Chiphunzitsochi chasintha kukhala lamulo lovuta kwambiri lokhudza malamulo a boma loteteza anthu ku ngozi. Pamene anthu akuteteza maboma kuti asaikidwe mlandu popanda chilolezo. Chozikidwa pa mfundo yakale yakuti “mfumu siingachite cholakwika,” Chiphunzitso chimenechi chasintha kukhala lamulo lovuta kwambiri la malamulo ndi lokhudza malamulo amene amayambukira kwambiri anthu pa nkhani zachitetezo. Pamene anthu akuvulazidwa ndi mabungwe a boma, akuluakulu a boma, akuluakulu a boma, kapena akuluakulu a boma, kapena akuluakulu a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri chitetezero cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense amangokhala chopinga kuti apezenso. Kumvetsetsa malire ake, kusiyana, ndi mfundo zothandiza nkofunika kwambiri kwa malo a loyawo, ndi aliyense wofuna kuyankha mlandu kwa oimba nkhani za boma. Nkhaniyi imapenda maziko a mbiri yakale a boma oteteza odzilamulira, ntchito yake m’makhoti, ndi kulephera kwake kwachinduna kwamakono.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Malamulo

Chiphunzitso cha ufulu wodzilamulira chimatsatira chiyambi chake ku lamulo la Chingelezi, kumene Mfumu siingapereke lamulo lomveka. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa America, maboma opangidwa chatsopanowo anatengera kutetezeredwa kumeneku monga choloŵa chachikulu cha ulamuliro. Malamulo a United States sanayambire kufotokoza nkhaniyo, koma kupeka kwa Demendment yachisanu ndi chimodzi mu 1795 kunachititsa lamulo la lamulo. Mpando wa Malamulo wa United States sudzalingaliridwa kukhala wofutukula ku mayeso alionse a lamulo kapena equity, kapena kuyambitsidwa kapena kutsutsidwa ndi nzika za United States ndi nzika za Boma la Boma lina, kapena nzika kapena Aalamu za Dziko lina.

Ngakhale kuti mawu omveka a Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi akuoneka kuti akuletsa kokha masuti operekedwa ndi nzika za boma la lina , Bwalo Lapamwamba linafutukula mofulumira. Hans v. Louisiana[FLD] [1890] [makhoti], khoti linavomereza kuti kusintha zinthu kumayenderanso boma ndi nzika yake pamene suputi yake izikidwa pa lamulo la boma. Kumasulira kumeneku kutsimikiziranso kuti chitetezo cha ufumu si chiletso cha lamulo la boma la boma, koma lamulo lalamulo lakukula kuposa chinenero cha Demetrition. Kutsatira malamulo, kuphatikizapo [FL:4] Ald v. Main [FFT]

Kaamba ka kupenda mozama pa lemba la Demendment la khumi ndi limodzi ndi mamasuliridwe oyambirira, onani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute ya . Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Alden v. Maine ndi magwero ena ovuta; lingaliro lonse limapezeka kudzera [[FLT: 4.]

Mmene Maseŵero Ochitira Zoseŵeretsa Boma Akugwirira Ntchito Lerolino

Zitsanzo zamakono zotetezera thupi la munthu sizimaposa mawu enieni a Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi. Imatetezera osati boma lenilenilo lokha, komanso mabungwe a boma ndi madipatimenti amene amalingaliridwa kukhala “nkhondo za boma. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo apolisi a boma, madipatimenti owongolera, ndi mabungwe a zaumoyo wa anthu. Akuluakulu amalembetsa mphamvu zawo za boma [[FLT: 0] za kuwonongeka kwa boma, amatetezedwanso, chifukwa chakuti kukhoti kuli kopambana polimbana ndi ndalama za boma.

