Kumvetsa Kusiyana kwa Malo Osankha

Kusankha kuli mwazi wa demokrase yoimira, kupereka njira yolinganizidwira ya kusankha atsogoleri awo ndi kulinganiza malamulo a anthu. Kutali ndi kukhala chochitika chimodzi, chosankhira, njira yophatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masankho, iliyonse ikugwira ntchito cholinga chimodzi. Kuchokera ku kusankha kwakukulu kumene kumasankha mkulu wa dziko ku bungwe la osankha a m'dzikolo, kuzindikira mitundu imeneyi imasonkhezera anthu kutengamo mbali yofunika kwambiri.

Kukhala ndi phande mwaukatswiri kumafuna zambiri osati kungodziŵa nthaŵi yoonekera pa mapendedwe. Kumafuna kudziŵa chifukwa chake masankho ena amaitanidwa, mmene oyembekezera kusankhidwa, ndi zimene nzika za mphamvu zopanga mwachindunji zingagwiritsire ntchito mwa ma apendulo. Nkhaniyi imapereka maziko amenewo, kukonzekeretsa oŵerenga ndi chidziŵitso kuti adziŵe pepala lililonse limene akumana nalo.

Kusankha Oimira Omalizira

Chisankho chapadera ndicho mtundu wodziŵika kwambiri ndi wofalitsidwa kwambiri wa masankho. Chivoti chimachitika pa nyengo zoikika [1] Nthaŵi zambiri zaka ziŵiri, zinayi, zisanu, kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi . Kudzaza maofesi a akuluakulu ndi a malamulo pa dziko, boma, ndipo nthaŵi zina kumadera ena. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, masankho a pulezidenti amachitika pa Lamlungu loyamba pambuyo pa November, pamene masankhoti a m'kati mwa maofesi a boma amachitika zaka ziŵiri zilizonse.

Pachosankha cha onse, ovota amasankha pakati pa ofunsira amene asankha kale kusankhidwa kwa chipani chawo kupyolera m'madongosolo aakulu kapena a caucus (kapena ofunsira oyenerera mwa kufunsira). Maofesi a ofunsira angaphatikizepo:

  • Prezidenti kapena Nduna Yaikulu (imadalira dongosolo la ndale)
  • Ziŵalo za bungwe la malamulo a dzikolo (Corrector, Nyumba Yamalamulo, Zakudya, ndi zina zotero)
  • Akuluakulu a boma ndi opanga malamulo a boma
  • Mayor, mamembala a bungwe la mzinda, ndi akuluakulu ena a boma
  • M’maboma amene oweruza amasankhidwa

Masankho ambiri amadziŵika ndi wovota wamkulu poyerekezera ndi mitundu ina ya masankho, ngakhale kuti kubwerera kumasiyana kwambiri ndi dziko. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT ][FLT]] IDEA International of ID [1] [[FLT ] imasonyeza kuti maiko okhala ndi kuvota kokakamiza, monga Australia ndi Belgium, nthaŵi zonse amaona kutuluka pamwamba pa 80%, pamene kuli kwakuti akutembenuza modzifunira monga United States, kutembenukira ku masankhoti a pulezidenti kuzungulira 60% ndi kutsika 40% kapena kutsika kwa pakati pa madeti.

M’madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo, chisankho chachisawawa chingayambitsenso kusintha boma mwachindunji, monga chipani kapena mgwirizano umene umapeza mipando yambiri umapanga nthambi ya akuluakulu.

Kusankha Kofala m’Madongosolo Andale Osiyana

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti si mademokrase onse amene amachita masankho auchindunji kwa atsogoleri awo a boma. M'mademokrase a palamente (m’chitsanzo, United Kingdom, Canada, India), nzika zimavotera ziwalo za nyumba ya malamulo, ndi mutu wa boma (mtsogoleri wa zigamulo) amasankhidwa ndi gulu kapena mgwirizano wa ulamuliro. M'madongosolo a pulezidenti (m’mphindi, United States, Brazil), osankha onse aŵiri a m’nyumba ya malamulo ndi prezidenti m’mabungwe. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kuli mfungulo womasulira masankhoti a dziko lonse.

