Table of Contents
Maziko a Malamulo a Maupandu Aŵiri
Malamulo a Boopardy Claus a Fit 5 Amendment amapereka kuti palibe munthu amene ayenera "kukhala wolakwa chifukwa chofanana kuti aikidwe pangozi ya moyo kapena kuikidwa pathupi kaŵiri. Chitetezero chimenechi ndi chimodzi cha malamulo akale kwambiri a Anglo - America, ndipo chimayambira ku malamulo a Roma ndi Achigiriki. Abambo a Semfaling kulembera mfundozo m'buku la Bill of Rights kuti aletse boma kugwiritsira ntchito chuma chake chachikulu kuzunza munthu mobwerezabwereza, kumalipeputsa ndi kuchepetsa ndalama ndi kuimbidwa kufikira pamene apeza chigamulo.
Upandu wa kaŵiri panthaŵi imene ajuli aikidwa chilumbiro (kapena pamene mboni yoyamba yalumbira m'kuzenga mlandu). Pakaikidwa chiwopsezo, boma kaŵirikaŵiri silingabweze mlanduwo ndi kuyesanso kusiyapo ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo kapena kukakamiza kulakwa. Chitetezerocho nchachindunji pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa: ngakhale ngati umboni watsopano wa liwongo ubuka zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, boma silingatsutse munthu amene wapezeka kuti alibe liwongo. Komabe, kuikidwa kwa ngozi kuŵiri kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pamene chigamulo chaletsedwa pa apilo.
Zimene Zimatanthauza Pamene Chitsimikizo Chasintha
Chigamulo chimachotsedwa pamene khoti lopereka chigamulo lipenda mbiri ya mlandu ndi kuona kuti cholakwa cha lamulo chinachitidwa moyenerera kulola kusinthidwa. Mlanduwo ungabwezeretsedwenso ku khoti la mlandu wozengedwa mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri mlandu watsopano. Chiyambukiro chachikulu cha lamulo nchakuti chigamulocho chimatha monga ngati sichinakhaleko. Komabe, zinenezo zoperekedwazo zidakalipobe kusiyapo lamulo la audollate.
Zotsatirapo zitatu zosiyana zingatsatire chifunsiro: chikalata [chivomerezo] (chitsimikiziro chimachotsedwa ndi mlanduwo kukonzedwanso kwa chiyeso chatsopano), kubwezera ndi kuchotsa (chikhululukirocho chimachotsedwa ndi kuchotsedwa), kapena kubwezerana ndi kukonzanso kwa chisinthiko (kutsimikizako kumachepetsedwa ku mlandu wochepa). M'nkhani yofala kwambiri &812; kutembenuka ndi munthu wokonzedwanso pa kukonzanso &812; funso lovuta lingakhale ngati mizati yoŵirikiza kaŵiri boma kuchokera ku ku kuyesera kwachiŵiri.
Lamulo la Azachuma: Nthaŵi zambiri Mlandu Umaloledwa
Pambuyo pa chitsanzo chokhazikitsidwa cha Bwalo Lapamwamba, ngozi ziŵiri sizimaletsa kuweruza pamene chigamulo chachotsedwa pa apilo chifukwa cha kulakwa. Chifuno nchachindunji: Woimbidwa mlandu sanakhululukidwe. Kukanidwa kumatanthauza chitsimikizo chenicheni chakuti wozengayo analephera kutsimikizira kukhala ndi liwongo loposa chikayikiro chotsimikizirika. Kusintha pa apilo, kumangotanthauza kuti mlanduwo unali wolakwika mwachibadwa. Woimbidwa mlanduyo analandira mlandu, koma mlanduwo unali wolakwika mwalamulo. Kulola mlanduwo sikunapereke chilango chachiŵiri chifukwa chakuti woimbidwa mlanduwo sunathere.
Kusunga kumeneku kunatsimikiziridwanso m'makalata . Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti boma likhoza kuyesa woimbidwa mlandu chifukwa chakuti kulephera kwa umboniwo sikunadalire koma kulakwa kwa lamulo. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti umboni Wachiŵiri Jeopardy Claus sutsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo adzalandira mlandu umodzi wokha; limatsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo sadzaikidwanso pa mlandu wachiŵiri pambuyo pa kulephera kwa mlandu.
