Federalism ndi njira yolamulira imene imagawanitsa mphamvu pakati pa boma lapakati (dziko lonse) ndi maboma achigawo, monga ngati maboma, zigawo, kapena zigawo. Mabungwe amenewa amapanga ulamuliro wolingana, kulola kuti mlingo uliwonse uzichita zinthu modziimira m'madera ena pamene ukugwirizana pankhani za dziko. Maboma a Federalism amapangidwa kuti azikhala ndi anthu osiyanasiyana m’madera osiyanasiyana, ndipo amapanga kuti asankhe mogwirizana mayiko okhala ndi chikhalidwe, fuko, kapena chinenero. Mosiyana ndi madongosolo audindo, kumene boma lalikulu lili ndi ulamuliro wolamulira, madongosolo a boma amateteza mphamvu za dziko lonse, kulimbikitsa ponse paŵiri umodzi ndi ufulu wa .

Kumvetsetsa Mafuko

Pamaziko ake, chigwirizano cha boma chimafuna kugwirizanitsa mtunduwo pamene chikulemekeza kusiyana kwa magawo ake ndi kudziimira. Ndi maziko a kulamulira mocholoŵana, maiko ogwirizana. Kugawidwa kwa maulamuliro kumandandalikidwa m'malamulo olembedwa, amene amalongosola mathayo a boma la dziko, amene ali a m'zigawo kapena zigawo, ndipo amene ali ogwirizana. Magulu ameneŵa amathandizira kuletsa mphamvu ndi kulola malamulo kulinganizidwa kukwaniritsa zosoŵa za kumaloko. Chipani cha boma sichiri lingaliro lokhazikika; chimasintha m'kuyankha ku ndale zadziko, kakhalidwe kakhalidwe, ndi zitsenderezo, zimene zimatsogolera ku maluso osiyanasiyana ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.

Mbiri Yakale

Maziko a boma la United States angapezedwe kumbuyo ku ku kutsungula kwakale, monga ngati mizinda ya Greece à state mameters ndi Roman Republic, imene inayesa kuyang'anira pamodzi. Komabe, dongosolo lamakono la boma linatchuka ndi kupangidwa kwa United States. Lamulo la U. U.S., lomwe linavomerezedwa mu 17888, linakhazikitsa boma la boma lokhala ndi maulamuliro a maulamuliro ena onse pamene likusunga maulamuliro ena ku maiko kapena anthu. Linali kulolerana pakati pa awo amene anafuna ulamuliro wamphamvu ndi awo amene anaopa ulamuliro wamphamvu kuchokera ku boma lakutali. Mkhalidwe wa ku America unasonkhezera mitundu ina, kuphatikizapo Switzerland (18488), Canada (1867), Australia (1901), ndi Germany (199999). Dziko lililonse linasintha mfundo zake ku chikhalidwe chake ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko lonse, lolemera.

Mbali Zazikulu za Kulimbana

  • Kugwirizana kwa Maulamuliro: Federalism imakhazikitsa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi boma, kaŵirikaŵiri zotchulidwa m'lamulo. Maulamuliro ameneŵa angakhale opatulidwa (ndi mlingo umodzi wokha), mogwirizana (zonse ziŵiri zikhoza kuchitapo kanthu), kapena zosungidwa (kuchokera ku maulamuliro). Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, mphamvu za dziko zimaphatikizapo kubwereka ndalama ndi kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ayang'atse maphunziro ndi malamulo akomweko.
  • Ufulu wa Mabungwe a Magawo: Maboma kapena zigawo zili ndi ulamuliro wa kudzilamulira okha m’madera osankhidwa, monga zoyendera, zosamalira zaumoyo, ndi zachilengedwe. Kudzilamulira kumeneku kumalola maboma a m'madera osiyanasiyana kupanga malamulo osonyeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri za kumaloko ndi chikhalidwe.
  • Kuimira mu Boma la Boma: [[FT:1] Madongosolo a Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza nyumba ya malamulo ya bimameral, kumene chipinda chimodzi chimaimira chiŵerengero cha anthu (m’chitsanzo, Nyumba ya Oimira ya U.S.) ndi chinacho chimaimira mofanana ku magawo kapena madera (m’mphindi, Khoti la U.S.). Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti zikondwerero zambiri ndi zochepa zikumvedwa.
  • Intergovernmental Relations: Kugwirizana ndi kusamvana pakati pa milingo ya boma kumayambiriro a boma. Makina monga ndalama zoperekedwa, zifuno, ndi kukambitsirana zithandiza kusamalira maunansi ameneŵa, koma kusagwirizana pa ulamuliro ndi ndalama nkofala.
  • A Malamulo Olembedwa: Madongosolo a boma ambiri amadalira pa malamulo olembedwa amene amalongosola mphamvu za mlingo uliwonse wa boma ndi kupereka maziko othetsera mikangano mwa kupenda chiweruzo.

