Chiyambi

Pa mfundo imeneyi, anthu amafunika kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo a m’makompyuta azikhala odalirika kuti atetezedwe.

Maziko a Malamulo a Ogwira Ntchito m’Nkhani za Kufufuza

Bungwe la Supreme Commission ku United States limapereka umboni wotsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma a m’mayiko onse amene achitika pa kafukufuku wa zaupandu, kuphatikizapo kuba pa Intaneti, kuteteza anthu kuti asamafufuze zinthu zosayenera kapena kugwidwa ndi matenda, ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali khoti lalikulu lanena kuti kufufuza popanda chifukwa chomveka n’kosamveka popanda kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati umboni wodziŵika bwino.

Chapakati pa kufufuzako ndi “kuyembekezera chinsinsi kwabwino . Kuyesa kokhazikitsidwa mu Katz . United States [1] (1967). Anthu amayembekezera zimenezi m'makalata awo, zikalata zosungidwa m'maakaunti a mtambo, ndi chidziŵitso cha zinthu zaumwini. Pamene lamulo lifuna kupeza chidziŵitso chimenechi, liyenera kupeza chilolezo chochirikizidwa ndi chochititsa chothekera. Chosankha chapadera mu Carpeenter v. United States [1] (20: 8) Kulingalira kumeneku kumalembedwa ndi selo-ss , kunyamula kuti kupezeka kwa mbiri yakale kumafuna chidziŵitso chokhudza chidziŵitso chosonyeza chidziŵitso chakuya.

Kuchuluka kwa makompyuta kwachititsanso kukonza malamulo a pulogalamu. Mwachitsanzo, Federal Guil of Criminal Procedire 41, inasinthidwa kuti ithetse kufufuza kwakutali kwa makompyuta ndi zipangizo zosungira zinthu zamagetsi. Tsopano likulola oweruza kutulutsa zikalata zoperekera chidziŵitso chosungidwa kunja kwa chigawo kumene chikalatacho chikuperekedwa, ngati mikhalidwe ina yagwiridwa bwino lomwe pofufuza pa Intaneti imene kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikiza madera osiyanasiyana.

Kuti mupeze tsatanetsatane wa Kusintha kwa Four Amendment kutetezera nyengo ya manambala, onani Cornell Legal Information Institute’s Fourter Amendment [Kusintha kwa Four].

Zofunika Kuti Tipeze Mlendo

Kuti apeze chilolezo chofufuza pa Intaneti, lamulo loletsa kupha anthu pa Intaneti liyenera kukwaniritsa malamulo angapo alamulo ndi malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo.

Chochititsa Chachikulu

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika chimafunikira kuti, malinga ndi kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe, pali kuthekera kotsimikizirika kuti umboni wa upandu udzapezeka pamalopo kuti ukafufuzidwe. Pa kufufuza kwa digital, ichi chingafunikire kusonyeza kuti kompyuta yokayikiridwa iri ndi umboni wa kuba, kuti nkhani ya mtambo imakhala ndi zolembedwa zonyenga za malonda, kapena kuti keyala ya IP inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupeputsa chinyengo. Affidavit iyenera kulongosola mfundo zenizeni . / / / / / / kuyang'ana ntchito yaupanduyo pamalo kapena zipangizo kuti ifufuzidwe.

Kufotokoza Mwachidule

Demendment yachinayi ikufuna kuti makhoti afunefune kuti anthu afufuzidwe ndi kulanda anthu kapena zinthu zina zofunika kutengedwa. M'makompyuta, kuvuta kwambiri chifukwa chipangizo chimodzi chingakhale ndi majeremusi a zinthu zachinsinsi zosagwirizana ndi kufufuzako. Makhoti afuna kwambiri kuti zipereke umboni wosonyeza mtundu wa zolemba zimene zikufunidwa (m’njira yakuti, zolemba za za ndalama, kulankhulana ndi anthu odziŵika) ndi njira zogwiritsirira ntchito pofufuza ndi kufukula chidziŵitsocho. Kuposa malamulo ovomereza “kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonse zangozi ya kutaya ndalama.

Kugonjera Koyenera

Ofesala ayenera kutumiza pepala lolumbira limene limapereka maziko enieni a chochititsa. Affidavit ayenera kukhala ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini kapena mbiri yodalirika, ndipo sayenera kukhala ndi mawu olakwika kapena kuphonya. M'nkhani za pa Intaneti, affidavit nthaŵi zambiri imaphatikizapo tsatanetsatane wa mmene umboni wa foni umasungidwira, ntchito ya opereka utumiki, ndi ofufuzawo apeza njira zodziŵira wokayikira.