Kuyesa Zolakwa ndi Kulephera kwa Umboni
Kusiyana pakati pa kubwezera kozikidwa pa kulakwa ndi kubwezera kozikidwa pa umboni wosakwanira n’kovuta. Kulakwa kwa kuzenga mlandu kumaphatikizapo zolakwa zonga kuvomereza kosayenera kwa umboni, malangizo olakwika a oweruza, kusadzisunga kwa oweruza sikunalinganiziridwe kudzutsa mlandu, kapena kuswa lamulo monga kukana uphungu. M’nkhani zimenezi, nthaŵi zambiri kuweruzidwanso kumaloledwa chifukwa chakuti khoti la apolisi silikunena kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ali wopanda mlandu; ndiko kuti mlanduwo unali wosayenera ndipo uyenera kuubwezera.
Komabe, ngati khoti lamilandu litsutsa mlandu chifukwa chakuti umboni woperekedwa pa mlanduwo sunali wokwanira kuchirikiza chitsimikizo, ngozi yoŵirikiza imaperekedwanso. Izi n’zoti khoti la autholo latsimikiza kuti palibe khoti loweruza loyenera limene lingapeze wolakwayo̬ wolipiriridwayo ali ndi mlandu wa kulakwa. Mlandu woyambirira ndi [FLT] [1] Burks v. United States [FLT] [718]). Mu Burs, woimbidwa mlanduyo anaimbidwa mlandu wa kulanda koma anachita apilo, kutsutsa kuti umboniwo sunali wokwanira. Boma linafuna kuyankha. Khoti lalikulu lina lina linagalamulo linagamuletsa mlanduwo chifukwa chakuti linalephera kutsimikizira mlandu wake kuti linalephera kuunika mlandu wake.
Kusintha ndi Mikhalidwe Yapadera Kumene Mabotolo Opasuka Aŵiri Adzazenganso
Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo lachisawawa limalola kukonzanso pambuyo poyesanso cholakwa, kusiyana kwakukuluko kungayambitse chitetezero cha ngozi ziŵiri ngakhale pamene chitsimikizo chachotsedwa.
Kulephera kwa Umboni
Monga taonera, kusintha kochokera pa umboni wosakwanira kumaonedwa ngati kukhululukidwa ndi kutsutsidwanso kwa milandu. Imeneyi ndi nkhani yofala kwambiri ndipo imagwira ntchito mosasamala kanthu kuti khoti lamilandu lizenge mlandu kapena khoti la apolisi likanasintha chifukwa cha kulephera kwake. Boma silingathetse kupereŵera kwake koonekera bwino m’kuweruza kwachiŵiri; linakhala ndi mwaŵi wake.
Kuweruza Koipa Kolinganizidwa Kupereka Mlandu Wolakwa
Ngati boma lichita chisembwere cholinganizidwa mwachindunji kusonkhezera woimbidwa mlanduyo kusuntha kulakwa, ngozi yoŵirikiza ingaperekenso mlandu. Khoti Lapamwamba linalunjikitsa zimenezi mu . [FLT]OLD v. Kennedy] Oregon . [[FLT]] [1982] [[1982]. Khoti linagamula kuti kubwezera mlandu kuletsedwa kokha pamene mzembeyo analinganizidwa kusonkhezera woimbidwa mlandu kuti apemphedwe molakwa. Kupanda kusamala kapena kusasamala kwenikweni sikunakwanira; boma liyenera kuchitapo kanthu ndi cholinga chenicheni cha kukakamiza kulakwa kuti lipeŵe kuchotsedwa mlandu kapena kupeza chomanira chokomera. Kupatulirako ndi kutsimikizira kwake kovuta, koma kuli kovuta kuletsa kulakwa kwa boma.
Kuzenga mlandu Pambuyo pa Kukopa Kwachipambano
Ngakhale kuti siikupitira ku mlingo wa ngozi ziŵiri, At Process Classia amaletsa oweruza milandu yaikulu pambuyo pa kuchonderera kopambana kokha chifukwa cha kubwezera. Mu Nolth Carolina v. Paarce [1] [[FLT]] [1969] Khoti Lapamwambalo linakhulupirira kuti wokwiyira amene amachonderera mwachipambano ndi amene alinso wosalandira chigamulo chankhanza kwambiri pokhapokhapokha khoti loweruza mlandu lipereka zifukwa zovomerezeka pa khalidwe lochitika pambuyo pa chiweruzo choyamba. Mfundo imeneyi imaletsa boma kuweruza oimba mlandu chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwabwino.
