Chiyambi: Kodi Zomwe Ziyenera Kuchitika N’zotani?

Malamulo amatsatira njira za malamulo zimene zimatsimikizira chilungamo, chilungamo, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha pa zochita za boma zongofuna. Pamapeto pake, njira yake yoyenerera imatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene amamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu kusiyapo malinga ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino. Mfundo imeneyi si chiphunzitso chalamulo chabe; ndi chiphunzitso chamoyo chimene chasintha kwa zaka mazana ambiri kuti chigwirizane ndi amene akulamulira. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi aliyense wofuna kudziŵa malamulo ndi mbiri yakale, kumvetsetsa njira yoyenerera ya kumvetsetsa mmene ulamuliro wamakono wa democratic ndi ufulu.

Mawu akuti “mchitidwe wapanthaŵiyo” akuonekera bwino kwambiri pa Malamulo a Malamulo a Chingelezi a chisanu ndi 145, koma maziko ake amazama kwambiri m'malamulo a Chingelezi. Mfundoyi imateteza anthu pambali iliyonse ya malamulo(kuyambira kumangidwa ndi kuyesedwa ndi kuikidwa kwa malamulo ndi kuikidwa kwa maulamuliro. Kufufuza kozama kumeneku kudzafufuza chiyambi cha mbiri yakale, mitundu iŵiri yaikulu (kusintha ndi kutsata), malamulo a malamulo, milandu yotchuka ya khoti Lapamwamba, ndi mayeso othandiza pa maphunziro ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mbiri Yakale ya Mmene Zinthu Zinali Kuyendera

Chiyambi cha Chilamulo cha Chingelezi

Lingaliro la njira yoyenerera liri ndi chiyambi chakale, koma mawu ake otchuka kwambiri akupezeka mu Magna Carta ya 1215. Claus 39 wa Magna Carta analengeza kuti palibe munthu waufulu “angatengedwe kapena kumangidwa... kusiyapo ndi chigamulo cha ausinkhu wake kapena ndi lamulo la dzikolo. Mawu awa akuti “lamulo la dziko” ndi kholo lachindunji la zimene tsopano timatcha kuti njira yoyenera. Mkati mwa zaka mazana otsatira, makhoti ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo a Chingelezi anafutukula lamulo ndi malamulo ofala monga Lakuti Lay (1628) ndi lachingelezi la Bill of Rights (1689).

Woweruza wachingelezi Bwana Edward Coke anakulitsanso lingaliro lakuti “lamulo la dziko” linatanthauza kuti boma silingachite mwadala. Zolemba zake zinasonkhezera kwambiri nzika za America, zimene zinaphatikiza chinenero choyenera m’malamulo awoawo ndi malamulo a boma.

Chitukuko mu United States

Pamene Konsichushoni ya United States inalembedwa mu 1787, poyamba sinali ndi mawu oyenera oyenera. Komabe, Demendment, yovomerezedwa mu 1791 monga mbali ya Bill of Rights, ikanati “padzakhala munthu aliyense amene adzalandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda dongosolo lalamulo." Chitetezero chimenechi chinagwira ntchito ku boma lokha. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiweniweni, Mendement ya 1450 inawonjezera lamulo lomwelo, ikulongosola kuti palibe boma “liyense limene lidzalanda moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda dongosolo la lamulo." Pambuyo pa nkhondo imeneyi inagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa boma.

  • 1215: [[FLT ] Magna Carta imakhazikitsa malamulo ofunikira mwamsanga.
  • [[MMWIRI: 0] 1791:[[FL:1] Mpatsi wachisanu umaphatikizapo njira yoyenerera kaamba ka boma la boma.
  • 1868: Demetriment imapereka chitetezo choyenera ku machitidwe a boma.

M’kupita kwa nthawi, khoti Lapamwambali linaona kuti chikalata cha 14th Amendment chinali “chosagwirizana ndi boma la United States. ”

Njira Zoyenera Kuzitsatira

Due process is divided into two distinct but related categories: procedural due process and substantive due process. Each serves a different function in the legal system, though both aim to prevent government overreach.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Kulinganiza koyenera kwa lamulo kukufunsa: Kodi ndi njira ziti zimene boma liyenera kutsatira lisanachotse moyo wa munthu, ufulu, kapena katundu? Ndi mwaŵi wa kumvedwa panthaŵi yatanthauzo ndi m’njira yatanthauzo. Mbali zapakati zimaphatikizapo chidziŵitso chokwanira, kumva bwino pamaso pa wopanga zosankha, kuyenera kupereka umboni ndi kuitana mboni, ndi kuyenerera kwa kuimira kwalamulo. Ziyeneretso zimenezi zimasiyana malinga ndi mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo ndi apansipa [1] ziyeso zimafuna chitetezo chokhwima kwambiri kuposa makutu a boma.