Chivomerezo cha Kuweruza

Woweruza wosaloŵerera ndi wosakondera amapendanso chikalata cha lamulo ndipo, ngati wakhutiritsidwa kuti chochititsa chiripo ndi chilolezocho chifikiritsa ziyeneretso zapadera, amatulutsa chilolezo. Chilolezocho chiyenera kulongosola nthaŵi imene chiyenera kuperekedwa. Masiku 14 mu ulamuliro wa boma, ngakhale kuti maboma ena ali ndi nyengo zazifupi. Kuperekedwa kwa chilolezocho kuyeneranso kumamatira ku malamulo a boma ndi boma onena za kutsata ku kutsata magetsi, ngakhale kuti kusanthula wailesi sikungaloŵetse nthaŵi zonse.

Department of Justice ya United States imasunga chitsogozo chokwanira pa kufufuza ndi kulanda makompyuta, amene amalongosola zofunika zachibadwa kuti mupeze umboni wa foni. Onani DOJ’S Compoterpyone Crime ndi Inteluctal Precial Comment [1].

Mitundu ya Ozemba ndi Malamulo m’Milandu ya Kuba ya Chicyber

Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amafufuza pa Intaneti, nthawi zambiri amafufuza zinthu zachinyengo pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma amene amagwirizana ndi njira zamagetsi komanso zinthu zimene zasungidwa.

Muzifufuza Zinthu Zothandiza Kuti Muzigwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Chida chofala kwambiri ndicho chilolezo chovomereza kulanda kompyuta, mafoni, kapena seŵero. Akagwidwa, ofufuza angapange chithunzi cha foni ndi kufunafuna chipangizocho. Chikalatacho chiyenera kuvomereza kufufuza chipangizocho, ndipo makhoti anena kuti zimene chikalata cha OpshinPrein chikufuna zimagwira ntchito pa zinthu monga magetsi.

Kulemba ndi Msampha ndi Kutsatira Malamulo a M’manja

Pen imalemba kuti agwire manambala otulukapo, pamene kuli kwakuti amatchera msampha ndi zipangizo zotsalira zikugwidwa. Pansi pa Het 18 U.S.C. 3121, malamulowa amafuna chilolezo kuchokera ku lamulo kuti chidziŵitsocho chikhale choyenerera ku kufufuza kopitirizabe. Safuna chifukwa chothekera, koma samalola kutsekedwa kwa zokhalamo za kulankhulana. Pofufuza zachinsinsi, kulemba mapepala kungathandize mapu a kulankhulana kwa anthu ogwidwa ndi anthu kapena kugwirizanitsa ntchito yachinyengo.

Malamulo a foni (Title III)

Kujambula zimene zilipodi polankhulana ndi anthu panthawi yeniyeni . Monga mafoni kapena mauthenga a panthaŵi yomweyo . "kufufuza ndandanda ya III ya magetsi pansi pa 18 U.S.C. ○ Ndi muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri walamulo, wofuna kuti upandu wina uchitike, kuti kulankhulana kwa upanduwo kudzatsekedwa, ndi maluso ena a kufufuza alephera kapena ngowopsa kwambiri. Malamulo a foni ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo amafuna kuti aperekeze ku khoti nthaŵi yomweyo.

Njira Yolankhulirana Yosungidwa (SCA)

Pansi pa Chikalata cha Suld Communications Act (18 U.S.C. . 2701-2712), kusungitsa lamulo kungapeze chidziŵitso cha wolembetsa, zolembedwa za malonda, ndi zokhala m'zolankhula zamagetsi zosungidwa ku mlingo wosiyanasiyana. Zolemba zambiri (m.g., ma email osungidwa kwa masiku 180), chikalata chotsimikizira kuti n’zogwirizana ndi zimene zilipo. Mabuku osagwirizana (m. g., dzina, zilo, zilozo, IP), , pulogalamu ya m'katengo kapena khoti pansi pa 18 U.S.C.

Madongosolo Osungidwa ndi Kupangidwa kwa Zinthu

Kuti atetezere kuwonongeka kwa umboni, lamulo lingapereke pempho losungitsa ku kampani youlutsira mawu yamagetsi pa 18 U.S.C. ○2703 (f). Wopereka makampani ayenera kusunga zolembedwa zomwe zilipo kwa masiku 90 (zokonzedwanso) pamene chilolezo kapena dongosolo linapezedwa. Malamulo a kukonza zinthu angakakamize wopereka mapepala kuti aulule nkhani zinazake ku boma.