Kumasulidwa mwa Kupeputsa
Nthaŵi zina chitsimikiziro cha kulakwa kocheperako chingagwire ntchito monga kukhululukidwa mlandu waukulu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati woweruza mlandu wa mlandu wakupha munthu wachiŵiri koma wosanena za kupha kwachiŵiri, kutsimikiza kwa mlandu wochepa kumaonedwa ngati kukhululukidwa kwa wina wokulirapo. Ngati chitsimikizo chimenecho chigwetsedwa pa apilo, boma silingatsutse woimbidwa mlanduyo chifukwa chakuti ajuliwo anapeza kuti mfundozo n’zosathandiza kuchirikiza mlanduwo. Lamulo limeneli linakhazikitsidwa mu United States. [b.[FLD:2] [12] [12] [197]
Nkhani Zokhudza Kufufuza: Mbali ya Chigamulo cha Khoti Lofuna Kugamula
Chinenero cholunjika chogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi khoti la appellate m'dongosolo lake losintha nchofunika kugamula ngati kuthekera kwa kaŵiri kumagwira ntchito. Attenoney ndi oimbidwa mlandu ayenera kusanthula mosamalitsa lingaliro la khotilo kuti amvetse maziko a kubwereranso.
Ngati khoti la autholo latsutsa "chifukwa chakuti umboni sunali wokwanira kuchirikiza chitsimikiziro," kuzenganso mlandu kumaletsedwa. Ngati kubwerera mmbuyo "chifukwa cha kulakwa m’malangizo a oweruza" kapena "chifukwa cha kuvomereza kosayenera kwa umboni," kugamulanso kumaloledwa kusiyapo ngati kulakwako kunali kosayenera kwakuti kunafikira kukana kuzenga mlandu koyenera kolingana ndi kukhululukidwa. Khoti lingasinthenso ndi malangizo oletsa kutsutsa mlanduwo, umene umasuliza. Mosiyana, khotilo lingasinthe ndi "kuti mlandu watsopano ukhale wogwirizana ndi lingaliro limeneli," umene kaŵirikaŵiri umalolanso kuzenga mlandu.
Mkhalidwe wosintha kwambiri umabuka pamene bwalo lamilandu lamilandu lasintha chifukwa cha kulephera kwa lamulo kumene kunaletsa kuzengedwa mlanduwo kuyambira pachiyambi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati khoti lozenga mlandulo linalibe ulamuliro wa munthu kapena lamulo la kulephera, mlandu woyamba ungaonedwe kukhala kutha kwa lamulo. Mlandu woterowo ungakhale woletsedwa ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo sanaikidwe pangozi, ndipo nthaŵi zonse amaloledwa kuweruzanso. Komabe, ngati kulakwako kuli koyenera kuyenera mlanduwo, monga kutsutsana kwakupha pakati pa mlandu ndi umboni wozenga mlanduwo, kuweruzanso kungaletsedwe ngati mlanduwo utaimbidwa motsimikizirika woimbidwa mlanduwo chifukwa cha mlandu wosiyana.
Maupandu Amene Muyenera Kudziŵa a Khoti Lalikulu
Kuzindikira ngozi ziŵiri pambuyo pa chitsimikizo chogwetsedwa kumafuna kudziŵana ndi zigamulo zingapo za m’Nkhongole Yaikulu. Milandu imeneyi imapanga maziko a lamulo ndipo imatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi makhoti aang’ono.
- United States v. Ball (1996) & #821; anakhazikitsa kuti woimbidwa mlandu amene amavomereza mwachipambano chitsimikizo amatetezera kuŵirikiza kaŵiri kumbuyo kwa mlandu.
- Burks v. United States (1978) & #811; Kuimbidwa kusinthika kumeneko kozikidwa pa kusadalirika kwa zipilala za umboni chifukwa chakuti kuli kofanana ndi kukhululukidwa.
- United States v. Wilson (1975) #821; Atatsimikiza kuti boma lingatsutse woimbidwa mlandu pambuyo pobweza cholakwa, ngakhale ngati cholakwacho chinali chowopsa.
- Orogon v. Kennedy [[FL:1] (19982) & #821; anachepetsa kulakwa kwa oweruza milandu ndi milandu imene woimira maloya anafuna kudzutsa mlandu.
