Mfundo ya milandu ya ajuli ndi maziko a lamulo m'mabungwe ambiri a democracy. Iwo amatumikira monga njira yofunika kwambiri yotsimikizira chilungamo ndi kufanana m'kuyang'anira chiweruzo. Oweruza . Gulu la nzika wamba osankhidwa kumva umboni ndi kupereka chiweruzo cha pulogalamu ya chitaganyacho, kugwira ntchito monga chitetezo ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma kapena abusa achuma. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosololi siliri lopanda kupanda ungwiro kwake, chipiriro cha mbiri ndi udindo wa ajuli amakono amagogomezera mbali yawo ya maziko m'kuchirikiza miyezo ya democracy. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mbiri yakale ya kuzenga mlandu, mbali yake m’kuchirikiza chilungamo ndi kulingana, kutsutsana kwake kukuyang’anizana ndi kuchitidwa kwamakono, ndi zoyesayesa zopitirizabe kusunga umphumphu zake.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Kuyesa Kwachiyuna

Kuyenera kwa mlandu wa oweruza sikunapangidwe kotheratu kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kukusonyeza kuyesayesa kwanthaŵi yaitali kuchepetsa ulamuliro wodziimira ndipo kumaphatikizapo chitaganya m’kayendetsedwe ka chiweruzo. Kumvetsetsa mbiri imeneyi nkofunika kwambiri pozindikira chifukwa chake oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amalemekezedwa monga mzati wa ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Kuchokera ku Chiyambi Chakale Kufikira ku Lamulo Lachisawawa la Chingelezi

Mtundu woyamba wa nzika kuweruza nawo mikangano ungapezeke ku Greece ndi Roma wakale, koma wotsogolera mwachindunji wa oweruza amakono ndi njira ya malamulo ya Angelezi. M’zaka za zana la 12, Mfumu Henry II anayambitsa “ukulu,” bungwe la amuna a kumaloko amene anaitanidwa kupereka umboni wolumbira wa maupandu ndi mikangano m'malo awo. Mahule oyambirira ameneŵa anali osafanana kwambiri ndi opeza mfundo zamakono mosakondera ndi mboni zofanana ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ntchito ya ajuli ya a milandu inasintha kuchoka pa ku kupereka umboni, ndi kuperekera umboni ndi kutsutsana milandu poyera m'makhoti akukhala oyenerera podzafika zaka za zana la 15.

Zigawo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo Magna Carta (1215), imene inakhazikitsa malamulo a kachitidwe kabwino ndi chiweruzo kwa ausinkhu wanu, ndi kuzenga mlandu kwa William Penn kokwana 1670, kumene juli ya Angelezi anakana kuweruza Penn chifukwa cha kulalikira, kukhazikitsa lamulo lakuti majaji sangalangidwe chifukwa cha zigamulo zawo. Mlandu wapadera umenewu unatsimikizira kuti oweruza okha ndiwo amasankha choonadi ndi lamulo m'kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo, ndipo mfundo yodziŵika monga [[FLT: 0], imene imakhalabe yopanda pake ngati mbali yotsutsana ya dongosolo.

Kulera Ana a Anthu a ku America ndi Malamulo a Malamulo

Malo a ku America anatengera mwambo wa oweruza a ku England ndipo anaona kuti mlandu wa ajuli unali woyenerera. Oyambitsawo anaona milandu ya ajuli kukhala chitetezero kwa anthu a ku Britain omwe anapambana . Mawu omveka m'Chilengezo cha Ufulu, chimene chinadandaula za “kutipereka ife, m’nkhani zambiri, za mapindu a mlandu wa Jury. Oyambitsawo anasunga ufulu umenewu mu Bill of Rights. [FLT:] [FLD]] Development yotetezera anthu a m'dziko lonse] kutsimikizira kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kopanda tsankho loweruza milandu yosasankha, pamene [FLT:] lamulo lakusunga kuyenera kuweruza milandu ya anthu yokhudzana ndi ndalama zopitirira makumi aŵiri. Olamulira ameneŵa amasonyeza chikhulupiriro chachikhalidwe cha anthu wamba cha boma loweruza milandu ndi loweruza milandu.

Khoti Lapamwamba lafotokozanso za ufulu wa oweruza. Mwachitsanzo, mu Dican . Louisiana . (1968), Khoti linavomereza kuti chitsimikizo cha Sixth Amendment cha mlandu wa ajuli chimagwira ntchito m'makhoti a boma kudzera pa Demendment ya 149, ofuna kuti maboma onse apereke milandu ya ajuli pa milandu yoopsa. Komanso Khoti latsimikizira kuti makhoti ayenera kusankhidwa m’chigawo choyera cha mtanda wa chigawo, mfundo yochirikizidwa m’milandu ngati . Lounianav . [1] Zosankha zimenezi zikugogomezera zoyesayesa zopitiriza kuchita milandu yopindulitsa ndi yoimira.