Kusankha Opambanawo Koyambirira

Pambuyo pa masankho amwambo apadera atsata kwa wosankha mmodzi pa chipani chimodzi, chisankho chachikulu chimagamula amene adzaimira chipani cha ndale m'mpikisano womaliza. Upandu uli mbali yaikulu ya United States, ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana m'maiko ena (chitsanzo, France amagwiritsira ntchito maprinsipritime otseguka kwa mamembala a pulezidenti). Kachitidwe koyambirira ka kuwonjezera kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase mwa kulola mamembala a gulu lapadera ndi a kapesepo ndipo, m’zochitika zina, osankhidwa odziimira okha kukhala ndi liwu losankha.

Pali mitundu yaikulu yambiri, ndipo malamulo awo amayambukira kwambiri amene amapambana kusankhidwa kukhala mkazi:

  • Atsegula Ofesi [1]: Wovota aliyense wovomerezeka, mosasamala kanthu za chipani, angavote m'chigawo chachikulu cha chipani chilichonse. Izi zimalimbikitsa kusamala koma kuopsa kwa “kuvota kwa chipani china. pamene ziŵalo za chipani china zimayesa kubwezera kwa wofooka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Otsekedwa : Osankha okha olembetsedwa ndi gulu lina ndi amene angatengemo mbali m'chigawo chachikulu cha chipani chimenecho. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti wosankhidwayo akusonyeza malingaliro a okhulupirika a chipani koma angatsogolere kwa ofunsira opambanitsa monga wosankha wamkulu amapanga malingaliro ambiri.
  • SEMI- Otsekedwa : Ziŵalo za chipani cholembetsedwa ndi ovota osavomerezedwa zingagawanepo, koma ovota ndi gulu lina amalembedwa. Kuyesa kumeneku kulinganiza kuphatikiza ndi umphumphu wa otsutsa.
  • Nonpartisan Blanket Primites [1]: Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maboma ena a U.S. (m. California, Washington), onse oyembekezera kulowa pa chilolezo chimodzi, ndi opanga mavoti aŵiri apamwamba ku chisankho cha onse mosasamala kanthu za chipani. Dongosolo limeneli nthaŵi zina lingatulutse aŵiri ofunsira kuchokera ku gulu limodzimodzilo mpikisano wa madontho.

Chifukwa Chake Upandu Uli Wofunika

Malamulo asintha kwambiri pamene atsogoleri a gulu la anthu ayamba kuchepa ndipo opita patsogolo ayamba kulowa m'mabungwe opereka ndalama ndi manyuzipepala. 2016 ndi 2020 U.S. Princial primial, mwachitsanzo, osonyeza oyembekezera amene anapambana kwambiri kuti athetsenso mapulatifomu awo. Chifukwa chakuti kutembenuka kwakukulu kumatsika kwambiri kuposa kutembenuka kwa anthu wamba, kuchuluka kwa osankhidwa , kufunsira kokulirapo, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa owonjezereka , ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu pa dziko la ndale. Chochitika chimenechi chimatchedwa “kulephera kwa milandu ya anthu. ndipo chasonkhezera mikangano yokhudza kuwonjezereka kwa anthu, monga kulowa m'malo otsegulidwa kapena kulowa m'malo otsegulidwa.

Zosankha Zapadera – Kudzaza Mipata Yosayembekezereka

Pamene nduna yosankhidwa ichoka paudindo isanathe, imfa, kuthamangitsidwa, kapena kuikidwa ku malo ena . Chisankho chapadera chimaitanidwa kukwaniritsa malowo. Chisankho chapadera chimatsimikizira kuti nzika zikhalebe zoimira popanda kuyembekezera chisankho cha onse cholinganizidwa nthaŵi zonse. Zingachitike pamlingo uliwonse wa boma, kuchokera ku bungwe la boma ku United States ku Khoti Lamilandu la United States.

Chisankho chapadera chathetsa ziyambukiro zandale. Mwachitsanzo, chisankho chapadera cha 2017 cha Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States ku Alabama, choyambitsidwa ndi Jeff Sessions monga Attorney General, chinachititsa Democrat Doug Jones kupambana boma la Republican. Mofananamo, mu 2009, mu 2009, mu 2009, munachita chisankho chapadera chapadera cha mamembala achitatu a dziko la Republican, chomwe chinachititsa kuti chisokonetse gulu la Tea Party.