Komabe, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kulephera kwa boma ndi kulephera kwa munthu payekha. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu pa Ex partee Young (188) (08) chinatsimikizira kuti suti yofunafuna yofuna chithandizo cha boma [ yokhayokha] ndi boma lolamulira chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo kosalekeza sikumaletsedwa ndi otetezera audindo. Chikhotereko chochepachi chimalola kuti atsutse malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo kapena zochita popanda mwachindunji kusuta boma. Mwachitsanzo, mkaidi angapereke mlandu wotsutsa wolakwa kuti aleke kutsekedwa ndi kuchotsedwa, chongopereka chokha.

Pambuyo pa Exte Young, maboma avomerezanso kuyenerera m'mikhalidwe yochepa kupyolera m'lamulo. Maiko ambiri akhazikitsa zonena za machitidwe kuti kutetezera kwa kudziimira kwapadera kwa zinthu zina zozikidwa pa kusasamala, kaŵirikaŵiri kuwonongeka ndi zikalata, masiku achidule odziŵitsa, ndi ntchito yapadera. Malamulo ameneŵa amasiyana mopambanitsa kuchokera ku boma ndi boma, kupanga kapangidwe ka mwaŵi ndi zopinga.

Mpata Waukulu: Udindo ndi Kukhoza kwa Munthu Mmodzi

Kusiyana pakati pa kusuta mkulu wa boma m'malo ake a boma (mwachipambano kusudzula boma) ndi kutha kwa munthu aliyense payekha (kutsatira munthu) nkovuta m'nkhani zachitetezo kwa anthu onse. Ngati woyang’anira wapolisi angasonyeze kuti wachitapo kanthu kunja kwa ntchito kapena kuchita dala, bwanayo angakhale woyenerera. Komabe, boma lambiri limapereka machitidwe otetezera kapena chitetezo cha zochita zanzeru zochitidwa m'chikhulupiriro, kupangitsa kuti munthu aliyense payekha akhale wovuta kukana. Ndiponso, kulolera kwadala [FLT:] chiphunzitso chimateteza akuluakulu a boma ku zivulazo ngati sanaswe lamulo lomveka ngati iwo anakhazikitsa lamulo, lomwe kaŵirikaŵiri limagonjetsa ngakhale pamene chikanedwa ndi ufulu.

Zolephera ndi Zopatulidwa kwa Mfumu

Pamene kuli kwakuti kutetezera thupi kwa kudziimira kuli ndi mphamvu, sikuli kotheratu. Misewu itatu yaikulu imalola ma aligigiya kugonjetsa chikopa: chivomerezo cha chisankho, , kupeputsa , ndi [FLT] mbali Ex nthano zofotokozedwa pamwambapa.

Boma Livomerezedwa ndi Zonena Zake Zolembedwa

Maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo oletsa kutetezeredwa kwa matopi ochitidwa ndi antchito omwe amachita ntchito zawo. Mwachitsanzo, California Tort Penations Act (Malamulo a Government 76 810 et seq.) amalola kunyalanyaza boma kuchitika kwa ndalama zokwana madola 500,000 pa chochitika chilichonse. Maboma ena amaika zipewa zokhala ndi mphamvu zotetezera thupi za munthu mwadala. Ena amachotsa mawu ogwirizana ndi “ntchito zauposolo". kapena “zosankha zachiphamaso” – kulekana kokulira kumene kaŵirikaŵiri kumaneneza kutsutsana ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Malinga ndi [FL:] Convention ya State of Legtures [1] [FLT] [FF]

Kudzikweza kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo

Pansi pa 14th Amendment, Congress angapeze chitetezero cha boma mwa lamulo limene limasungitsa ufulu walamulo. Mwachitsanzo, banja ndi Medical Let Act ndi [[FLT:] Americas okhala ndi chilema ndi chilolezo cha kulephera kuteteza dziko] zapezedwa kukhala zogwirizana ndi boma (m'zinsi za malamulo ena). Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba laika malire aakulu pa mphamvu imeneyi, kufunitsa kuti lamulolo likhale “lo lokhala ndi lolinganiza ndi loyenerera kuswa lamulo. M'chitetezero chapo, zoyesayesa kutetezera za pa malamulo [FOct:] Active Active [F: FF: 5] Act, koma m'malamulo otetezedwa kwambiri.