Mitundu ya Mafuko

Akatswiri apeza zinthu zingapo zimene zimasonyeza mmene mphamvu zimagwirira ntchito pamodzi ndi mmene maboma amagwirira ntchito.

Kugwirizana kwa Magulu Amodzi

Dual unistism, yotchedwa “layer àcake,” imawona maboma a dziko ndi maboma kukhala osiyana, ndi mabwalo olekanitsidwa bwino a ulamuliro. Mkhalidwe uliwonse umagwira ntchito pawokha m’malo ake, ndipo pali choloŵa chimodzi chochepa. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinali champhamvu ku United States m’zaka za zana la 19, pamene ntchito ya boma inali yokha kutetezera dziko, nkhani zachilendo, ndi malonda a mayiko. Maboma anakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zambiri zapanyumba.

Kugwirizana

Couperative university, kapena “marble àcakeism, ,” inatulukira m'zaka za zana la 20 pamene boma la dziko linatenga mbali yokangalika m'madera osungidwa mwamwambo, monga ngati ubwino wa anthu, zigwirizano, ndi maphunziro. M'chitsanzo chimenechi, milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma imagawana mathayo ndi kugwira ntchito pamodzi kuti akwaniritse zolinga zofanana. Federal apatsa jâinēaid, kaŵirikaŵiri wokhala ndi mikhalidwe yogwirizana, inakhala chiŵiya chachikulu cha kugwirizana kwa boma. Mizere ya ulamuliro, yofanana kwambiri ndi ya mafunde a ma keke a matanthwe. Kufikira kumeneku kunakula mkati mwa nyengo za New Fareal ndi Great Societys ku United States.

Kugwirizana Koyambitsa

Curediveism, yogwirizana ndi Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson wa “Great Society” mu 1960, inagogomezera kuloŵerera kwachindunji kwa boma m'nkhani za mayanjano monga umphaŵi, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kufalikira kwa matauni. Imanyalanyaza maboma m'zochitika zina mwa kupereka ndalama mwachindunji kwa maboma, mabungwe osapanga phindu, ndi magulu a anthu. Kupanga kumeneku kunawonjezera chisonkhezero cha boma ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kunaika ziyeneretso zokhwima pa mmene ndalama zinagwiritsidwira ntchito, kuchititsa mikangano ndi maboma omwe analingalira kuti ulamuliro wawo unali kupotopetsedwa.

Chipani Chatsopano

Chigwirizano chatsopano chinatulukira monga chivomerezo chotsutsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu mkati mwa zaka za zana la 5920. Chichirikizidwa ndi Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ndi Ronald Reagan, chinakhala ndi cholinga cha kubwezera maulamuliro ena ndi mathayo ku maboma. Zimenezi zinafikiridwa mwa zopereka zopinga (zimene zimapatsa kusinthika kowonjezereka m'kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma) ndi kusinthika kwa maprogramu onga ngati kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu. Lingaliro linali la kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kulola maboma kutumikira monga “maluso a democracy, kuyesa njira zatsopano zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kwina kulikonse.

Chipani cha Fiscal

Komiti ya zachuma ya kampani ya yunivesite ya Finland ikufotokoza za kugwirizana kwa ndalama pakati pa maboma osiyanasiyana. Ikufotokozanso mmene ndalama zimakwezedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito. M'makampani ambiri, boma limasonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri za msonkho kuposa zimene limafunikira, pamene mayiko amadalira pa kusamutsidwa ndi kupereka ndalama kuti apereke ndalama. Dongosolo limeneli lingayambitse ma 76 ndi kusagwirizana, makamaka ngati maboma apeza zofunika zimene angatsutse.

Mapindu a Kugwirizana kwa Maboma

Mapindu ameneŵa amathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake mayiko ambiri amatengera nyumba za boma.