Nthawi zambiri masankho apadera amachepetsa anthu ndipo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika za m’dera lawo, nkhani zoulutsidwa, ndi zandale zimene zinkachitika panthaŵiyo.

Kusankha Kwawo Komweko – Kumene Demokalase Imafalikira Kunyumba

Pamene kuli kwakuti zisankho za dzikolo zikulamulira mitu yankhani, zisankho za kumaloko zimayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa nzika. Makampani ndi magawo amasankha amene amayang'anira sukulu, kukonza misewu, kupereka mautumiki a apolisi ndi ozimitsa moto, kukhazikitsa malamulo omanga malo, ndi kuyang'anira thanzi la anthu. Ngakhale kuti zili zofunika, masankho a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika ndi kusanthula kochepa kwambiri kwa mtundu uliwonse wa chisankho. Ku United States, ngakhale mafuko aakulu a m'boma kaŵirikaŵiri amasintha pansi pa 30%, ndipo makomiti a masankhoti a sukulu amaloŵa m'mapepala amodzi.

Malo ofala a kumaloko ndi monga:

  • Mamembala a Bungwe la Mzinda ndi Oongolerera
  • Mayor (m’madongosolo a meya) kapena mamanejala a mzinda (m’madongosolo a bungwe la oyendetsa ntchito)
  • Oikiridwa sukulu
  • Olamulira ndi oyang’anira chigawo
  • Oweruza (pazigamulo za masankho)
  • Ofufuza misonkho, apolisi, maloya a chigawo

Makonzedwe a masankho a kumaloko amasiyananso: ena amagwiritsira ntchito ma ballet extratic perlitan pamene ena ali osakhala apartisan; ena amachitidwa panthaŵi imodzimodziyo monga boma kapena masankho a dziko kuwonjezera (“masankho okhazikika”), pamene ena achitidwa pa madeti osiyana. [[FLT] [FLT] Brennan Center ya Justice imadziŵitsa kuti pambali ya masankhoti a kumaloko akukhala ndi kuchepetsa kutsendereza ndi kukhala kosavuta kusonkhezera ndi magulu olinganiza. Aakatswi amene akufuna kuwongolera ulamuliro wa chitaganya chawo angapange chiyambukiro chachikulu mwa kutengamo mbali m'mipikisano yapadera imeneyi.

Kuyamba Kulamulira ndi Kuyamba kwa Demokalase

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira mapepala ndi njira zolowera ndizo zimene zimalola ovota kupitirira oimira awo osankhidwa ndi kusankha mafunso a boma mwachindunji.

  • Referendems ndizo njira zolozera ovota ndi bungwe lopanga malamulo (kapena mwalamulo lofunikira). Zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kukonzanso malamulo alamulo, kuvomereza mapangano aakulu kukhala mapangano, kapena kusankha kaya ngati lamulo lapasa kale (a “venvenrum ”).
  • Zikalata zotchedwa intives (kapena zoyambitsa zofala) ndi malamulo kapena kusintha kochitidwa mwachindunji ndi nzika kupyolera m'dongosolo la pepala. Zikalata zokwanira zitasonkhanitsidwa, muyeso unka kutsogolo kwa voti.

Referendendim ndi machitidwe alipo m'mademokrase ambiri, Switzerland ali chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri cha demokrase yachindunji pa milingo yonse ya boma. Ku California, njira yoyambirira yapanga malamulo osonyezera zinthu monga Position 13 (makepisi a msonkho wapamwamba mu 1978) ndi Proposition 209 (Ban pa kuvomereza). Bretcorendendam ya 2016 ndi chitsanzo chapamwamba cha pulogalamu kumene dziko linapanga ziyambukiro zazikulu za maunansi a maiko onse.

Malo osungirako zipinda.

Malo ena oonera amakhala ogwirizana mwalamulo ndi , lamulo limangokhala lamulo. Ena amangopeka maganizo a anthu ndi otsogolera. Ma adokowe nthaŵi zina amasulizidwa kukhala zofufuza zodula koma angaperekebe mphamvu zandale. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri a U.S. amafunsa mafunso osagwirizana pankhani zonga ngati kusungitsa nthaŵi ya tsiku kapena kukhazikitsa chamba kuti chisonyezere otola malamulo.