Kuthandiza kwa Mayesero a Chikole Polimbikitsa Khalidwe Loona Mtima

Ubwino m'dongosolo la zamalamulo suli wodzifunira. Zimadalira pa kupenda ndi kulinganiza zimene zimaletsa tsankho, kulakwa, kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Mayeso a Jury amathandiza kulungamitsa m’njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kupenda ausinkhu, kuloŵerera kwa chitaganya, ndi kuonekera kwa pulogalamu.

Kupenda Ausinkhu Wanu ndi Njira Yowononga

Bungwe la oweruza limagwira ntchito monga gulu la mabwenzi a anzawo . Oweruza akakhala ndi mbiri zosiyanasiyana za moyo wawo ndiponso maganizo osiyanasiyana m’khoti. Mosiyana ndi woweruza mmodzi, amene angayambe kukondera ntchito kapena kusonkhezeredwa ndi ntchito ya bungwe, ajuli akupanga chigamulo chogwirizana amachepetsa tsankho. Ofufuza amati ajuli ali othekera kwambiri kulingalira maumboni ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana, makamaka pamene ajuli ali osiyana. Njira ya adversarial, imene mbali zonse ziŵiri zimapereka umboni mwa kufufuza ndi kuyang'ana, imalinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti oweruzawo amve nkhani zonse zofunika asanachotsedwe.

Imodzi ya ntchito zofunika kwambiri za ajuli ndiyo mphamvu yake yotsimikizira kudalirika kwa mboni. Oweruza amaona khalidwe lolakwika, ayang'ana kutsutsana, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa kwawo khalidwe la anthu . Ndi ntchito imene oweruza angachite, koma imene ajuli amachita ndi ulamuliro wonse wa chitaganya. Maphunziro, kuphatikizapo aja osonkhanitsidwa ndi . [FLT] American Bar Association [1] , asonyeza kuti juct imasamalira kwambiri ntchito yawo, kupereka zigamu zimene zimayenderana ndi umboni wotchuka kwambiri.

Kufufuza Mphamvu ya Boma ndi Malamulo

Jury imatumikira kupenda kwakukulu pa ulamuliro wa boma, makamaka m'milandu kumene boma limaimba mlandu munthu. Chiyeneretso chakuti ajuli ayenera kugwirizana pa liwongo (m'madera ambiri) chimaika mtolo waukulu pa mlanduwo, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kumanga munthu wopanda mlandu. Zimenezi “kupanda chilungamo . Ndodo zimenezi zimachokera pa chikhulupiriro chakuti kuli bwino kulola anthu khumi a liwongo kupita ku ufulu kuposa kuweruza munthu wina wopanda liwongo .

Juries amagwiranso ntchito monga chopinga chotsutsa kukondera kwachiweruzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza amayembekezeredwa kukhala opanda tsankho, iwo ali anthu. Oweruza angachotse lamulo limene amalingalira kukhala losalungama, monga momwe zinachitikira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 pamene majuli anakana kuweruza oimbidwa mlandu pansi pa malamulo a Chilango. Ngakhale kuti kutha kwa ajuli kumatsutsana chifukwa chakuti kungatsogolere ku kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo motsutsana, ilo limaperekanso njira yotetezera mikhalidwe imene kutsata lamulo kosatsutsika kukatulutsa chotulukapo chosalungama. Mphamvu ya ajuli a kumasula mlandu mosasamala kanthu za umboni wotsimikizirika wa kulakwa (ndi kutetezeredwa ku chilango kaamba ka kuchita tero) ikali chisonyezero champhamvu cha makhalidwe abwino a anthu.

Kudalirana Moonekera ndi Anthu

Jury imatsegulidwa ndi anthu, zimene zimawonjezera kuonekera kwa anthu ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Kukhalapo kwa oonerera, wailesi, ndi ziŵalo za mudzi kumatsimikizira kuti milandu imachitidwa bwino ndi kuti khalidwe lililonse laupandu limavumbulidwa. Pamene anthu akuona nzika wamba akugamula milandu, kumalimbitsa lingaliro lakuti chilungamo si njira yosungira anthu apamwamba koma udindo wogawiridwa. Malinga ndi [FLT] [FLT] [1] Center ya Makhoti a Boma [[FLT]], lipoti lapoyera, lodalira anthu onse m'makhoti ndi malingaliro amphamvu aupo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene zigamu za apolisi zikuonedwa kukhala zosalungama chifukwa cha tsankho kapena mavuto ena aufuko.