  • Kumalo a Autonomy ndi Responsivence : [1] Maboma angagwirizane ndi malamulo opezera zosoŵa zapadera za anthu awo. Mwachitsanzo, boma lokhala ndi mbali yaikulu ya ulimi lingaike patsogolo ufulu wa madzi ndi ziwiya za m'midzi, pamene boma la m’tauni lingasumike pa zoyendera za onse ndi nyumba. Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa maboma kukhala ovomereza kwambiri ku nkhaŵa za nzika.
  • [[FLT: 0] Madongosolo a Prolity Episttion : Maboma amalola kukhala malaboratori kaamba ka demokrase . Pamene boma lina liyesa njira yatsopano ya ku Massachusetts . Monga ngati kusamala thanzi la onse ku Massachusetts kapena malonda a carbon ku California . Ena angawone zotulukapo ndi kutengera malamulo achipambano. Kuyesa koyenera kumeneku kumachepetsa upandu wa kulephera m'dziko lonse.
  • Zikhoze ndi Kulinganizika: Kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma kumapanga njira ya macheke ndi kulinganiza zimene zimachepetsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro. Milingo yonse iŵiri ikhoza kuyang'anira zochita za wina ndi mnzake, kutetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kuletsa chinthu chilichonse kukhala champhamvu kwambiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuchirikiza Kutengamo mbali Kwandale: [[FLT: 1] Maseŵero a Federal akupanga mabwalo ambiri kaamba ka pangano la ndale zadziko. Nzika zingavote m'malo, boma, ndi masankho adziko, ndipo zingakakamize kapena kuthamangira ku malo alionse. Kakonzedwe kambirika kamalimbikitsa kuloŵetsedwa m’boma ndi kupanga boma kukhala lofikirika kwambiri.
  • Kutetezeredwa kwa Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana: m'maiko okhala ndi mafuko, zinenero, kapena zipembedzo zaing'ono, university ingapereke mlingo wa kudziimira kwa madera, kuthandiza kutetezera zikhalidwe ndi kuchepetsa zitsenderezo za kudalirana. Mwachitsanzo, kapangidwe ka boma ka India kamakhala ndi magulu ake ambiri a zinenero mwa kulinganiza maboma a zinenero.

Mavuto a Mafuko

Ngakhale kuti pali ubwino wake, boma la boma limayambitsanso mavuto ena aakulu amene angasokoneze ulamuliro ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.

  • Kugaŵana ndi Kusokonezeka: Kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro kungapangitse kusatsimikizirika ponena za mlingo wa boma umene uli ndi thayo la nkhani zina. Nzika zingavutike kugwiritsa ntchito mabodza otsalirana, ndi mikangano yokhudza ulamuliro yafala. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mliri wa COVID-19, malamulo otsutsana ochokera ku boma ndi boma ku United States anayambitsa chisokonezo ponena za malamulo ndi mabizinesi.
  • Kulingana pakati pa Magawo: Kusiyana m'zachuma, kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma, ndi malamulo pakati pa maboma kungayambitse kusokonezeka kwa mautumiki a anthu ndi moyo. Maboma achuma angapereke maphunziro abwino ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma osauka akulimbana kusungitsa maprogramu ofunikira. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku “mpikisano wa pansi" monga momwe maboma amapikisanira ndi mabizinesi mwa kudula misonkho ndi malamulo.
  • Kulimbana kwa Boma: Kusagwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri kumabuka pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma, makamaka pa nkhani za mkangano zonga kusamuka, malamulo a malo, ndi kusamala zaumoyo. Kumenyana kumeneku kungatulutse milandu, malamulo a akuluakulu, ndi nkhondo za malamulo zimene zimachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo.
  • Mavuto a kugwirizanitsa: [[FLT :1] Kugwirizana kothandiza pakati pa maboma nkofunika, makamaka pa masoka achilengedwe kapena mavuto a zaumoyo wa anthu. Komabe, kulephera kulankhulana, kuika zinthu zofunika patsogolo, ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko kungalepheretse kuyankha mogwirizana. Kuyankha pang'onopang'ono kwa mphepo ya Hurricane Katrina mu 2005 kunagogomezera mavuto ameneŵa.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi kusagwira bwino ntchito: pamene milingo yonse ikupanga mautumiki ofanana, monga ngati kusungitsa lamulo kapena ndalama zoyendetsera, kukopa kungachitike, kuwononga ndalama za msonkho. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kumafuna kulinganiza ndi kugwirizana.

Zitsanzo za Mafuko Padziko Lonse

Kupenda zitsanzo zimenezi kumasonyeza kuti ulamuliro wa boma ndi wololera ndiponso wosiyanasiyana.