Kulimbana ndi Kukhoza Kumodzi Pambali pa 1983

Ntchito yofala ndiyo kubweretsa ufulu wa boma pansi pa 42 U.S.C. . . Chigawo 1983 chimalola akuluakulu a boma kusungirira mlandu wa kuswa malamulo a boma kapena ufulu wa boma. Chifukwa chakuti mlanduwo uli wotsutsana ndi apolisi, kutetezera kwa boma sikumagwira ntchito. Komabe, wapolisiyo angapereke mphamvu [[FLT: 0] yosafuna kuteteza , imene ili chitetezo pa zoyenera, osati pa malamulo a boma. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku n’kofunika: kutetezedwa koyenerera ngati boma silikufuna kuteteza mkulu wa boma, koma silikuletsa suyenera kuchitika. Kuwonjezerapo, makampani kapena deralo angasungidwe mwachindunji pansi pa [1998: [MLFON] [3]

Milandu ya Chitetezo cha Anthu: Zitokoso Zachindunji

Nkhani za chitetezo cha boma . . . zigawo zotsatirazi zimafotokoza bwino nkhani zimene zimakhudza nkhani za m’nkhaniyi.

Kukakamiza Anthu Kuchita Zachiwerewere

Malamulo osungidwa, monga ngati kukakamiza kopambanitsa, kumangidwa konyenga, kapena imfa yolakwika, ndi zina zimene anthu ambiri amanena. Kutetezeredwa kwa boma kumateteza gulu lapolisi ku Suti yachindunji. Chifukwa chake mabwana ayenera kusungirira maofesala alionse pansi pa lamulo la 76 1983 kapena boma, koma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zonse ziŵiri zoyenerera kutetezera chitetezo ndi malamulo a boma kaamba ka zochita zanzeru. Maboma ambiri amaperekanso chitetezo kwa akamachita ntchito zawo za mtendere, pokhapokha ngati asonyeza “kunyalanyaza kapena kupulupudza kwa lamulo.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Smith v. Wade (1903), Khoti Lapamwamba linalola chiwombolo chotsutsa akuluakulu andende chifukwa cha kusasamala kwa dala chitetezo cha mkaidi, koma chifukwa chakuti akuluakuluwo anazengedwa mlandu paokha. Bomalo linali lotetezeka. Momwemonso, m'chipinda chapamwamba Mullennix v. Thoma , Khoti linapereka chitetezero kwa kapolisi amene anathaŵa, osapeza lamulo lotsimikizirika limene linaletsa ntchito zake. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuti ngakhale pamene wosunga malo achotsedwa, angapeŵe kuchira.

Kuwongolera ndi Kutsutsa Ndende

Omangidwa amayang'anizana ndi zina za zopinga zopinga kwambiri za kuvulaza kwa maganizo. Prigation Act (PLRA) imakhazikitsa ziyeneretso zotopa, malire pa kukonza ndalama, ndi chiletso cha masuti kaamba ka kuvulala kwa maganizo kapena malingaliro popanda kusonyeza kuvulaza kwa thupi. Kutetezera kolamulira kumasokoneza zinthu zambiri: ndende za boma zimatetezedwa kwenikweni ku zowononga supuss m’khoti ya boma pokhapokha ngati wowonongayo akugwira ntchito. Oweruza a m’ndende angasunge akuluakulu andende pansi pa zaka za chaka cha 1983 chifukwa chosasamala kwambiri za matenda (Kuphwanya malamulo kowopsa), koma ayenera kuchepetsa mankhwala a boma choyamba. Pamenepo, ambiri amasunga malamulo oletsa zinthu zongowalekerera, monga ngati masitepe ndi kuwonongeka kwa katundu.