  • Thukulo: . . . . . munthu ayenera kudziŵitsidwa milandu kapena kachitidwe kolingaliridwa bwino lomwe ndi pasadakhale.
  • Kumva: Mwayi wa kupereka mikangano ndi umboni pamaso pa khoti losasankha.
  • Kuyenera ku Uphungu: kuimira kwalamulo, makamaka m'nkhani zaupandu kumene kutayikiridwa kwa ufulu kuli paupandu.
  • Appal : Access ku khoti lapamwamba kupenda zolakwa poyambirira.

Mu Mathews v. Elditridge (776), Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa kuyesa kwachikatikati kuti lidziŵe njira yofunikira: chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa, upandu wa kusoŵa zinthu m’madongosolo amene alipo, ndi chikondwerero cha boma cha kuyendetsa bwino zinthu ndi kulipira. Kusintha kumeneku kumazindikira kuti mkhalidwe uliwonse sufunikira chiyeso chonse.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Kuyenera koyenerera kodzifunira kumachepetsa zimene boma lingachite, mosasamala kanthu za njira zimene likugwiritsira ntchito. Kumatetezera ufulu wina wake waukulu ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, ngakhale ngati boma limapereka chitetezo chachibadwa changwiro.

  • Kuyenera kwa kukhala chinsinsi: zosankha zopitirapo ponena za kuletsa kutenga mimba, ukwati, ndi kulera ana.
  • Kuyenera kukwatira: [[FLT :1] Kudziŵika monga kuyenera kwapadera mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015).
  • Kulunjika kwa thupi: Kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukana mankhwala.
  • Kuyenda: Ufulu wa kuyenda pakati pa maboma.

Chiphunzitsochi chinachokera m’ma 1920 ndi m’ma 1930, koma chinatchuka kwambiri m’ma 1960 ndi m’ma 1970, makamaka pa nkhani za ufulu wobereka ndi ufulu wa banja.

Onse pamodzi, njira yotetezera anthu onse ku njira zodzisankhira ndi malamulo odzilamulira okha.

Kutsatira Lamulo la U.S.

Lamulo la U.S. lili ndi mawu aŵiri ofunika kwambiri.Filmendment imagwira ntchito ku boma la boma; Lamlungu la 14 limagwira ntchito ku mabomawo. Onse aŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito mawu ofanana: “Palibe munthu aliyense amene adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda kuikidwa lamulo.”

Kukonzanso kwachisanu

Kuikidwa mu 1791, Accemplified’s Access Claus Communist inali yokha ya zochita za boma. Imaphatikizaponso zitetezero zofananazo zonga kuyenera kwa ajuli aakulu, chitetezo ku ngozi ziŵiri, ndi mwaŵi wotsutsana ndi kudzipatula. Mkati mwa zaka, Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira chigamulocho kuti lamulo la boma lifunikire kukhala lomvekera bwino ndi kuti njira zaupandu zikhale zolungama.

Mpumulo Wachinayi

Demetrisement ya 14th, yomwe inavomerezedwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni mu 1868, inakonzedwa kutsimikizira chitetezo chofanana ndi njira yoyenerera kwa anthu onse, makamaka amene kale anali akapolo. Malamulo ake a Aust Procession Claus akhala njira yaikulu imene anthu amatsutsa boma ndi machitidwe a boma omwe amaswa ufulu wa anthu. Mawuwa akhala ofunika kwambiri pa “kutetezera ufulu wa anthu. ”

  • Demeters yachisanu: Kufuna kugawana ndi boma la boma; kumaphatikizapo kudzivulaza ndi ngozi ya kaŵiri.
  • Demeters ya 14th Amendment: Mafuno a boma; kuphatikizapo Kutetezera Claus Kolingana pamodzi ndi Claus Claus.

