Mbiri ya Mafuko a M’mbiri

Masinthidwe ali ndi mbiri yaitali ndi yosaimbidwa bwino, yotumikira monga njira yachindunji kwa nzika kupanga malamulo ndi malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti liwulo derenterum linakhala lofala m'zaka za zana la 19, chizoloŵezi cha kugamula zotchuka ndi mizu yakale. Choyambirira chodziŵika chimachokera ku Roma Republic, kumene pa zochitika zina, misonkhano ya nzika imasankha malamulo ndi mapangano. Komabe, lingaliro lamakono la kuvoti ya kuvota mwachindunji ndi voti yonse pa nkhani yakutiyakuti [1] Kuwonjezedwa kwakukulukulu ndi kukwera kwa ulamuliro wa demokrase m'zaka za 18 ndi 19.

Zitsanzo Zakale ndi Chitsanzo cha ku Switzerland

Malipabuliki a Switzerland adayambitsa ntchito yokhazikika ya ma achendement. Malo oyamba a dziko lonse a m'mbiri yamakono anachitika mu Switzerland mu 1848, pamene nzika zinasankha pa malamulo a boma latsopano. Chochitikachi chinakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha demokrase yomwe idakali pakati pa Switzerland. Chitsanzo cha Switzerland chapadera . "kumene anthu nthaŵi zonse amavotera pa kukonzanso malamulo ndi malamulo aakulu a boma, ndipo [1] zigaŵenga zimene zimayendera moyo wandale. Zitsanzo zina zoyambirira zimaphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa ulamuliro wa Nazia, umene unalola zigawo za Italy kugwirizana ndi Ufumu watsopano wa Italy, ndi 1852 Falansa (kujambula chigawo cha Louis-Napolona Brantate) zimene zinavomereza Louis-naptape.

  • 1848 - Switzerland imavomereza malamulo ake a boma kupyolera mwa serendium.
  • [[FLT ] [1] - French serendamu ratemu imabwezeretsa ufumu wa Bonapartist.
  • 1861[[FLT ] -Italian servetums m'magawo apakati ndi kummwera.
  • 1898[[FLT ] – Kuyamba kwa lamulo la Australian la tempesum likhazikitsa dongosolo la boma.

Kukula kwa Mabwinja a Dziko m’Zaka za Zana la 20

Pamene ulamuliro wa demokrase unafalikira, ndi mmenenso anagwiritsira ntchito ma democracy a democracy. M’zaka za zana la 20, maiko ambiri otengedwa kukhala ndi mameseji othetsera mafunso a lamulo lachigwirizano, mikangano ya malo, ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo. Chikalata cha 1916 cha Irish Home Launce sendendance, ngakhale kuti chinaikidwa pa nkhondo ya dziko lonse, chinasonyeza kuwonjezereka kwa kuloŵetsedwa kwachindunji kwa uchifumu wa dziko. United Kingdom ilo lakupitirizabe ku Yuropu linaika chizindikiro cha kusinthira, popeza kuti chinali chiyambi choyamba cha dziko lonse m'mbiri ya Britain ndi kuika detimenti ya kugwirizanitsa kwa Yuropu. Zitsanzo zina zazikulu za mu 1980 za ulamuliro wa Quebec zimaphatikizapo ku Canada ndi mu 1991 Union posunga zochitika. Zimenezi zina zina zina zapadera ndi kutembenuzatsata mfundo zazikulu ndi kuchititsa kutchuka kwa dziko lonse la dziko lapansi.

  • [[FLT] ] – Lamulo la Panyumba la Ireland serendamu (lolembedwa).
  • – UK voti kuti akhalebe m'Nyungwe ya Ulaya.
  • (1980[FLT :1] – ulamuliro wa Quebec servedum (40% yoyanja).
  • (1981[FLT ] – Soviet Union serpendium jourseum statemption .
  • 1999 [1] -Australian mesedum pakukhala republic (kuchotsedwa).

Makina ndi Mitundu ya Maselo

Kumvetsetsa malungo nkofunika kwambiri popenda kuyenera kwa demokrase yawo ndi ziyambukiro zothandiza.

