asilikali, akuluakulu a chipani, akatswiri, ndi anthu wamba. Kusonyeza milandu inachitidwa, kuulula kuchotsedwa pansi pa zikalata, ndi mafuko onse anathamangitsidwa.

Kuyeretsa sikunayambitse ndi ziwopsezo zenizeni koma ndi chikhumbo cha Stalin cha kuchotsa aliyense wothekera kukhala wotsutsana naye kapena wotsutsa. Ulamuliro wa boma pa chiwawa ndi chidziŵitso unapanga kulephera . Kuponderezedwa kwa maulamuliro [1] Kuyerekezera 600,000 kufikira 1.A. Onyenga amatsutsa zimene zimachitika pamene machenjera ndi kulinganiza sizikuchitika. Phunziro nlakuti maulamuliro a a authoritarianism kaŵirikaŵiri amadzipatsa iwo eni; kuwopsako kumafikira ngakhale okhulupirika omwe anathandiza kuigwiritsira ntchito.

Nazi Germany: Kuwonongedwa kwa Demokrase (1933-1945)

Adolf Hitler analoŵa ufumuwo osati kulanda ulamuliro kwadzidzidzi koma kutha pang’onopang’ono kwa malamulo a demokrase. Pambuyo pa Reichstag Fire mu 1933, Act ya Enatign inapatsa Hitler mphamvu zopondereza, kuimitsadi Lamulo la Weimar. Ndiyeno bomalo linachotsa chitsutso cha ndale zadziko, linachititsa apolisi, ndi kuyambitsa misasa yachibalo. Malamulo a fuko anachotsa Ayuda ndi anthu ena aang'ono a unzika, kutsogolera ku Chipululu cha Nazi.

Chitsanzo cha Nazi chimasonyeza mmene njira zalamulo zingagwiritsidwire ntchito kuthetsa demokrase mkati. Bomalo linasungidwa kukhala loonekeratu kuti ndi lalamulo pamene likuwononga anthu mwadongosolo. Phunziro nlakuti malamulo angokhala amphamvu monga momwe anthu ndi mabungwe ofunitsitsa kuwatetezera. Pamene ulamuliro wa lamulo ukhala wogonjera ku chifuniro cha mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena chipani, njira ya kupondereza njaifupi.

Milandu Yaposachedwapa: Chile cha Pinochet ndi Venezuela

Mu 1973, General Augusto Pinochet anagonjetsa boma la Chile losankhidwa ndi boma la CIA lobwezedwanso. Ulamuliro wake unaimika Congress, zipani zoletsedwa za ndale zadziko, ndi kuzunza zikwi za adani. Lamulo la Pinochet, lolembedwa mu 1980, linalinganizidwa kusonkhezera asilikali ngakhale pambuyo pa kubwerera ku ulamuliro wa asilikali. Zinatenga zaka makumi ambiri ndi kuzengedwa mlandu kopatulika (kuphatikizapo pempho la lamulo kuchokera ku Spain) kuti aiiike mlandu wapadera.

Ku Venezuela, Pulezidenti Nicolás Maduro wachotsapo mabungwe a democracy kuyambira 2013. Msonkhano wa National Guide unachotsedwa mphamvu, Khoti Lapamwamba linaikidwa ndi anthu okhulupirika, ndipo masankho anachitidwa. Kukwera khosi ndi kuperewera kwakukulu kwachititsa mavuto a anthu, pamene boma limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuletsa kutsutsa. Nkhani ya Venezuela ikusonyeza kuti ukathyali si wongolimbana ndi mbiri yakale.

Zolephera Zomwe Zimachititsa Kuti Zinthu Zizivuta

Kumvetsa zimene anthuwa akuchita kumathandiza kuti pakhale zizindikiro zochenjeza mwamsanga.

Majeremusi Ofooka Kapena Owonongeka

Kulekanitsa maulamuliro kothandiza kumafuna nthambi iliyonse (kudula, kuweruza, judget , kugamula) kukhala ndi zonse ziŵiri maluso a kudziimira ndi kuyang'anira. Pamene nyumba ya malamulo ikhala chidindo cha mphira kwa mkulu, kapena pamene makhoti aikidwa ndi oweruza ogaŵa, dongosololo limaleka kudziwongolera. Mwachitsanzo, ku Hungary pansi pa Viktor Orbán, kusintha kwa malamulo ndi kuletsa zofufuza za demokrase kuyambira 2010. Komiti ya Ulaya ya mobwerezabwereza yatsutsa machitidwe ameneŵa, koma mankhwala a m'nyumba yakhala ochepetsedwa.