Kugwiritsira ntchito mbali ziŵiri kumatanthauza kuti chitetezo choyenera chiri chofanana m’milingo yonse ya boma, kutsimikizira maziko a chilungamo m’dziko lonse.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

Matanthauzo a kachitidwe ka zinthu asinthidwa ndi zigamulo zazikulu zambiri za Khoti Lalikulu. Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza mmene Khoti limalinganizirira ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha motsutsana ndi zikondwerero za boma ndi kulongosola njira zonse ziŵiri za kuyenera kwa malamulo ndi njira yoyenerera.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966]

Pa mlandu umenewu, Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti chitetezo cha Fite Amendment pa kudziona ngati munthu wolakwa chimafunikira lamulo kuti lidziŵitse anthu okayikira ufulu wawo asanawafunse mlandu. “Machenjezo a Monda” amaphatikizapo ufulu wa kukhala chete, ufulu kwa loya, ndi kuzindikira kuti chilichonse chimene chikananenedwa chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Chigamulocho chinasintha njira za apolisi ndipo chimakhalabe maziko a njira yoyenera ya apandu.

[[ML:0] Roe v. Wade (1973)

Khotilo linavomereza kuyenera kwa mkazi kusankha kutaya mimba monga mbali ya kuyenera kwa kubisika, kumene kumagwera pansi pa njira yoyenerera. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo lamilandu pambuyo pake linasintha muyezo wa Parenthood Parenty v. Casey [1992] ndipo potsirizira pake kuletsa Roe m'zochitika za [[FLT:] Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization [[FLT:] 2022]), mlanduwo umasonyeza mmene njira yoyenerera ya kuchotsa mimba ingatetezere zosankha zaumwini kwambiri. Kukambitsirana kopitirizabe kwa pa zoyenera za kuchotsa mimba kumasonyeza mkhalidwe wa kubadwa kwa julppence.

Goldberg v. Kelly (1970)

Nkhani imeneyi imati olandira chithandizo cha anthu ali ndi ufulu womvetsera moonekera bwino asanapindule. Chigamulo chofutukulidwa cha njira yoyenerera ya kuphatikizapo mapindu a boma monga mtundu wa “zabwino” zimene sizingachitidwe popanda dongosolo lokwanira. Ilo linathandiza kukhazikitsa lamulo lakuti chitetezo choyenera chimagwira ntchito m'malamulo, osati m'makhoti chabe.

Gos v. Lopez (1975]

M’nkhani ya maphunziro, Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti ophunzira a sukulu za boma oyang’anizana ndi kukakamizidwa ali oyenerera kuchitapo kanthu, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha milandu ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka kumbali yawo. Mlandu umenewu uli chitsanzo choyambirira cha njira yoyenerera ya maphunziro, kutsimikizira kuti katundu wa ophunzira ndi zikondwerero za ufulu wa kukhoza kupita kusukulu.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]

Khotilo linavomereza kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri pa Tsitsi la Acred Process ndi Aumement Clauses, kufunikila kuti maboma onse adziŵe maukwati a kugonana kofanana. Chigamulo chimenechi chikusonyeza mmene njira yoyenerera yosinthira ikukusinthira ku kumvetsetsa kwatsopano kwa ufulu ndi kufanana.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri pa nkhani zimenezi, pitani ku projekiti ya Oyez ndi Cornell Legin Information Institute .

Kutsatira Mayendedwe a Maphunziro

Kutsatira kwake kuli kofunika kwambiri m'masukulu, kumene ophunzira ali ndi ufulu wina walamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti ophunzira “sachotsa ufulu wawo walamulo wa kulankhula kapena mawu pa chipata cha sukulu [1] ( .Des Moines , 1969]), . Komabe, njira yoyenerera m'maphunziro kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo ntchito za kulangiza.

Chilango cha Ophunzira ndi Kutsutsa

Mu Gos v. Lopez , Bwalo lamilandu linatsutsa kuti kuti kuti zikongole za masiku khumi kapena ochepera, ophunzira ayenera kulandira chidziŵitso cha pakamwa kapena cholembedwa cha milandu ndi malongosoledwe a umboni wotsutsana nawo, ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka mbali yawo. Kuchotsa kapena kuthamangitsa kumafuna njira zambiri zamwambo, kuphatikizapo kumvetsera ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo m'nkhani zina. Sukulu ziyenera kulinganiza kufunika kwa ufulu ndi katundu wa ophunzira m’maphunziro.