Kuti muloŵe kwambiri mu SCA ndi kuphatikiza kwake ndi maprinsipulo a Fourter, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Expronic Frontial Foundation ya chidziŵitso [.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Anthu Amachita Zinthu Mwapadera

Kufufuza kwachinyengo kwa Cyber kumapereka zopinga zapadera zimene sizimakhalapo pofufuza mwakuthupi kwamwambo. Malamulo osungidwa ayenera kuchititsa umboni weniweni, kuloŵetsedwa m'zopereka zachitatu, ndi kuthekera kwa kusunga ndandanda ya zolemba za m'mphepete mwa msewu.

Kuvuta Kumvetsa

Umboni wa za magetsi mobwerezabwereza umakhala pa maseŵero a Ireland [[FLT: 0] mlandu (United States v. Microsoft Corp. 2018) woyang'anira milandu ya SCA angapereke chilolezo. Komabe, pamene chidziŵitso chakunja chasungidwa kunja, [[FLT:] Microsoft Ireland [ mlandu (United States v. Microsoft Corp. 2018) wofotokozera kuti malamulo a m’nyumba pansi pa SCA safikira chidziŵitso chosungidwa kwa olembana oimira achilendo. Zimenezi zinatsogolera kudutsa malamulo a Kugwiritsira ntchito (CLOUD) Act, zimene zimalola kutumiza chidziŵitso cha U.S. - ogwirizana kuti atulutsemo chidziŵitso cha kumene asungidwe.

Zipangizo Zosiyanasiyana ndi Nkhani za M’mitambo

Ntchito yakuba kamodzi ingakhale yachinyengo, chikalata chosungira zinthu za nyuzi chokhala ndi zikalata zobedwa, malo a pa Intaneti ogwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekezera kuti ndi munthu, ndi foni yokhala ndi apulogalamu yotsimikizira. Malo alionse a pakompyuta angafunikire chilolezo kapena lamulo. Lamulo loletsa liyenera kufotokoza mosamala nkhani iliyonse, utumiki, ndi chipangizo pochirikiza maatomu kuti apeŵetsere umboni pa malo enaake.

Zida Zogwiritsa Ntchito Mwaluso

Zipangizo zamakono nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mawu olembedwa mogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, kuti zikhale zovuta kuwerenga ngakhale zitakhala kuti zagwidwa. Boma lingafune kukakamiza munthu amene akukayikira kuti atsegule chipangizo kudzera m'chikalata chimene chimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yothandiza kuti pakhale masamu (m., chalansi) kapena dzina lachiphaso. Makhoti asiyana poti kaya lamulo lokakamiza liziphwanya lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yachisanu yodzilamulira. Maboma ena amavomereza kuti kutulutsa liwu loyambirira ndilo lovomerezeka ndi umboni, pamene ena amayang'anira kuti angotsegule malo osamvera lamulo. Kopeli likukhalabe lotsutsana kwambiri.

Anthu Odziŵa Zinthu ndi Moyo

Umboni wa pa Intaneti ungakhale wokhudzana ndi makompyuta. Ma-email angachotsedwe, nkhani ya manyuzi ingachotsedwe, kapena kompyuta yochotsedwa. Zochititsa zothekera zingakhale zosachedwa ngati nthaŵi yapita pakati pa zochitikazo ikumawonjezera chifukwa chake ndi kuphedwa. Malamulo osungidwa ayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga, makamaka pofunafuna chidziŵitso chimene wokayikirayo angachotse pophunzira kufufuza. Makhoti ena amalandira nyengo yaifupi yotsalirapo kaamba ka umboni wa magetsi wokhudza [1]

Mavuto Amene Malamulo Amabweretsa

Milandu yambiri yokhudzana ndi milandu ya pa Intaneti yasintha kwambiri chifukwa cha malamulo amene amafunika kuti anthu atsatire.

Riley v. California (2014)

Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti apolisi amafunika chikalata chofufuzira nkhani za pakompyuta za nkhani ya pafoni ya m’manja kuti agwire. Khotili linazindikira kuti mafoni am’manja ndi “antchito a foni za m’manja” amene ali ndi zinthu zambiri zachinsinsi, ndipo nkhani yofufuza kuti apeze zinthu zosagwirizana ndi foni siikhudzana ndi zimene zili pa Intaneti.