Kutsatira Malamulo Pamavuto

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula zangozi . . . . . . . . USA PARIOTT Act (2001) Act yowonjezereka ya ukatswiri wolimbana ndi uchigaŵenga. Mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVAD-19, maiko ambiri anaika njira zotsekera ndi zoyendera za magetsi. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira zina zinali zofunika, ngozi njakuti mphamvu zangozi zipitirizebe kwa nthaŵi yaitali pambuyo pamapeto a tsokalo. M'maiko angapo, maboma agwiritsira ntchito malamulo aumoyo wa anthu kuletsa zitsutso kapena kutsetsa adani andale.

Kuwonjezereka kwa Maufulu a Chiŵeniŵeni Chifukwa cha Kuchuluka kwa Anthu

Luso lamakono limatheketsa maluso a kuyang'anira. Kusonkhanitsa zinthu za nyukiliya, kuzindikira nkhope, ndi kuneneratu zapolisi kungaziziritse tchuni ndi kuukira anthu ang'onoang'ono. Ku China, dongosolo la zangongole limaphatikiza boma ndi chilango cha ndalama ndi cha kakhalidwe, ku kulanga mokhutiritsa awo amene amapatuka pa khalidwe lovomerezedwa ndi boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti limapangidwa monga chida champhamvu cha kulamulira chimene chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi maboma amtsogolo.

Kulephera Kufotokoza Zinthu Moyenera ndi Kulamulira Zoulutsidwa

Pamene boma lilamulira kuulutsidwa kwa chidziŵitso, ingachititse anthu kuzindikira ndi kusagwirizana. Ku Russia, mawailesi odziimira atsekereza atsekedwa, ndipo malamulo otsutsa "nkhani zopeka" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekereza osuliza. Zimenezi zimalola boma kupereka mkhalidwe wake weniweni, kupangitsa nzika kukhala zovuta kuzindikira kuchenjera. Kufalikira kwa ma projective, ponse paŵiri a m'dziko ndi achilendo, kuchepetsanso chikhulupiriro m’mabungwe a democracy.

Zimene Tikuphunzirapo Kuti Tisalemedwe Kwambiri

Zinthu zimene zakhala zikuchitika m’mbiri yakale zimapereka malangizo omveka bwino oteteza kapena kulepheretsa boma kuti lizigwira ntchito mochenjera.

Mabungwe Osokoneza

Zigamulo za apolisi odziimira okha, malamulo aufulu, ndi maboma amphamvu a m’dziko n’zofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la boma la United States limafalitsa mphamvu m’mayiko onse, kupangitsa kuti ulamuliro waukulu ukhale wovuta kulamulira. Komabe, mayeso amakhala amphamvu kwambiri pokhapokha ngati malamulo amene amawachirikiza. Pamene nthambi imodzi imakana kutsatira malamulo a khoti kapena pamene atsogoleri anyalanyaza malamulo a boma, dongosololo limasweka.

Chigwirizano Chachikulu cha Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Manyuzipepala Opanda Mapepala

Chipani cha anthu champhamvu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kuti bungwe la boma lopatula ntchito monga wotchitapo, kuvumbula nkhanza ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kuŵerengera mlandu. Mabungwe onga [FLT: 1] Amnety International ndi [FL:2] Chikalata cha Hug Rights Watch

Maphunziro ndi Umodzinso wa Nzika

Anthu ophunzira amene amazindikira zoyenera zake sangakhale osavuta kulekerera kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Maphunziro a Mapics ayenera kuphatikizapo zitsanzo za mbiri za kuchenjera, kufunika kwa njira zowabwezera, ndi njira zothandizira. Kutengamo mbali, utumiki wa ajuli, ndi kutsutsa kwamtendere ndi njira zonse zimene nzika zingatetezere ufulu wawo. National Constitution Center ndi mabungwe ena ofananawo amapereka chuma cha kuphunzira ponena za chitetezo cha malamulo.

Chitsenderezo cha Mitundu Yonse ndi Kuŵerengeredwa Mlandu

Mabungwe apadziko lonse ndi mapangano angathandize kuletsa kupambana. Mapangano a bungwe la European Union athandiza kuti anthu asakhale ndi mamembala. Zonga ngati kusintha kwa demokrase . Makhoti apadziko lonse, monga International Criminal Court, oweruza atsogoleri a milandu pa anthu. Komabe, njira zoterozo n’zopanda ungwiro; mitundu yamphamvu nthaŵi zina imatetezera mayiko amene agwirizana kuti asadziikire mlandu. Khoti la International of Justice [1]

Zoletsa za Malamulo ndi Kupenda Nthaŵi ndi Nthaŵi

Malamulo ayenera kuphatikizapo makonzedwe amene ali ovuta kukonza [1] kufanana ndi zifuno zamphamvu kapena kugwedezeka ndi maboma . Kuletsa masinthidwe amwamsanga amene amasumika maganizo. Kukhazikitsa malamulo a mphamvu zangozi kumatsimikizira kuti njira za kanthaŵi katha popanda kukonzedwanso ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu. Maiko onga South Africa ndi Canada akhazikitsa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi mapangano openda malamulo angozi ndi kuvomereza kusintha.