- United States v. Scott[FLT .1] (1978]) & #821; adaona kuti woimbidwa mlandu amene amayesa kuchotsa mlanduwo mwachipambano pa zifukwa zosagwirizana ndi liwongo lenileni angabwezedwenso chifukwa chakuti kuchotsedwako sikuli kukhululukidwa.
- Lockhart v. Nelson (1988) & #811; Wotchedwa kuti kuweruzanso kwalola pamene chitsimikizo chinasinthidwa chifukwa chakuti umboni unavomerezedwa molakwa, ngakhale ngati popanda umboniwo ukanakhala wopereŵera.
Zovuta Zothandiza Kuteteza ndi Zovala Zawo
Kwa woimbidwa mlandu amene chitsimikizo chake chagwetsedwa, kuzindikira ngati zitsulo za ngozi ziŵiri nzofunika kuti apange zosankha zodziŵira ponena za apilo ndi zochitika zotsatirapo.
Kusankha Zochita Mwanzeru pa Nthawi Yopempha Chikondwerero
Ngati chitsimikiziro cha woimbidwa mlanduyo chasinthidwa pa apilo, uphungu wotetezera uyenera kupenda mwamsanga maziko a kutembenuza. Ngati kusinthako kwazikidwa pa umboni wosakwanira, boma silingatsutse mlanduwo, ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo ali womasuka. Ngati kusinthako kwazikidwa pa kulakwa koyesa, boma liyenera kufunafunanso mlandu, ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kukonzekera kumangidwanso. M’chochitika chapambuyopa, uphungu wotetezera uyenera kulingalira ngati angasunge kuchotsa mlanduwo pa maziko aupandu oŵiri ngati pali kutsutsana kulikonse kwakuti kugamula kwa khotilo lamilandulo lidzapeza umboni wopereŵera.
Kukambirana Pambuyo pa Kubwereranso
Kusintha chikhululukiro kumapatsa woimbidwa mlanduyo mphamvu yaikulu pokambirana ndi kuchonderera. Boma liyenera kusankha ngati angapereke ndalama m'kuzenga kwachiŵiri, ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo angathe kukambitsirana chilolezo chabwino ku mlandu wochepa kapena ngakhale kutaya zinenezo zonse. Nthaŵi yopitirira kuyambira pamene mlandu woyamba ungakhalenso wokomera woimbidwa mlanduyo, pamene mboni zingasapezeke kapena zikumbukiro zingazimirike.
Kuopsa kwa Chilango Choopsa
Nkhaŵa imodzi imene oimbidwa mlandu amayang'anizana nayo pambuyo pa apilo lachipambano iri kuthekera kwa kulandira chigamulo chaukali pa mlandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Active Procession Claus imaletsa kuweruza kwaliwongo kwa kubwezera, oimbidwa mlandu angayang'anebe zigamulo zazitali ngati chidziŵitso chatsopano chiwonekera kapena ngati zitsogozo zoperekera chilango zikugwira ntchito mosiyana. Uphungu wa chitetezero uyenera kulemba mosamalitsa chiganizo choyambirira ndi mfundo zilizonse zimene zingalungamitse chiganizo cholingana kapena chochepera pa kuweruzanso.
Kusintha kwa Boma m’Chilamulo cha Maupandu Aŵiri
Pamene kuli kwakuti Maboma a Fabill Jeopardy Claus akugwira ntchito ku boma ku mlandu kupyolera mwa Kusintha kwa Zaka 14, maboma amodzi angapereke chitetezo chokulira pansi pa malamulo awo kapena malamulo. Maboma ena amasulira makonzedwe awo angozi oŵirikiza kuti aperekenso milandu m’mikhalidwe imene lamulo la boma likalola. Mwachitsanzo, maboma angapo samalola kuweruzanso pambuyo pa kubwezera mlandu pambuyo pa kulakwa kolakwika pokhapo ngati kulakwako kunali kosavulaza. Ena amagwiritsira ntchito mayeso aakulu kaamba ka kulakwa kwa oweruza milandu kuposa muyezo wa boma wolengezedwa mu chivondoneral. Kennedy.
Opanga malamulo ayenera kufufuza mosamalitsa lamulo la boma logwira ntchito m’nkhani iriyonse yophatikizapo chitsimikiziro chosinthidwa. Muyezo wa boma umapereka pansi, osati denga: malamulo ali aufulu kupereka chitetezero chokulira kuposa chimene Lamulo la U.S. mbali imeneyi ya lamulo iri yofunika makamaka m’nkhani za chilango cha imfa, kumene maboma nthaŵi zina amayesa kubwezera oimbidwa mlanduwo pambuyo pa kubwezera pambuyo pa kubwezera ngakhale pamene umboniwo unali wochepa.