Kulingana ndi Kugwirizana: Kukula ndi Mavuto

Kulingana ndiko lonjezo lalikulu la kuzenga milandu ya ajuli. Mfundo njakuti ajuli amaimira kutsegulidwa koyenera kwa chitaganya, kutsimikizira kuti palibe gulu limene limachotsedwa. Komabe, kufikiradi kuimira kofanana kudakali chitokoso chosatha.

Chiyeneretso cha Mtanda Wabwino

Khoti Lapamwamba lamilandu lanena mobwerezabwereza kuti makhoti ayenera kutengedwa kuchokera ku gwero limene limasonyeza chiŵerengero cha anthu a dzikolo. Kusintha kwa Sixth Reference kumafuna kuti dziwe la oweruza (venire) likhale loimira mtanda; ngakhale kuli tero, ajuli enieniwo okhalapo sayenera kukhala olingana bwino. Mfungulo ndi yakuti palibe gulu lodziŵika (lochokera pa fuko, chisembwere, kapena fuko) lomwe limachotsedwa mwadala mchitidwe wosankha. Lamulo limeneli linachirikizidwa mu [[FLT: 0] Batson v. Kentucky[[FL:] [12] [196]] , limene limaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito zitokosoletso zothekera kuchotsa pa fuko kapena kugonana. Mu 2016, Khoti yowonjezereka ya Batson kutsutsa malamulo a kugonana (FT.Fodrome] [Fod]

Malo Opitirizira: Mavuto Othetsa Mavuto, Kugaŵanitsa Anthu Onse, ndi Kusagwirizana ndi Ndalama

Mosasamala kanthu za zitetezero zalamulo zimenezi, tsankhu la fuko ndi lina likuyambukirabe kusankha ajuli. Maloya akulola kuchotsa chiŵerengero chochepa cha ajuli popanda kunena chifukwa. Nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa oweruza a mtundu. A 2020 kuphunzira ndi [[FLT]] [1] [Udani wa Denver Leact [[[FLT]] [[2] [[FLT] [] [mayeso] a Black jursssssssss projectssss perties , kutsogolera pa ma getry enieni. Kusinthasintha kwa mayeso, kukhozanso kuyambukira mmene ofufuzawonjezedwa ndi opindulira, ndipo kuwonjezera, kuwonjezera pa kudalira pa kuchuluka kwa anthu ofufuza.

Kusiyana Maufulu: Chifukwa Chake Kuli Kofunika

Majuwelo osiyanasiyana amapanga zosankha zabwino. Maphunziro apadera a Law Berkeley anasonyeza kuti majuwelo osiyanasiyana a mafuko achita dala, amalingalira umboni wowonjezereka, ndipo anali othekera kwambiri kukambitsirana nkhani zokhudzana ndi fuko poyera. Majeremusi, ku dzanja lina, anali okhoterera kwambiri kugawana ndi kusiyanitsa. Malingaliro osiyanasiyana amachepetsa chisonkhezero cha tsankhu la munthu aliyense ndi kutsogolera kusanthula kowonjezereka. Kupezakugogomezera chifukwa chake kutsimikizira zoimira zoyenerera zowongoyerekezera za m'patutsa.

Chiyambukiro cha Mayeso a Jury pa Zotulukapo za Malamulo ndi Chigwirizano

Zigamulo za Jury zingakhale ndi zotulukapo zazikulu, osati kokha kwa oloŵetsedwamo komanso kaamba ka mkhalidwe walamulo ndi wa anthu kulinga ku chilungamo. Mphamvu ya makhoti ya kuika miyezo ndi kuumba lamulo, makamaka m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni yophatikizapo zivulazo zazikulu, imazipangitsa kukhala ndi mphamvu ponse paŵiri kuŵerengera mlandu ndi, nthaŵi zina, mkangano.

Kuyamba Kuchitika Pankhani za Anthu Okha ndi Apandu

Ngakhale kuti makhoti a malamulo a anthu ambiri sapanga “lamulo” mofanana ndi oweruza, zigamulo zawo zingasonkhezere zigamulo zachiweruzo ndi kusintha kwa malamulo. Jury mphoto za kulephera ntchito ndi milandu ya zamankhwala kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera kusintha m'khalidwe la kampani kapena uyang'aniro. Mwachitsanzo, makampani odziŵika bwino Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restautauts mlandu, umene juli imapatsa mamiliyoni ambiri a akazi kutenthedwa ndi khofi, kusonkhezera makampani a zakudya kuchepetsa ntchito ndi kuwongolera machenjezo. Mlandu, m'makhoti ya oweruza m'nkhani zazikulu zonga. Simpson, ndi kukambirana kwa dziko.