Kumvetsetsa Madongosolo a Zochita za Anthu Opambana – Malamulo Omwe Amachititsa Zotsatira Zake

Mtundu wa chisankho uli kokha mbali ya chithunzi; chofunika mofananamo ndicho dongosolo la voti . Malamulo amene amatembenuza mavoti m'mipando kapena zosankha. Madongosolo osiyanasiyana amatulutsa zipambano zosiyanasiyana za ndale zadziko, milingo ya kulingana, ndi madigiri a chikhutiro cha wovota. Madongosolo ofala kwambiri amaphatikizapo:

  • Coprst-past-the Post (FP) [1]: Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mu U.S., U.K., Canada, ndi India pakati pa ena. Voter adaponya voti imodzi kwa woloŵa; wotenga ndi voti wochuluka apambana. Dongosolo limeneli kaŵirikaŵiri limatsogolera ku mbali ziŵiri ndipo lingatulutse “mavoti ". Kumene opatawonjezedwa amafuna kuchuluka kokha, osati unyinji wa anthu.
  • Propagation (PR) [PR ] : Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'madera ambiri a Ulaya ndi Latin America. Setts amaperekedwa kwa zigawo molingana ndi mbali zawo za voti. Madongosolo a PR amalimbikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana ndi zigwirizano, ndipo amabwera m’njira zosiyanasiyana monga ngati mndandanda wa anthu, kuvota kosinthika (STV), ndi kuphatikizana kwa zigawo (MMP).
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Systems zokhala ndi mapulogalamu a kampani [1]: Comese FPTP ndi PR . Mwachitsanzo, Germany ndi New Zealand amagwiritsira ntchito MMP, kumene ovota anavota aŵiri . Imodzi ya wofunsira wa kumaloko ndi imodzi ya ndandanda ya zipanizo. Kutulutsa zotulukapo zolingana pamene akusunga kuimira kwa kumaloko.

Dongosolo lililonse lili ndi malonda. FPTP ndi yosavuta ndipo imatulutsa maboma amodzi koma ingasiye mbali zazikulu za osankhidwa omwe sanaperekedwe. PR imapereka zizindikiro zabwino za anthu ochepa koma ingachititse makhomale ndi kukambirana mogwirizana. Kumvetsa madongosolo ameneŵa kumathandiza nzika kuona ngati malamulo osankhidwa, monga kusankhidwa kwa anthu apamwamba ku United States.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo zamakono

Luso la zosankha lasintha mmene amachitira, kuyambira pa mapepala olembetsera ovomerezeka kufikira makina ovota ndi mavota pa Intaneti. Kuvota kwa electronic (kutumiza) kumalonjeza kutsegulidwa mofulumira ndi kupezeka kokulira kwa osankha okhala ndi zopunduka, komanso limayambitsanso maupandu a pa Intaneti. U.S. EFUMATIFIC Commission imapereka malangizo oyesera njira yoonera mavotera ndi crect, komabe imayambitsa mavuto a kuswa, ma programuset, ndi kusowa kwa pepala mzere wa makina ena akale.

Kuvota pa Intaneti, kumene amapangira masankho ambiri, kumayambitsa mavuto ena. Ngakhale kuti kumawonjezera kumasuka kwa mayiko akunja ndi achinyamata ovota, otsutsa amachenjeza kuti kuteteza mavoti pa Intaneti kumayambitsa mavuto aakulu. Mapepala olembedwa kapena kufufuzidwa adakali kuonedwabe ngati golide wodalirika ndi wopendeka, monga momwe mayiko onga Michigan ndi Pennsylvania omwe amasonyezera kuti amadalira kwambiri njira zoonera zoonera ndi zolembera za pepala zoyendera.

Zipangizo zamakono zimagwiranso ntchito yaikulu pa zamalonda monga kukonza malo ochitira malonda monga ngati Act Blue, kuvotera (otsatsa malonda a pakompyuta otsatizana), ndi kutulukira zinthu zolakwika.

Mavuto Amakono Olepheretsa Kusankha Zochita Mwachilungamo

Ngakhale kuti ntchito yosankha yayamba, mavuto amene anthu amakumana nawo nthawi zonse akupitirizabe mogwirizana ndi zinthu zatsopano zimene zakhala zikuwaopseza.