  • Thukuni:
  • Kumva: Lolani wophunzirayo kuyankha pamaso pa wopanga chosankha.
  • [[FUL:0] Appal : Apereka njira yotopetsa chosankha.

Maphunzitsi ndi oyang’anira ayenera kuzindikira zofunika zimenezi kuti apeŵe kupatsidwa mlandu ndi kusamalira ophunzira mwachilungamo.

Maphunziro Apadera ndi Maluso

Pansi pa olemala Act ya Maphunziro (IDEA), ophunzira olumala ali ndi ufulu wophunzitsa anthu kwaulere (FAPE) kudzera m'programu ya maphunziro a munthu payekha. Zitetezero zofunikira zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kulengeza misonkhano, ufulu wochita nawo IEP, ndi ufulu wotsutsa zosankha mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolankhulira kapena kumvetsera. Zimenezi zimateteza makolo ndi ophunzira kuti akhale ndi mawu omveka posankha zochita pa nkhani zamaphunziro.

Kaamba ka njira yowonjezereka yofunikira m'maphunziro apadera, onani U.S. Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya IDEA tsamba .

Zimene Zimachitika M’maupandu ndi M’mayiko Ena

Apandu Apitirizabe

Njira yoyenerera m'lamulo laupandu imafuna kuti boma litsimikizire kukhala lolakwa mosakaikira kwenikweni, kupatsa woimbidwa mlandu mofulumira ndi wapoyera, ndi kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu. Chitetezero cha Four Amendment chimathandiziranso kuchitika koyenera mwa kufuna zilolezo zozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera. Lamulo la kupatula limachotsa umboni wopezedwa woswa ufulu umenewu. Zochitika zamakono, zonga kuyenera kwa DNA poyesa pambuyo pokambidwa, zikupitiriza kukonza njira imene ili yoyenerera oimbidwa ndi zigawenga zaupandu.

Kuzenga Mabodza

M’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, njira yoyenerera imatetezera zigamulo za anthu. Kumafunikira ntchito yoyenerera, kudziŵitsidwa kwa zochitika, ndi mwaŵi wa kumvedwa pamaso pa woweruza kapena juli yaupoti. Muyezo wa umboni m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni kaŵirikaŵiri uli kuyang’aniridwa kwa umboni, koma nkhani zina . Zonga zimene zimaphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa ufulu wa makolo.

Miyambi ya Antchito

Mabungwe a boma (m., Social Security Administration, makhoti a zachiteteshoni, akatswiri a boma otumiza anthu ku mapulati a zachuma) ayeneranso kutsatira njira yoyenerera popanga zosankha zokhudza ufulu wa anthu. Goldberg v. Kelly anaika chitsanzo chakuti mapindu ndi laisensi ndi zifuno za katundu zimene sizingathetsedwe popanda kumvetsera koyenera. Madongosolo enieniwo amadalira pa Mathess Kuyesa, kuyesa chikondweretso chaumwini, upandu wa kulakwa, ndi kuyendetsa bwino.

Kumaliza

Kuyenera kuchitika kuposa mawu alamulo osonyeza chilungamo omwe amasiyanitsa madongosolo a malamulo ndi ulamuliro wachinyengo. Kuchokera ku chiyambi chake mu Magna Carta kufikira ku mikangano yamakono yonena za ufulu wa munthu ndi njira za apolisi, lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limatsimikizira kuti boma lizilemekeza munthu ndi ufulu. Kaya m’makhoti, m'masukulu, kapena m'zipatala, njira zoyenerera zimapereka maziko othetsera mikangano mwachilungamo.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira chisinthiko cha m'mbiri, kusiyana pakati pa njira yoyenerera ya procedtural ndi yosagwirizana ndi malamulo a Khoti Lalikulu n’zofunika kwambiri. Kumathandiza anthu kuzindikira ndi kuteteza ufulu wawo. Monga momwe chitaganya chimakhalira ndi kusintha, kumasuliranso kwa njira yoyenerera, koma lonjezo lake lalikulu lakuti anthu amapatsidwa chithandizo pansi pa lamulo, n’losasintha.

Kuti mupeze zinthu zina zowonjezera, pitani ku sukulu ya Law Wex pa pulogalamu yoyenerera kapena U.S. zomangira za makhoti za maphunziro pa pulogalamu yoyenerera.