Malo osungirako zipinda.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kulipo ngati chotulukapo chake nchogwirizana mwalamulo ndi boma. [FLT: 0] `Bindidating tradendendiums imafuna kuti pachitike zotsatirapo za kukonza zinthu [1] monga malamulo a boma ku Switzerland kapena Ireland. Adcory commission des enterums imalola osankhidwawo kuti apereke maganizo, koma boma limasunga chigamulo chomaliza. Mwachitsanzo, UK akulozera ku Opast Vote , koma adagwirizana kuti atsatire zotsatirapo. Mchitidwewu, kutchula kuti apange kulemera kwa ndale, ngakhale kuti maboma apanga chivomeretsa chidani.

Kuyamba Kugwiritsa Ntchito Maselo

Kuli kofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa ma astempendom ndi machitidwe. yogwirizana ndi lamulo kapena malamulo] imalola nzika kupereka lamulo latsopano kapena masinthidwe alamulo mwachindunji, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa pembedzero, ndiyeno kuvota. Mosiyana ndi, metronda imatanthauza kuvota pa muyeso woikidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi boma kapena malamulo. Mabungwe ambiri, monga ngati California, kuphatikiza zida zonse ziŵiri, kugwirizanitsa demokrase yotsogolera kumbali ya ulamuliro wa oimira.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Makampani Opanga Malamulo

Njirayo imaphatikizapo funso lomveka (nthaŵi zambiri lonenedwa kuti "yes/no"), nyengo ya ndawala, ndi tsiku losankhidwa. Malamulo amakhazikitsa ziyeneretso kaamba ka kutsegula kochepa, mzera wa mzera wofunikira kutsata, ndi nthaŵi yopangira ntchito. Mayiko ena, monga Denmark, amafuna mavoti ambiri ovomerezeka komanso njira yakuti adziperekere. Mayiko amalamuliranso ndawala, kuulutsa, ndi kufalitsa kwa malingaliro kuti asunge moyenerera. Makonzedwe a pepala olemba pepala lolemba ndi chinenero cha funsolo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kwambiri kuti apeŵe tsankho.

Chiyambukiro pa Kulankhula ndi Nkhani Yapoyera

Anthu amene amachirikiza mfundo imeneyi amati kukhazikitsa pangano la boma kumathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Kulimbikitsa Kutsutsana Kodziŵa Zinthu

Malo ovomerezeka a Scotland anachititsa nkhani zapoyera zambiri. Makampani a nyuzipepala, mabungwe a anthu, ndi zipani za ndale, kupanga chidziŵitso, makambitsirano, ndi kuyang'anira zenizeni. Mkati mwa 2014 kampani ya Scotland yodziimira, ovota anafikira 84.6%, ndipo 97% ya oyenera kuvota olembetsedwa. Kampeniyo inaphatikizapo misonkhano ya udzu, makambitsirano otchuka, ndi makambitsirano ofala a . Momwemonso, 2018202020, kuchotsa mimba kunayambitsa kukambirana kwa miyezi ya kukambitsirana kochititsa anthu ambiri kufunsa mafunso ovuta ndi alamulo. Kulankhulana kwa anthu kukhoza kulimbikitsa makhalidwe a demokrase ndi kukhulupirirana, makamaka pamene njirayo ioneka kukhala yoyenera ndi yokopa.

Kupita Kumwamba ndi Kukhala ndi Mbali

Kutembenuka kwapamwamba mu seminations kumapereka lingaliro lakuti nzika zimamva nkhani zawo mwachindunji. Kaŵirikaŵiri chivoti chachikale ku Chile chimaposa chija cha zisankho zachisawawa m'maiko kumene kumakhala kulephera. Mwachitsanzo, chikalata cha mtendere cha Colombia cha 2016 chinali ndi kuchotsedwa kwa 37%, chifukwa cha pangano la ovota, pamene kuli kwakuti makampani 2020 a lamulo a bungwe la boma la Chile ndilo kutembedwa kwa 50% mosasamala kanthu za kuvota. Zotsatirapo zimaphatikizapo kubwezera kwa nkhaniyo, mlingo wa kuvota, kupepuka kwa kuvota, ndi kufalikira kwa osankhidwa. Kuwonjezera gawo, maulamuliro ambiri amatengapo kuvota, kuvota, kapena kulembetsa kwa pa Intaneti. Komabe, kutumiza kumbuyokusintha kumavutikanso ndi kupempha kwa anthu ambiri pamene kuli kopanitsira m'madera ambiri, makamaka m'madera ambiri a Switzerland, makamaka akakhala chaka chimodzi.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Ngakhale kuti pali mapindu ake, ma mesecorence amasulizidwa mwamphamvu ndipo savutika ndi mkhalidwe wa demokrase ndi zosankha.