Carpbate v. United States (208)

Mu Karpeent , khoti linagamula kuti kupeza chidziŵitso cha malo a selo la mbiri yakale kuchokera kwa wonyamula wosatsatsa foni ndiko kufunafuna Koyamba Lachinayi Kowonjezera ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumafunikira chilolezo. Mlandu unakana chiphunzitso chachitatu cha mbali [1] chimene chinanena kuti chidziŵitso chogawana ndi wopereka katundu mwaufulu sichimatetezedwa . Chigamulocho chimayendera kufufuza kopeka kwa pa Intaneti kumene kumadalira pa mfundo za malo ochitira umboni zachinyengo.

United States v. Ganias (2016)

Mu Aunions [[FLT :1], Dera Lachiŵiri linakhulupirira kuti kuyang'ana kwa boma chithunzi cha galasi cha kuthamanga kwamphamvu, nyengo yolamula itatha, inaswa Lamulo Lachinayi. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti boma silingasungebe chidziŵitso chimene sichikuyenerera kuikidwa pa chilolezo. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kufunika kwa kuchepetsa kusanthula kwa manambala pa umboni wofotokozedwa m’lamulo.

Kufufuzanso Foni ya M’manja (2023)

Posachedwapa, chigawo cha 11 chinavomereza kuti lamulo lofuna wonyumwira kutsegula foni ndi ziŵiya zamankhwala silinaswe Lamulo lachisanu chifukwa chakuti kukhudza ziŵiyazo sikunali umboni. Komabe, madera ena ndi makhoti a boma afikira pazifukwa zosiyana, kupanga mpambo wa malamulo. Lamulo losungitsa lamulo liyenera kupenda mosamalitsa lamulo la ulamuliro limene likugwira ntchito asanafune lamulo lotero.

Kufufuza mmene zitsanzo zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito pa kufufuza kosalekeza, SCOTUSlog imapereka nkhani zotsatizana ndi ndemanga.

Mabuku Othandiza Oti Lamulo Liziperekedwa Ndiponso Kuzunzidwa

Kumvetsa malamulo oyenera si kungophunzira chabe koma kumabweretsa mavuto ena ngati anthu oba kapena akuba pa Intaneti.

Kukakamiza Lamulo

Ofufuza ayenera kugwira ntchito ndi oweruza kuti apange malamulo amene amakwaniritsa chochititsa chothekera ndi chapadera. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo kulongosola mmene umboni wa mlingo umasungidwira, chifukwa chake uli wothekera kukhala ndi umboni wa upandu, ndi chifukwa chake umboni sungapezeke kupyolera mwa njira zochepera. Kuphunzitsa pa manambala ndi kukonzanso malamulo nkofunika, pamene lamulo likupitirizabe kusinthika. Ndiponso, mabungwe ayenera kukhala ndi malamulo otetezera mwamsanga kuti ateteze malamulo.

Kwa Ovutika

Anthu amene anabedwa zikalata zachinsinsi amafunika kuonetsetsa kuti apeza umboni wotsimikizira kuti zimene achitazo ndi zoona. Anthu amene agwidwa ndi zigawengazo amafunika kupeza chilolezo chowalembera nkhani ngati akugwiritsa ntchito powabera kuti asiye kuwalemba. Anthu amene agwidwa ndi zigawenga kapena nkhani zimene zingakhale ndi umboni, ndiponso ngati alemba mwamsanga za mlanduwo, angatulutse nkhani zolakwika.

Njira Zabwino Kwambiri Zosungira Umboni

Antchito angapindule ndi kumvetsetsa njira zosungira. Mwachitsanzo, osunga maemail ambiri amalola ogwiritsira ntchito maakaunti awo kusungitsa malamulo. Opereka ntchito angapereke malamulo osungitsa zikalata zoperekera zifuno. Kukhalako kwa dongosolo la kusunga kungatenge nthaŵi pamene chikalata chikukonzedwa.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma apitirizabe kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akutsatira mfundo zachikhalidwe cha anthu monga kuba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti. Iwo amateteza kuti boma lisalowererepo popereka umboni wotsimikizira kuti zinthu zimene zilipo n’zolondola. Lamulo ndi oweruza ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyendera bwino pa nkhani ya malamulo, malamulo, malamulo, ndi ziwiya zogamulirapo kuti atsimikizire kuti mfundo zimene akufuna n’zoyenera kukwaniritsa ndi kuti umboni wa mfundozo n’ngofunikabe.