Democracy ili pa maziko a kuimira kwabwino, komabe njira zosankhira zotembenuza mavoti m'mipando zimasiyana kwambiri m'mayiko. Kusankha njira yovota imaumba malo andale, kusonkhezera khalidwe la ovota, ndi kusankha amene amvedwa m'zipinda za malamulo. Pakati pa ndandanda yomakulakula ya njira zonse zopezera njira zamwambo, Proportonal Implationtiontion (PR) yatulukira monga chitsanzo chokakamiza chimene chimatsogolera kuzoloŵera ndi kusiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mfundo zazikulu za PR, maluso ake osiyanasiyana, malonda ake, kuipereka, ndi mmene anthu osiyanasiyana atengera kubwezeretsanso ulamuliro wawo.

Kodi Kuimira Mafanizo N’kutani?

Proportigational Imaudition ndi banja la madongosolo a pulogalamu olinganizidwa kugawira mipando yalamulo molingana ndi mavoti amene gulu lililonse kapena obatizidwa amalandira. Mosiyana ndi kuchuluka kapena madongosolo apamwamba, kumene wobatizidwa angapambane ndi kuchuluka kokha (m’ lekuatiso, Woyamba-Past- Post) kapena ayenera kuteteza anthu ambiri (m’njira yakuti, , pulogalamu zotulutsa), PR imafuna kusonyeza bwino lomwe lisanthulalo likufuna kukwaniritsa. Ngati gulu lipambana 30% ya mavoti, liyenera kulandira pafupifupi 30% a mampando .

Maziko anthanthi a PR amadalira pa lingaliro lakuti voti iriyonse iyenera kukhala ndi kulemera kofanana. M'madongosolo onse opambana, mavoti oikidwa kaamba ka otayika amaikidwa bwino "kupotozedwa," ndipo mbali zazikulu za anthu zingasiyidwe popanda liwu. Madongosolo a PR amayesa kuchepetsa mavoti mwa kutsimikizira kuti magulu ndi magulu aang'ono kwambiri a m'chigawo athabe kupezabe kuimira. Kusintha kumeneku kungasinthe kwenikweni mmene mkupiti wankhondo, mmene mgwirizano umapangidwira, ndi mmene nzika zimamvera mphamvu yawo pa malamulo a boma.

Mitundu ya Madongosolo Oimira Malamulo

PR si njira imodzi koma mtundu wa madongosolo, iriyonse yokhala ndi malamulo akeake kaamba ka kutembenuza mavoti kukhala mipando. Mitundu itatu yofala kwambiri ndiyo Chidutswa cha Party PR, Chigawo Chogamulidwa Kokha (STV), ndi Mixed-Mber Proportonal (MMP). Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwawo ndiko mfungulo yopendera kuti ndi mtundu uti umene ungayenere bwino kwambiri chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko chopatsidwa.

Kuimira Mndandanda wa Chipani

Mu Party-List PR, ovota amasankha chipani cha ndale osati oyembekezera. Madanga amene alipowa ali ndi mpambo wa obatizidwa m’chigawo chilichonse (kapena m’dzikolo), ndipo mipando imagawiridwa kwa zipani zogwirizana ndi mavoti awo. Mpata wopezera mipando ungasiyane ndi(maiko ena amaika chigawo chochepa kwambiri (m’ma., 5% ku Germany kwa magawo a pansi pa khomolo) kuti apeŵe kugawanika. Pali mitundu iwiri yaing'ono:

  • [[FLT :0] Mndandanda wotsekeka: [[FLT :1] Chipani chimasankha dongosolo la oloŵa, ndipo ovota alibe chonena kuti anthu amasankhidwa pampambo umenewo. Zimenezi zimapatsa ulamuliro wamphamvu pa amene akuloŵa m'khoti.
  • Mndandanda wotsegulira: [[FLT :1] Mavoter angasonyeze chikondano cha ofunsira pa mpambo wa paphwando, kuwalola kusonkhezera anthu amene akukwezedwa. Kusinthaku kumawonjezera bungwe la voti komanso kungayambitse mpikisano wa magawo atatu.

Madongosolo a Chipani cha Magulu amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri: Israel, Netherlands, South Africa, ndi maiko ambiri a ku Latin America amagwiritsira ntchito matembenuzidwe ena. Kusankha chisankho . Kusankha gulu losankha [1] kuwonjezeka kwa chipani, koma kusaŵerengera kwachindunji kwa malo ndiko chisulizo chofala.

Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)

STV ndi wosankhidwa pakati pa pulogalamu ya PR yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zigawo zambiri. Ofuna kusankhidwa ndi osankhidwa mwa njira ya kukondera (1, 2, 3, etc.). Kuti wobatizidwa apambane mpando, ayenera kufika pa pepala la mavoti (oŵerengedwa motsatira chiŵerengero cha mipando ndi mavoti onse ovomerezeka). Wosankha akangopitirira muyeso, mavoti ambiri amasamutsidwa pa chivoti chimodzi. Ngati palibe wosankhidwayo amafika pa muyezo, wosankhidwa wotsikirapo amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amasamutsira ku chinthu china chofunikira. Kachitidwe kameneka kamapitiriza kufikira mapale onse atadzaza.

STV imatamandidwa chifukwa cha kukhoza kwake kupereka zotulukapo zolingana pamene akulola ovota kufotokoza zokonda zawo m'mizere ya zipani. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kaamba ka Bungwe la Malamulo la Australia, Irish Dáil, ndi zisankho za kumaloko ku Scotland ndi New Zealand. Komabe, kuvuta kwa STV kungakhale chopinga m'malo opanda maphunziro ambiri kapena ongosankha maphunziro ochepa.

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

MMP imaphatikiza chigawo chonse cha opambana (makamaka zigawo chimodzi zosankhidwa ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana) ndi mbali yogaŵikana. Voters amaponya mavoloti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wosankha ("minal" vhoti) ndi mmodzi wa ndandanda ya chipani (lovota). Maset m'zigawo za nyumba ya malamulo amadzazidwa choyamba ndi opambana m’chigawo. Kenako, mipando ina imagawiridwa kuti ipereke mipando yawo yonse ndi mlingo wa voti yawo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati gulu lapata lipata mipando 10 yachigawo koma ndandanda yake ikukhala mipando 20 , limalandira mpando 10 kuti afike pamlingo wolondola.

MMP imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Germany, New Zealand, Bolivia, ndi maiko ena angapo. Imasunga kuimira malo pamene ikutsimikizira kulinganiza. Komabe, dongosolo la mipira iŵiri likhoza kusokoneza ovota ena, ndi "mipando ya aghang" (pamene chipani chipata mipando yambiri yachigawo kuposa ndandanda yake ya voti) ikhoza kusokoneza kulinganiza.

Mapindu a Kuimira kwa Maulosi

Anthu amene amalimbikitsa PR amanena kuti pali zinthu zina zimene anthu amapindula nazo pa nkhani ya demokalase zimene sizingafanane ndi kupatsidwa malo oyenera kukhala.

Kuwonjezera Zithunzi Zosangalatsa Zosiyanasiyana

PR imalola anthu ochepa kukhala ndi malo apamwamba kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti ndi ogwirizana ndi malingaliro, fuko, chipembedzo, kapena malo osiyanasiyana . Pamipando yopambana, paphwando yokwanira 15% m'dziko lonselo, pangakhale mipando yokwanira; mu PR, ikhoza kupeza 15% ya mipando. Kupanda kukhudzidwa kungachititse kuti anthu asakhale ndi mbali zambiri pandale. Mayiko amene ali ndi PR amakhala ndi akazi ambiri m’khola, pamene mamembala ake kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo kufunsira kwa osandutsa osankhidwa ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Party-List PR system ya , ya Sweden ithandiza kuchepetsa kuimira akazi oposa 45% m'malamulo.

Wochepa "Wamwamwa ndi Wapamwamba

Mu PR, chisankho chirichonse chimathandiza munthu wina kusanthula. Ichi chimachepetsa chochitika "chosankhidwa" kumene osankha amakakamizika kuchirikiza gulu lalikulu kuti apeŵe "kutaya" . Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti wovota m'madongosolo a PR ali ndi maperesenti 5-10 apamwamba kuposa m'madongosolo ambiri, ngakhale pambuyo pa kulamulira kaamba ka zinthu zina. Pamene nzika zidziŵa nkhani zawo zovota, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kutengamo ndi kukhala ogwirizana ndi mavoti.