Kukulitsa Kopambanitsa Nkhani Zocholoŵana

Kusuliza kofala kwambiri n’kwakuti, kaŵiri "ye/no" ka mafunso aukali amachititsa zinthu zambiri kukhala zosankha. Mwachitsanzo, Brexit targendium inachepetsa ubale wamitundu yambiri pakati pa UK ndi EU kukhala "Speed" kapena "Remaince" yothandiza kuti apange zithunzi zambiri zotulukapo (Noray-style EEA, malonda aulere, kapena kusachita). Mofananamo, 2000 yuro ya Denmark yoloza ndalama inafuna kuti igamule chivoti pa ndalama zimene zili ndi mavuto ambiri a zachuma. Zimenezi zingatsogolere kusankha motsatira malingaliro kapena zifukwa zosagwirizana ndi malamulo m’malo mwa njira zolingalira.

Zingapangitse Kuti Anthu Agaŵike ndi Kugawanikana

Bretendendum ikhoza kukulitsa kugaŵikana kwa anthu. Nthaŵi zina kampeni zimavomereza mawu akuti athetsa mikangano. Chilolezo cha ufulu cha Scotland cha 2014, ngakhale kuti chinali chachiŵeniŵeni, chinavumbula kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu autundu ndi ogwirizana. Bretterendentum adaona zinenezo za kuopa anthu ndi kudana ndi anthu, ndipo zotsatirapo zinavumbula kugaŵikana kwamphamvu, maphunziro, ndi mizinda. Kuwonjezera apo, kuyendera mapangano kungapatutsidwe ndi a andale zadziko amene amaimira magulu andale kuti apeze malamulo otsutsana. Upandu wambiri ndi wakuti ungapereke zosankha pa anthu ochepa okayikira, kugaŵana kwa anthu.

Kusadziŵa Zinthu Molakwika Ndiponso Kusamvana

M'nyengo ya makompyuta, mawu olakwika amayambitsa ngozi. M'chaka cha 2016 cha Colombia, mameseji a mtendere, mawu onama onena za makonzedwe a mtendere anasonkhezera osankha osakhala a m'dziko. Kusankhidwa kwa pulezidenti wakale wakale kwa Bolivia kwakhala ndi zinenezo za kukondera ndi zolakwika. Mabungwe a za manyuzipepala angayambitse zosocheretsa, kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena, ndi kusokoneza nkhani za . Kutsatsa malonda a zandale pa Intaneti ndi kupititsa patsogolo kulemba ndi kulemba kulemba ndi kulemba mawu kwa pa Intaneti kukuwonekera kukhala chitetezo chachikulu. Maiko ena akhazikitsa makomiti a ufulu woyang'anira za kuyang'anira ntchito yolengeza za wailesi.

Kukhoza Kuchepetsa Chidziŵitso

Ofufuza angasowe chidziŵitso chapadera chofunikira kupanga zosankha zaluso pa nkhani zaukatswiri (m'jere, kusintha kwa voti, malemba alamulo, kapena mapangano a malonda). Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti ovota ambiri amadalira pa zikalata kapena zikalata za ndandanda ya tsatanetsatane. Poyankha, maulamuliro ena amapereka timabuku taumboni, masankho a voligati, kapena misonkhano ya nzika kuti atsogolere ku pulogalamu. Conftware ya Ireland (20.24) ndi misonkhano ya nzika yotsatira inatamandidwa chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa chidziŵitso cha dziko lisanavoti.

Kufufuza kwa Mapale Odziŵika

Kupenda zitsanzo zapadera kumasonyeza mmene ma alosendulo amaumbirira madzoma a dziko ndi kupatsa maphunziro a mmene angachitire m’tsogolo.