  • Gerrymaning[[FLT : Kusintha dala malire a chigawo cha sankho kuti apindule ndi chipani china kapena gulu. Kumachepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota ya adani ndipo kumathandizira ku madera osapikisana. Independent redicounting commission, monga momwe amagwiritsirira ntchito m'maboma onga Arizona ndi Michigan, cholinga cha kuchepetsa tsankho la propati.
  • Kutsegulira malo m'midzi yaing'ono. Magulu a Advocacy monga amakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa nzika zoyenerera kuvota, monga ngati malamulo a ovota a ID, kuchepetsa maola ovota asanafike, kuchotsa mipukutu yovota, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo ofufuza m'midzi yaing'ono. Magulu a a anthu a Advocacy monga ACLU [1] AFLT] AU] AU. Amagwira ntchito kulimbana ndi machita zimenezi mwa kusanthula ndi maphunziro a anthu onse.
  • Maiconfix ndi Disformation[FLT : Zonena zonama ponena za njira zovota (m' lekuatiso, maola olakwika opatula) kapena zinenezo zopanda maziko za chinyengo zingafooketse chidaliro. Chivoti cha Russia mu 2016 U.S. chisankho chinasonyeza mmene oseŵera achilendo angagwiritsirire ntchito zoulutsira za mayanjano kubzala. Kuŵerenga ndi kuwongolera mfundo nkofunika kwambiri.
  • [[NT.0] Ndalama ndi Kampani ya Ndalama [1]: Zopereka zosatha, kaŵirikaŵiri zosadziŵika bwino kupyolera mwa Super PACs (mu United States) zimadzutsa nkhaŵa za ziphuphu ndi chisonkhezero chosalingana. Zofunika za kudiskha ndi zosankha za ndalama za anthu zikutsutsana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Low Voter Turnout [1]: Makamaka m'masankho akwanuko ndi aakulu, kutsika kwa chigamulo kumatanthauza kuti gawo laling'ono, losaimira limapanga zosankha kwa aliyense. Kulembetsa kwadzidzidzi, kulembetsa tsiku limodzi, ndi kuvota kwasonyezedwa kuwonjezera kutengamo mbali.

Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa mavuto ameneŵa nzokonzeka bwino kuchirikiza masinthidwe amene amalimbitsa mphamvu ya demokrase. Chisankho chochitidwa ndi magulu a m'nyumba ndi a padziko lonse . Chonga National Democratic Institute [1] [[FLT :2] [1] [__MPFLT] .]

Kumaliza – Mbali Yanu m’Njira ya Democratic

Democracy si masewera oonerera. Mitundu ya masankho . "general, padera, malo, , ndi seminamu , imaonetsa njira zambiri za pangano la boma. Iliyonse imagwira ntchito m'zandale, kuyambira kusankha otsogolera zipani kuti asankhe mafunso a malamulo mwachindunji. Kumvetsa kusiyana kumeneku, limodzi ndi madongosolo osanthula amene amawalamulira ndi mavuto amene amakumana nawo, kumapatsa ovota kuyendetsa malo olemberawo ndi chidaliro.

Komabe chidziŵitso chokha nchosakwanira. Kukhala ndi phande ndiko injini imene imasungitsa demokrase kuyendetsa. Pamene musankha kwakukulu, mumalinganiza ndandanda ya zosankha zimene munachita mu November. Pamene musankha m'chosankha cha kumaloko, mumasankha amene amayang'anira sukulu ya mwana wanu kapena malo osungirako akwanu. Mukavota m'kauntirendemu, mumatsogolera mwachindunji malamulo amene amalamulira mudzi wanu.

Ufulu wa voti wamenyedwa ndi kufutukulitsidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Udakali mwaŵi umene uli ndi thayo la kutengamo mbali mwa chidziŵitso. Mwa kudzizoloŵera nokha ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masankho ndi mphamvu zimene zimayambukira zotulukapo zawo, mumakhala mdindo wogwira mtima kwambiri wa makhalidwe a demokrase. Chitani, lankhulani, ndi kuvota m'masankho alionse / osati kokha amene amapanga mitu yankhani.