Milingo Yamakono ya Vutolo

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta ndi Kukhala Kokha

Maboma masiku ano amasonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri pa nzika, nthawi zambiri popanda chilolezo. Zivumbulutso za mu 2013 zinavumbula pulogalamu ya NSA yomwe inaphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa mafoni ndi kuyang'anira intaneti. Pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe a zanzeru amanena kuti maprogramu otero amaletsa uchigawenga, ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu akuchenjeza za kuopsa kwa kulankhula mwaufulu ndi kutha kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regial (GPR) imapereka chitsanzo chotetezera chinsinsi, koma malamulo adakali ovuta.

Kulamulira kwa Malamulo ndi Malamulo a Ziŵa

Pamene maboma agwiritsira ntchito ma algoritime popanga zosankha monga kuchotsapo, kudyerera, kapena ntchito zaumoyo, ngozi ya kuchenjeredwa imawonjezereka ngati madongosolo a ntchito apolisi amenewo ali osawoneka bwino kapena olakwika. Zida za apolisi zoneneratu zasonyezedwa kwa anthu a m'madera ochepa kwambiri. Kusoŵa kwa kuonekera kwa mapulogalamu a proprietary kumapangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kutsutsa zotsatira zosalungama. Kutsimikizira kuti nzeru zopeka ndizo zili zofunikira kuyang'anira ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo kuli chitokoso chamakono.

Kupopera ndi Kulamulira kwa Chilamulo

Kukwera kwa atsogoleri a otchuka m'mademokrase ambiri kwayesa zitsenderezo za mabungwe. Atsogoleri onga Donald Trump, Jair Bolsonaro, ndi Viktor Orbán aukira judiary, nyuzipepala, ndi mabungwe odziimira paokha, kaŵirikaŵiri akuukirana monga "kuchotsa madambo a matebulo" kapena kutetezera "anthu enieni" Kuwonongeka kwa malamulo kungakhale kowopsa mofanana ndi kutha kwa malamulo. Pamene mtsogoleri akakana kulola kugonjetsedwa kwa osankhidwa kapena kulimbikitsa chiwawa kwa adani, misozi ya democracy.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumabweretsa ziwopsezo zimene zimafuna kuchitika mofulumira ndi boma. Komabe zochita za akuluakulu a boma omwe sanapatsidwe ntchito zinazo, monga ngati kutulutsa mabomba otulutsa mafuta kapena kuletsa kutulutsa mafuta a pansi pa nthaka ndi kupenda . Pamene kuli kwakuti kufulumirako kuli kwenikweni, kunyalanyaza njira za demokrase kungayambitse kubwezera ndi kuchepetsa kuyenerera kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Njira yabwino ndiyo kupanga mabungwe osakhala a mbali ya boma okhala ndi malamulo omveka bwino, otetezedwa ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko, monga momwe ikuonekera mu .S Environmental Agement Agement .

Kumaliza: Kusamala Kosatha Monga Mtengo wa Ufulu

Kufufuza boma kwapeza choonadi chosatha: mphamvu imakula popanda kukhala ndi magetsi. Kuyambira m’misewu yosasinthasintha ya Paris mpaka kuchotsa lamulo la demokrase ku Hungary yamakono, njirazo zikubwereza. Mankhwalawo amamvedwa bwino . Madokotala ndi zipani, makampani odziimira paokha, anthu ophunzira, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa mayiko onse.

Monga momwe Thomas Jefferson anasimbira kuti, “Mtengo wa ufulu ndiwo kukhala maso kosatha. Kudikira kumeneko kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi mbadwo uliwonse, chifukwa kuti ziyeso za ochenjera sizitha; mwa kuphunzira zakale, kuzindikira zizindikiro zochenjeza, ndi kutenga mbali mwachangu m’kulamulira kwathu, tingatsimikizire kuti mphamvu zimene timagaŵira ku boma zikhalebe zida kaamba ka chitetezo chathu, osati zida za kutsendereza kwathu.