Gulu la Breut Referendem (2016)

UK serendamu pa mamembala a European Union inali kutchuka kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 21. Funso lakuti "Kodi United Kingdom iyenera kukhalabe chiŵalo cha Yuropu kapena kuchoka ku European Union? adapereka chosankha cha ziŵiri. Chotulukapocho chinali kuyanja ku Malesit . "51.9% yogwirizana ndi kutsalira kwa makampani apadziko lonse ndi kutsegulira mawu. Mkupitiwu unasonyezedwa ndi mawu otchulidwa kwambiri (" Kulamulira kwa Yuropu", "Britit , kutsimikizira kwakukulu, ndi kufufuza za ndawala za ndawala ndi kuganizikana. Kutsatira kumbuyoku kunasonyeza mavuto a kugwiritsa ntchito mamesewerowo pamene matanthauzowo sanatchulidwe. Nkhaniwo adadzutsidwa ponena kuti kufotokoza bwino kapena kukambitsirana koyenera kwa mitundu yonse.

Kudziimira pawokha kwa ku Scotland (2014)

Mu 2014, Scotland anavota funso lakuti: "Shona Scotland iyenera kukhala dziko lodziimira lokha? Turnout inali rekhodi 84.6%, ndi 55.3% yovota "Ayi. Kumeneku kunayambitsidwa ndi mkupiti wa zaka zambiri wokhala ndi pangano la onse, kuphatikizapo mikangano ya boma la Scotland, pepala loyera la Boma la Scotland lonena za ufulu, ndi Edinburgh Convention pakati pa UK ndi Scotland Communments, zimene zinatsimikizira kuti chotulukapo chake chidzakhala choyenera ndi chothamanga bwino. Komabe, nkhaniyi sinathe; chivoti cha Breti (chimene 2016 Brexit Scotland) chiitana kuti chigamu chachiŵiri cha kudziimira, kusonyeza kuti zigamu za dzikolo zingaperekenso mfundo za ndale.

Mabungwe a ku Ireland ochotsa mimba (19983, 1992, 2002, 2018)

Ireland inali ndi mpambo wa masecherendium onena za kutaya mimba, kumaliza mu 2018 pa Demetria ya Kusintha kwa Mipatuko kwa Eight. Mu 1983 lataposopu inaika lamulo loletsa kuchotsa mimba, pamene pambuyo pake mamenti adalemba kuyenera kwa kuyenda ndi kudziŵa zinthu. 2018 lamendendam inatsatira Msonkhano wa Nzika womwe unachititsa kuti ukhale ndi cholinga pa nkhaniyi ndipo unalimbikitsa kuti ukhale wochita ntchito ya udzu, umboni wa malingaliro, ndi kuthandizira kukonzanso. Chotulukapo chake chinasonyeza kuti kubwerera m'dzikolo kungatsogolere kusintha kwakukulu kwa kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakale kasanayambidwe ka nkhani yapadera. Kachitidweka kanatchulidwa monga chitsanzo cha kuyang'ka kwa mafunso a za makhalidwe abwino ochitidwa kudzera m'dziko la democracy.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mafuta Nthaŵi Zonse kwa ku Switzerland

Switzerland ndi mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse wa demokrase yolunjika mwachindunji, ndi masabata anayi a kuvota chaka chilichonse pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana za dziko, za chipani, ndi za m'maboma. Dongosololi limaphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri zofunikira (pakuti malamulo alamulo athe kukonzedwa) ndi kuikidwa kwaufulu (malamulo angatokosa malamulo operekedwa ndi nyumba ya malamulo mwa kusonkhanitsa zikalata zosainikirapo 50,000). Kugwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi zonse kumeneku kumalimbikitsa mgwirizano wa ndale zadziko ndi mphamvu zololera kulolera. Komabe, kungayambitsenso malamulo oyenerera ndi kutulutsa zotulukapo zotsutsana ndi miyezo ya ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse (m., chiletso cha 2009). Nkhani ya ku Switzerland imasonyeza kusatsatsa zikalata zoyendera pamodzi pakati pa ulamuliro wolamulira, popereka chitetezo woyenerera monga woyenerera ndi kuyendera malamulo alamulo.

Tsogolo la Maufumu a Demokrase

Pamene madongosolo andale asintha, ntchito ya ma alotendi idzakula, ndipo imapereka njira yolankhulira ndi wotsutsa demokalase yoimira oimira, koma imafunikiranso kulinganiza bwino kuti apeŵe kupotoza ndi kugaŵanitsa.