United States

United States ndi chitsanzo chapadera cha boma. Constitution yake imandalika mphamvu za boma la boma (m., kulengeza nkhondo, kuyendetsa malonda a dzikolo) ndi kusungitsa maulamuliro ena onse ku maiko. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kulinganiza kwakhala kopita ku ulamuliro waukulu wa boma, makamaka pambuyo pa New Deal ndi kuwonjezereka kwa zipata. Komabe, maboma amasunga ulamuliro waukulu pa maphunziro, chilungamo, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka. Khoti Lapamwamba limachita mbali yaikulu pomasulira malire a ulamuliro.

Germany

Dongosolo la boma la Germany nlozikidwa pa Länder (dziko) khumi ndi limodzi limene limatengamo mbali m'chigamulo cha dziko lonse kudutsa Bundesrat, nyumba yapamwamba ya nyumba ya malamulo. Lamulo Lamphamvu (constitution) limapatsa Länder mphamvu zazikulu pa maphunziro, poliship, ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe. Germany amagogomezera kwambiri mfundo za boma zogwirizana, kumene boma limakhazikitsa malamulo aakulu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Dongosolo limeneli limachirikiza kugwirizana kwa malamulo a dziko lonse pamene likusunga ulamuliro wa chigawo.

Canada

Chipani cha Canada chimapereka maulamuliro pakati pa boma la boma ndi zigawo khumi. Lamulo la Constitution la 1867, limagawa mphamvu zachindunji ku mlingo uliwonse, ndi zigawo zolamulira madera onga ngati kusamala zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi chuma chachilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi dongosolo la U.S., boma la Canada lili ndi ulamuliro pa lamulo la upandu ndi ukwati, pamene maderawo amasamalira katundu ndi ufulu wa anthu. Dongosololo limayang'aniranso chizindikiritso cha dziko la Quebec chachifrench kupyola mndandanda wa malamulo a za boma la dziko la chigawo cha a a augneticration ndi la Language Language.

Australia

Dongosolo la boma la Australia, lokhazikitsidwa ndi Konsichushoni yake mu 1901, likugawanitsa mphamvu pakati pa Commonwealth (dziko lonse) ndi maboma asanu ndi limodzi. Commonwealth imasamalira chitetezo, nkhani zachilendo, ndi malonda, pamene maboma akuyang'anira maphunziro, thanzi, ndi zoyendera. Msonkho wa ndalama wolandira umasonkhanitsidwa ndi boma, limene kenaka limagaŵira ndalama ku maboma mwa chiwongola. Kuchepa kwa mlingo kokhalako kumayambitsa kudalirana koma kumalolanso kulipirira ndalama zofanana kuthandiza maboma osauka kusungitsa mautumiki.

India

India ndi dziko la dziko lokhala ndi anthu ambiri. Constitution yake imapanga boma lamphamvu lokhala ndi Unyinji wa Maulamuliro apadera, Chiwerengero cha Boma la mphamvu za boma zokha, ndi Chikalata cha Maboma a Chigwirizano kumene zonse ziŵiri zingagwirizane. Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amalinganizidwa mogwirizana ndi zinenero, zimene zimathandiza kuyang'anira mitundu ya dzikolo. Komabe, boma la India kaŵirikaŵiri limafotokozedwa kukhala “quasijhederal". Chifukwa chakuti boma lalikulu lingachotse maboma ndi kulamulira pa zochitika zamwadzidzidzi.

Kumaliza

Federalism idakali njira yogwira ntchito ndi yosintha imene imalinganiza kufunika kwa umodzi wa dziko ndi chikhumbo cha kudziimira. Mwakugaŵa mphamvu za chigawo mwalamulo, imaletsa mlingo uliwonse wa boma kulamulira, kulimbikitsa kukonza zinthu za kumaloko, ndi kusiyanitsa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, imafunikira kuyang'anira mosamalitsa kuti athetse kuvuta, kusalingana, ndi kukangana kwa boma. Pamene maiko akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano . Kusintha kwa nyengo kukhala malo achinsinsi a mlingo [1] Madongosolo a boma akupitirizabe kutulukira, kusonyeza mphamvu yawo ndi kudalirana kwa ulamuliro wamakono. Kumvetsetsa mmene unistruction imagwirira ntchito m'kambitsirano ndi ntchito nkofunika kwa aliyense wokondwerera za ndalerenje ndi kugaŵira mphamvu m'dziko.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani U.S. malongosoledwe a boma a maulamuliro a boma [FLT :1], [[FLT :2] Britannica yoloŵa pa unistism , ndi Government ya kupenda kwa Canada kwa chigwirizano cha boma .