Kulephera kusamala, koma pamene kukumana, kumakhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT:] Estelle v. Gamble [197], kumafuna kuti nduna idziŵe ndi kunyalanyaza ngozi yaikulu ya kuvulala. Imeneyi ndi dandaulo lalikulu, koma pamene ikumana, imagonjetsa chitetezo choyenerera chifukwa lamulo lakhazikitsidwa bwino. Komabe, bomalo limakhalabe ndi chitetezo popanda lamulo lovomerezeka. Monga New York, lili ndi chitetezero chopinga cha kulakwa kwina kodzera kupyola m'khoti la Acts, koma chidziŵitso ndi zofunika n’zofunika.

Mautumiki a Zangozi ndi Zotopetsa

Makampani a zangozi ndi a boma . Madipatimenti a zangozi, akatswiri a zachipatala, ndi mabungwe othandizira patsoka amapindulanso ndi otetezera ufulu. Mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo otetezera ngozi amene amatetezera mabungwe ndi antchito odzifunira panthaŵi ya ngozi, pokhapo ngati asonyezedwa kunyalanyaza kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, Emergincy Medical Service Act m'mayiko osiyanasiyana] Act [kuteteza katemera EMTS] chifukwa cha kulephera kwa kachitidwe ka zinthu. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti anthu ovutika kwambiri kuti apeze chithandizo chamwayi.

Chigawo chimodzi chodziŵika chikuphatikizapo kunena kuti boma linaswa Desting County’s Accessisting Accole mwa kulephera kutetezera anthu pa chiwawa chaumwini. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi Dehanesey v. Winnebago County [1999] kuti boma silina ntchito yotetezera nzika ku ngozi zaumwini, kusiyapo ngati “unansi wapadera” ulipo (m.g., womangidwa, kapena woperekedwa ndi odwala odzipereka). Zimenezi zikulamulira malamulo owonjezereka otetezera anthu onse, monga odzitetezera ndi kusoŵa kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lachitukulo kuti agwirizane ndi zitsulo zambiri.

Anthu Osamalira Malo Awo Ayenera Kuwaganizira Bwino

Polingalira za kucholoŵana ndi kusasintha kwa chitetezo cha kudzilamulira, maloya osamalira nkhani za chisungiko cha anthu ayenera kupanga njira zochenjera zopezera mpata wa kuchira. Njira zotsatirazi zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri:

  • Kuzindikiritsa woimbidwa mlandu woyenerera [1]: Peŵani kuzemba boma kapena mabungwe a boma mwachindunji; mmalo mwake, dzina la nduna imodzi kapena akuluakulu m'malo mwawo. Kwa ogulitsa a m'boma (zigawo, mayeso), dziŵitsani kuti makampani samatetezeredwa ndi bungwe la 115 Development Development . Iwo amalingaliridwa kukhala “anthu". Kupatula kwa boma kukhoza kukhalako.
  • Funani chithandizo chopinga [1] : Gwiritsirani ntchito Ex e Young kutsutsa malamulo osasintha opitirizabe. Zimenezi n’zothandiza kwambiri makamaka m'zochitika zowongoleredwa kapena njira za mphamvu yopambanitsa, kumene lamulo la khoti lingaletse kuswa.
  • boma lofufuza latort limanena kuti: Lamulo la boma lililonse lili ndi zofunika zapadera, monga ngati chidziŵitso cha pasadakhale pamasiku 90, zipewa, ndi kulephera kwa ma tort. Kulephera deti kuli ndi ngozi.
  • Ganizirani zimene lamulo la boma likunena : Chigawo 1983 chimanena kuti kulephera kuteteza boma kudziko koma kuyang'anizana ndi chitetezo choyeneretsedwa. Kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wa lamulo pa nkhaniyo unakhazikitsidwa bwino lomwe panthaŵi ya kuswa lamulolo.
  • Kudzikweza kwa bungwe la opaleshoni [1]: Fufuzani ngati lamulo la boma logwira ntchito (m' lekuatiso, Aamereka Okhala ndi Chilango cha Kupunduka, Umutwe VII, Chilamulo cha Rehabilitation) ilo lotsimikizirika kukhala mageti a ufulu wa kudzitetezera. Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka chitsogozo m'nkhani zonga Tennessee v. Lane (2004) pa thayo la kukonzanso chigawo 5 cha Reconsole.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Komwe Kwachitika Posachedwapa