Malingaliro Olakwika Ofala pa Kuika Anthu Paupandu ndi Kusintha Koposa
Nthanthi zingapo zopitirizabe zimakhudza lamulo laupandu waŵiri, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera oimbidwa mlandu ndi anthu kumvetsetsa kuyenera kwawo.
[[FLT: 0] Ndithu: Ngati chitsimikiziro chagwetsedwa, mlandu watha. Zimenezi n’zonama m'zochitika zambiri. Kusintha kwenikweni kumatulukapo kugamulidwanso kaamba ka mlandu watsopano kusiyapo ngati khoti la apolisilo limalamula kuchotsedwa mwachindunji. Woimbidwa mlanduyo saali waufulu.
[[FLT: 0] Mphindi: Upandu wa kaŵiri umaletsa kukonzanso kulikonse. Izinso nzonama. Monga momwe tazionera pamwambapa, kusintha kwakukulu kwa kuyesa kumachititsa kugamulanso. Kusintha kokha kozikidwa pa umboni wosakwanira kapena chiwiya cha kusamvera china.
[[FLT: 0] Mphindi: Woimbidwa mlandu sangaikidwenso mlandu waukulu pambuyo pakuti chigamulo pa mlandu waung'ono chachotsedwa. Zimenezi nzoona pang'ono. Ngati ajuliwo motanthauza achotsera woimbidwa mlandu waukulu mwa kuweruzanso wocheperapo, kuweruzanso kwa wokulirayo kwaletsedwa. Komabe, ngati ajuli anali chete pa mlandu waukulu, angaloledwe kugamulidwanso malinga ndi malire a boma.
: Boma silingapereke chikhululukiro. Izi nzoona. Boma silingapereke chilolezo kwa oweruza olakwa, ndi maupandu oŵirikiza oletsa kuweruzanso. Komabe, boma lingapitire kupempha kuchotsedwa kwina kwa mabwalo a milandu ndi malamulo apambuyo pake amene sayenera kukhululukidwa pa zoyenera.
Kumaliza
Kugwirizana pakati pa ngozi ziŵiri ndi zikhulupiliro zogwetsedwa kuli imodzi ya mbali zowonekera bwino koposa za njira zaupandu. Lamulo lachisawawa liri lomvekera bwino: Mkhoze amene wachonderera chikhululukiro mwachipambano angabwezeretsedwenso mlandu umodzimodziwo chifukwa chakuti kubwezera sikuli kulakwa ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo sanaweruzidwe kukhala wopanda liwongo. Komabe, kusiyapo umboni wosakwanira, kusamvera kwadala kwa oweruza milandu, ndi zophophonya zina zachibadwa zimapereka chitetezero choyenerera kwa boma lolakwa.
Mfungulo ya oimbidwa mlandu, maloya, ndi aliyense wofuna kupereka chiweruzo chaupandu njakuti Woweruza Wachiwiri wa Jeoparde sati atsimikizire mlandu umodzi; ilo limatsimikizira mwaŵi umodzi wakuti boma litsimikizire liwongo mosakaikira. Pamene mwaŵi umenewo ulakwika chifukwa cha kuweruza mlandu, woimbidwa mlanduyo angaimbidwenso mlandu. Pamene boma lilephera kupereka umboni wokwanira nthaŵi yoyamba, nkhaniyo ikugamulidwa. Kuzindikira zimenezi nkofunika kuwongolera dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu ndi kutetezera zoyenera za woimbidwa mlanduyo.
Ngati inu kapena munthu wina amene mumdziŵa akuyang'anizana ndi mlandu pambuyo poti chigamulo chachotsedwa, kukambitsirana ndi loya waupandu wachidziŵitso kusuliza. Loyayo angapende chigamulo cha khoti la appellate, kusanthula ngati zigomeko zapaupandu ziŵiri ziripo, ndi kulangiza pa njira yabwino koposa yopezera chotulukapo chabwino. Ziwongozo nzapamwamba, ndipo lamulo nlovuta, koma chitetezo chachikulu chakuletsa kuikidwa kaŵiri m’ngozi chimakhala chimodzi cha zitetezero zofunika koposa m'dongosolo la malamulo a ku America.