Anthu Osiyanasiyana Kwambiri Ndiponso Otsatira Lamulo

PR imatsogolera ku mabwalo a malamulo osiyanasiyana, amene amakakamiza anthu kuti agwirizane ndi kupanga mgwirizano. Mabungwe angaimire mbali yaikulu ya chitaganya kuposa boma limodzi logawana. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatulukapo m'malamulo ambiri chifukwa chakuti kulolera nkofunika. Ndiponso, zigawo zazing'ono zingayambitse malingaliro atsopano amene pambuyo pake amavomerezedwa ndi magulu aakulu. Mwachitsanzo, magulu a malo okhala asonkhezera nkhani za nyengo ku Germany ndi Sweden.

Majeremani Ochepetsedwa

Madongosolo a PR, makamaka ozikidwa pa zigawo zazikulu kapena mindandanda ya dziko lonse, ngosavuta kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito malire a chigawo kuti apeze phindu la ogaŵa. M'gulu la Party-PR, malire achigawo, ndipo mu STV, makomiti odziimira pa malire angatengebe zigawo koma popanda kukhudzidwa kwambiri. Zimenezi zingabwezeretse chidaliro m'dongosolo la zinthu zosankhidwa.

Zopinga ndi Kusuliza kwa Kuimira kwa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti PR ndi yolimba, anthu otsutsa amanena kuti pali zinthu zina zimene munthu ayenera kusamala nazo.

Kusoŵa Malamulo ndi Kutsekerezedwa kwa Malamulo

Chikhoterero cha PR cha kupanga maboma a mgwirizano nthaŵi zina chingatsogolere ku kusakhazikika. M'maiko onga Israel ndi Italy, nyumba za malamulo zogawidwa kaŵirikaŵiri zachititsa maboma kukhala a moyo waufupi ndi kupanga zosankha zochedwa. Kukambitsirana kwa pangano kungatenge milungu kapena miyezi, kusiya malo andale zadziko. Komabe, zimenezi siziri zosapeŵeka . . . Germany ndi Netherlands zasungabe ulamuliro wosagwedera mosasamala kanthu za magulu ambiri mwa kugwiritsira ntchito zigwirizano zamphamvu ndi mavoti osadalirana.

Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu ndi Magetsi

Madongosolo onga STV ndi MMP amafuna ovota kuti amvetsetse opanga maseŵero apamwamba kapena aŵiri a mpira. M'malo amene muli maphunziro ochepa kapena osadziŵa zambiri povota, kuvuta kumeneku kungalepheretse kutenga nawo mbali kapena kuchititsa anthu osagwira ntchito. Mkupiti wamaphunziro wogwira mtima wa kuvota ndi wofunika kuti asinthe bwino ku PR.

Kuopsa kwa Kupatulidwa ndi Kugaŵanikana

Mwa kuchepetsa chopingacho kuti chikhale chizindikiro, PR ikhoza kulola zipani zotsutsa ulamuliro kapena zidani . Kupeza malo apamwamba m'nyumba ya malamulo. Izi ndi nkhaŵa yaikulu, monga momwe zimawonera m'mayiko ena kumene zipani zazing'ono za anthu otengeka maganizo zasokoneza nkhani. Madongosolo ambiri a PR amanena zimenezi ndi zofunika zofunikira (m’mphindi 3-5%) kuletsa maphwando a anthu opatukapo. Komabe, magendo amene ali okwera kwambiri angachepetse kulinganiza, choncho kuyenera kuchitika.

Kuimiridwa kwa Dziko Kofooketsedwa

M'madongosolo ambiri a PR . Makamaka mapulogalamu aakulu osonyeza magawo, satha kuchititsa woimira aliyense kuyankha mwachindunji pa nkhani za kumaloko. Zimenezi zingathetse kugwirizana kogwirizana kumene nzika zambiri zimaona kuti n’kofunika. MMP ndi STV imachepetsa zimenezi mwa kusunga madera, koma malonda atsala.

Zitsanzo za Padziko Lonse za Kuimira Maulosi m’Ntchito

Mayiko ambiri atengerapo njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira mapuloteni a PR, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti pali njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito komanso zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana.