Malo a chitetezo cha ufulu wa kudziimira sakhala achikhalire. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa mitundu ina ya kukana, makamaka imene imakhudza chiwawa cha apolisi. Mwachitsanzo, msonkhano wa ku California wa Bill 252 (2020) unachotsa zopinga zina ku kuletsa kusungidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu mwa kuchepetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chitetezo choyeneretsedwa monga chitetezo m’khoti. Mofananamo, Colorado ndi New York akhazikitsa malamulo amene amapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuchititsa apolisi ndi apolisi kuŵerengera mlandu, ngakhale pamene kuli kwakuti chitetezo chalamulo cha boma chisawonongedwe.

Pa mlingo wa boma, George Floyd Justice mu Policing Act wa 2021 anaphatikizapo makonzedwe othetsa chitetezo choyeneretsedwa kaamba ka kusungidwa kwa lamulo ndi kutumiza Chigawo 1983 kulola masuti mwachindunji molimbana ndi maboma kaamba ka kuswa lamulo lalamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Chilamulocho sichinapitidwe, chimasonyeza kuwonjezereka kwa kachitidwe ka kusintha zonse za ulamuliro ndi ziphunzitso zogwirizana nazo. Mabwalo ayambanso kuyang'aniranso ukulu wa chitetezo cha boma m'nkhani zokhudza umisiri wamakono, monga kuzindikira kwa nkhope ndi chinsinsi, koma kusungika kwa anthu onse.

Kumbali ya chiweruzo, Bwalo Lapamwamba lasonyeza chikhoterero cha kusunga chitetezo cha ufulu wodzilamulira. Mu Torres v. Department of Public Safety (2022), Bwalo lamilandulo linatsutsa kuti Texas inaletsa chitetezo chake mwa kugwirizana ndi Union pansi pa “malingaliro a Msonkhano”, koma kupatukana kumeneku nkochepa ndipo nkopereŵera ku milandu yokhudza kupata kapena katundu wa boma. Malamulo aposachedwapa ambiri amatsimikiziranso zoletsa zamwambo.

Kwa awo okondweretsedwa ndi kusintha, tsamba la Oyez pa Torres . Texas [1] limapereka chiyambi chothandiza. Chopereka china ndicho Brennan Center ya Chilungamo lipoti la kudzitetezera kwa munthu ndi mlandu wa apolisi, limene likulongosola kusintha koperekedwa kwa malamulo.

Kumaliza

Chitetezo cha boma chodzitetezera chidakali chimodzi cha zopinga zazikulu kwambiri ku kuperekedwa kwa lamulo m'nkhani zachisawawa. Zozikidwa pa malamulo akale ndi zochirikizidwa ndi bungwe la Evendalmendment ndi la Supreme Court, zimatetezera zopereka za boma ndi mabungwe kuti zisaikidwe mlandu pokhapokha ngati apatsidwa chilolezo kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti ziphunzitso zonga Expace Young ndi communicationtionation akupereka njira zina za chithandizo, izo nzakuti zili zochepa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri sizikukwanira kusamalira chimo cha dongosolo lochita zoipa. Oweruza ndi malo awo ayenera kuyendetsa ntchito yovuta ya boma ndi lamulo, kusankha oyenerera, zochititsa ntchito, ndi kuwongolera kwa anthu. Kufuna kwapo apolisi ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kukukulira, kupempha kusintha kwa kusintha ndi kuchuluka kwa ufulu wa ufulu wa kuyendetsa zinthu. Understancep Resertionston ikhoza kubwereranso kumbuyo kwa lamulo la lamulo la ufulu la ufulu kwa lamulo lothandiza kwambiri.