Kusintha Motsatira Magetsi ndi Maonekedwe Olakwika

Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zokhala ndi AI ndi madesiki aakulu kumabutsa mavuto atsopano a kudalirika kwa makompyuta. Makampani angavutike kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu zoona ndi zopeka. Maiko ena akuyesa maprogramu a ndandanda ya anthu odziŵa kulemba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi zilango zolimba kwambiri za chinyengo cha pa Intaneti. Mapangano a bungwe la European Union's Digital Service Akhazikitsa malamulo pa mapulatifomu kuti achepetse ngozi ku masankhoti. Makompyuta a m’tsogolo angadalirenso pa njira zoonera zolotsera zoyendera zoyendera kuti alimbikire ndi kuwala kodalirana, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zimabweretsa ntchito zawo ndi nkhani zawo zodalirana.

Kuthandiza Ana ndi Mibadwo Yosiyanasiyana

Ovota achichepere kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi kugawana kochepera ndi kusagwirizana ndi ndawala zamwambo. Kuwaloŵetsamo, maboma angaphatikizepo ma alosensi ku sukulu, kugwiritsira ntchito nyukiliya ya anthu kaamba ka chidziŵitso chalamulo, ndi kuchepetsa nyengo ya kuvota ku 16 (monga mu 2014 Scotland secorentendam). Kuwonjezerapo, kuchotsa chigawo chaching'ono kwambiri [1] monga majunja a nzika ndi misonkhano ya UK. Kuphatikiza pamodzi kwa anthu ndi ma a ma a secomperentententente ndi ovota kungakhale njira yovomerezeka.

Malamulo Osintha Zinthu

Malamulo owongolera amaphatikizapo kufuna kutchuka kwa masinthidwe a lamulo (m. 55% kapena 60%) kuti atsimikizire kugwirizana kwakukulu, kukhazikitsa makhonde otsatizana, ndi kulola maboloti ambiri osankhidwa (m’m., apadera kapena "amodzi apamwamba"). Ena amalingalira kuti pangafunike kupempha aloyansi yachiŵiri ya konsinsishoni pambuyo pa nyengo yakutiyakuti yoletsa zosankha zofulumira. Bungwe la Venice Commission of the Europe latulutsa zitsogozo pa procedcual ndi kumist , kugogomezera ufulu wa kulankhula, kujambula, ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo. Kusunga miyezo imeneyi kungasungitse chidaliro cha anthu onse.

Mphepo ya M’dziko Lotukuka Kwambiri

Pamene nkhani zikuwonjezereka (m., malamulo a zanyengo, mapangano a malonda, utsogoleri wa zolemba, kufunidwa kwa mafashoni a m'mzera wa malire kukhoza kukula. Beilcoup dendium ya Greece ya 2015 inali nkhani yapadera pamene wosankhidwa wa dzikolo anafunsidwa kulandira kapena kukana mikhalidwe ya Eurozone. Yuropu Union nthaŵi zina imatsutsana pa kugwirizanitsa mayiko aakulu, ngakhale kuti imeneyi ili ndi zopinga zovomerezeka zalamulo ndi zothandiza. Mtsogolo, tingaone kuti apenye madentiko a kupatsana ulamuliro wa Ukratiki kuti ukhale ndi mabodza a dziko lonse lapansi, limodzi ndi maulamuliro a dziko lonse.

Pomaliza, ma apendusum adakali chipangizo champhamvu koma chosakwanira popanga zosankha za anthu. Mizu yawo ya mbiri yakale, yokhudza mamakanika, ndi ziyambukiro zosiyanasiyana zimapereka maphunziro ambiri. Pamene alinganizidwa bwino ndi kusungidwa ndi zitetezero , monga mafunso otsimikizirika, chidziŵitso chodalirika, ndi kugamula mowonjezereka, angapatse nzika mphamvu ya democracy ndi kupereka mawu atanthauzo. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito kosasamala kwa ma arecureatordation kungapereke magawa a masupulbabulo ndi kuchepetsa chidaliro. Pamene anthu akuyendetsa mavuto ovuta, kulinganiza pakati pa demokrase ndi oimira democracy kupitiriza kuyesedwa. Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, kupenda [[FLT] Folective , Revset . [Flective]