Germany: Chitsanzo cha MFUMU

Bundestag ya Germany imagwiritsira ntchito MMP ndi zigawo 299 za ziŵalo ndi mampando 299 a magawo (ziwerengero zangosinthidwa kumene). Mavoter adapanga mavoti aŵiri. Dongosolo lapanga maboma ogwirizana okhazikika . Kwanthaŵi yaitali pakati pa Christian Democratic Union (CDU) ndi Social Democratic Party (SPD) ndi zigawo zazing'onozing'ono (panopo) kulola Greens, FDP, ndi Led Party kusungika mipando. Dongo la Germany limaphunziridwa kwambiri monga projekiti yachipambano. [FT:0] . Komiti ya boma imapereka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane cha mmene MMP imagwirira ntchito. [FLP:1]

New Zealand: Dongosolo Laling’ono la PR

New Zealand inasintha kuchoka ku FPP kupita ku MMP mu 1996 pambuyo pa ma seminage aŵiri. Kusinthako kunatsogolera ku kuimira kosiyana kwambiri (mipando ya Mauri yopatulidwa, akazi ambiri ndi timagulu m’nyumba ya malamulo) ndi maboma a magulu. Dongosolo lakhala likulandiridwa bwino, ngakhale kuti pakhala mapempho a kusintha kwa "jack-tail" lamulo ndi mipando yapamwamba. Zokumana nazo za New Zealand zimasonyeza kuti kusintha kwachipambano kumafuna kukambitsirana kwa anthu onse ndi kukwaniritsa ntchito yofala. [[FTLT: 0] Bungwe la Elctoral Commission of New Zealand limafotokoza MMP m’zonse. [FLD:1]

Ireland: Ntchito Yosalekeza Imodzi

Dáil Éireann wa Ireland amasankhidwa kugwiritsira ntchito STIV m'mipando yambiri. Dongosolo limalimbikitsa mpikisano wa intra-particus ndi kulola ovota kuyang'ana m'mizera ya zipani. Maboma a Ireland akhala akugwirizana kapena maboma ochepa, ndipo dongosolo limatamandidwa chifukwa chopatsa ovota chosankha chenicheni. Kuvuta kwa kuvota kungachedwetsetsa koma kuchuluka kwa anthu kuli kokwera. Oiachtas (Irish Palame) apereka chithunzi cha dongosolo la vota.

South Africa: PR

Post-partheid South Africa inalandira gulu la Chigawo la PR kuti litsimikizire kuti pali anthu ake osiyanasiyana. Dongosololi limagwiritsira ntchito mindandanda yotsekedwa pamlingo wa dziko ndi chigawo, popanda malire. African National Congress (ANC) yalamulira, koma magawo aang'ono monga Democratic Alliance and Economic Freedom Fridaers ali ndi chizindikiro champhamvu. Dongosololi lathandiza kukhazikitsa demokrase yokhazikika koma lasulizidwa chifukwa cha kupanga maMPs kuti aonedwe kukhala atsogoleri a gulu mmalo. Pali mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza kuyambitsa mbali ya bungwe loimira bungwe la oimira boma.

Netherlands: Njira Yothandiza Kwambiri

Netherlands imagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la National Party-List der yomwe ili ndi chigawo chimodzi chophimba dziko lonse. Chipani chilichonse chimene chikugwira ntchito 0.67% cha voti (mpando umodzi) chimateteza. Kuchuluka kumeneku kwachititsa nyumba za malamulo zogawidwa kwambiri (oposa magawo khumi ndi aŵiri), kukufuna kumanga nyumba yogwirizana kwambiri. Dongosololi limapanga nyumba ya malamulo imene imakonda kwambiri wovota koma ingakhale yochedwa kupanga maboma. Website ya Dutch ikufotokoza za mgwirizano. [[FT:1]

Kuthetsa Mavuto ndi Kuganizirana

Kuchoka ku mlingo kapena ku dongosolo la ofufuza ambiri kupita ku PR sikomveka. ndale zadziko, phindu lochuluka, ndi kukaikira kwapoyera kumadzetsa mavuto aakulu. Kulingalira kofunika kumaphatikizapo:

  • Kumanga Chichirikizo cha Anthu:[FLT :1] Kusintha kwachipambano, monga mu New Zealand, kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikizapo njira ya zigawo zambiri: ntchito ya nzika, serendamu, ndi kutengeka pang'onopang'ono m'dongosolo latsopano. Masewera a maphunziro ali ofunika kwambiri kulongosola mmene PR imagwirira ntchito ndi mmene kusanthula kudzasinthira.
  • Kusankha Kuyenera Variant: Chosankha pakati pa Chipani, STV, kapena MMP chimadalira pa kukula kwa dziko, kusiyana kwa anthu, ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko chomwe chiripo. Dongosolo limene limagwira bwino ntchito bwino ku Ireland silingayenere mkhalidwe waukulu, waboma monga United States.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kufufuza Magalamu a Chigawo: [[FLT :1] Chiŵerengero cha mipando pa chigawo chimodzi (kulemera kwa chigawo) chimakhudza kuchuluka. Ukulu wa mipando yambiri (mipando yambiri pa chigawo chilichonse) imatulutsa kuchuluka kokulira koma kuchepa kwa nthaka. Kuchepa kwa mlingo kungatulutse zotulukapo zosintha. Mapangidwe olinganizika ndi ofunika.
  • Designold Declare: Kukhazikitsa malire opatulira (mt., 3-5%) kungaletse magawo aang'ono ndi otsendereza kuloŵa m'nyumba ya malamulo, koma kukwera kwambiri kwa malire kuchepetsa kulingana. Khomo labwino kaŵirikaŵiri limasonyeza kulolera kwa chitaganya kaamba ka kugaŵanika ndi upandu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuchotsa Chikhalidwe cha Zandale zadziko: PR imafuna mapsompsonano kuti akhale omasuka ndi ulamuliro ndi kulolerana. M'chikhalidwe chonse chopambana, kusintha kumeneku kungakhale kovuta. Kuphunzitsa andale zadziko ndi antchito a boma pa kukambitsirana ndi kuchirikiza mphamvu kungachepetse kusinthako.

Njira Zina ndi Kuchirikiza Masinthidwe

PR si njira yokha yopezera chisankho. Madongosolo ena amaphatikizapo:

  • Chosankha Chosankha Chokhala chokhala ndi kampani (Intang- Runoff Voting): Ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'masankho amodzi, ovota. Ngati palibe munthu amene afika kwa unyinji, wobatizidwa womalizira amachotsedwa ndi kusamutsidwa. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kupambana kochuluka popanda kulinganiza. Maboma ena amaphatikiza RCV ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana (chikhalidwe cha STV) kuti apeze zotulukapo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa mawu: Mavoti angavoterere ofunsira ambiri monga momwe afunira. Wofuna kubatizidwa ndi chilolezo chochuluka angapambane. Zimenezi zingachepetse kugaŵanika kwa voti koma sizimatsimikizira kulingana.
  • Mixed-Member Majoritarian (MMM): kufanana ndi MMP koma mipando ya ndandanda simawongolera kusoŵa kwa chigawo chimodzi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Japan, kumasunga chikhoterero cha kukondera.

Kusintha kulikonse kwa voti kuyenera kulingalira zonulirapo zakutizakuti: kuimira kokulirapo, kuŵerengera kwamphamvu, kapena kuvota kosavuta. PR imapambana pa kulinganiza ndi kuphatikizidwa, koma madongosolo ena angatumikire bwinopo zinthu zofunika koposa.

Kumaliza

Proportigational Imaimira pulogalamu yamphamvu ya demokrase kumene voti iliyonse imaonekera moona mtima ndi kumene nyumba yaikulu imaonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa chitaganya. Ubwino wake m’kuchepetsa mavoti otayidwa, kuwonjezera chitokoso, ndi kuchirikiza kutsogolera kwa onse aikidwa bwino. Komabe kucholoŵana kwenikweni kwa dziko la PR , mphamvu za democracy, ngozi ya kusakhazikika, kuthekera kwa kusakhazikika kwa moyo, kukhoza kunyalanyazidwa. Mfungulo ya dongosolo ladongosolo labwino: kusankha mpangidwe wa khoti, kuika mipata yoyenera, ndi kusungitsa maphunziro ndi udindo wa bungwe. Mayiko onga ngati Germany, Ireland, ndi Netherlands amasonyeza kuti PR ikhoza kugwira ntchito bwino ndi kupezapo mwayi wa anthu onse. Monga momwe kusintha kwapadziko lonse, kumvetsetsa kwa anthu, PR Ropensner, ndi kukonza njira zofunika zachikulu kwa nzika za boma.