Kutha kwa malamulo, ngakhale kuli kosoŵa, kungaperekenso uthenga wamphamvu. Pamene ajuli akana kugamula mlandu pansi pa malamulo iwo amawona kukhala wosalungama monga ngati mkati mwa Chigwirizano cha Chisungiko, pamene majaji a Kum’mwera achotseratu ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe wa kulakwa kapena kuswedwa kwa mtendere . Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa juli kumakhalabe kotsutsana kwambiri, ndi kutsutsa kuletsa lamulo ndi ena kulitamanda monga njira yomalizira yothetsera malamulo otsendereza.

Kuyerekezera Mayesero a Jury ndi Mayesero a Benk

Si milandu yonse ya ajuli; ambiri amayesedwa pa benchi, kumene woweruza yekha amasankha mfundo ndi lamulo. Nthaŵi zambiri milandu ya Bench imavomerezedwa m'kutsutsana kocholoŵana, makamaka m'mikangano ya malonda, chifukwa chakuti oweruza ali ndi chidziŵitso chochuluka cha kusanthula umboni wa luso. Komabe, milandu ya ajuli imapereka mapindu apadera: iwo amapanga mapindu achibadwa, mapindu a chitaganya, ndi kupenda kwaumwini motsutsana ndi kulakwa kwachiweruzo. Kufufuza [FLT: 0] [[FLT] . [P] Komiti ya bungwe la Watch Tower [[FLT] [2] imalingalira kuti mayeso a ju ndi oweruza ambiri amavomereza zotulukapopo m’nkhani zambiri, ngakhale kuti julinizo za kuwonongeka kwa munthu mwini. Oweruza odziyesa kuweruzawomba mlanduwo, koma otchuka kwa anthu amene akukhulupirira mlanduwo.

Kulamulira kwa Anthu ndi Kulamulira kwa Chiweruzo

Kuweruza koyenera kwa ajuli kumayambukira mwachindunji kudalirana kwa anthu m’makhoti. Pamene makhoti aweruza aoneka ngati akupereka zotulukapo zolungama, kuyenera kumachirikizidwa. Zigamulo zotsutsana ndi [1] monga kukhululukidwa kwa apolisi m'kupha kwapamwamba . kungayambitse zitsutso ndi kukakamiza kusintha. Malamulo a U.S. amadalira pa chivomerezo ndi ulemu wa anthu; popanda chidaliro chapoyera, makhoti amakhala osafunikira kapena oonedwa ngati zida zotsendereza. Jury, ndi anthu wamba poweruza, amathandiza kusungitsa lamulolo mwa kupereka nzika m'malamulo. Malamulo amasonyeza kuti anthu amene atumikira pamalipo amalemekeza kwambiri lamulo, ngakhale ngati sagwirizana ndi chigamulo.

Mavuto Amakono ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Komabe, pali kusintha kwina kumene kukuchitika kuti kusungitse mphamvu yake.

Kuzenga Milandu kwa Ana Ophedwa

Chimodzi cha zitokoso zazikulu kwambiri ndicho kutsika kwa chiŵerengero cha milandu ya oweruza. M'dongosolo la boma, ziweruzo zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu zatsika ndi zoposa 60% kuyambira m'ma 1980, zosonkhezeredwa ndi kuchonderera ndi kukakamiza kutsata. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti “kuzenga mlandu kofulumira” kumachepetsa ntchito ya lamulo ya oweruza. Poyankha, maboma ena akhazikitsa mikole yowonjezera miyezo ya kuzenga mlandu, pamene kuli kwakuti ena ali ndi njira zoperekera lamulo kuti apange utumiki wolemetsa.

Zipangizo zamakono zimayambitsanso mavuto: makompyuta a ku makampani a zaumoyo amakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kutsimikizira kuti ajuli alibe tsankho, popeza kuti oweruza angaone nkhani yowonjezereka kapena kukambitsirana nkhaniyo pa Intaneti. Makhoti tsopano amalangiza nthaŵi zonse oweruza kuti apeŵe mawailesi a za anthu, ndipo mayiko ena amafunikira kuweruza milandu yaikulu.

Kusintha Zinthu Kuti Anthu Akhale Oimira Ena ndi Kuchepetsa Mahatchi

Kuti athetse kusalingana mu kusankha ajuli, maboma ambiri asintha mavuto . Mwachitsanzo, Boma la Washington linachotsa mavuto onse mu 2020, potsatira chivomerezo cha khoti lalikulu. Maboma ena atsatira malamulo okhwima ofuna kuti maloya apereke zifukwa za mpikisano. Kuwonjezera apo, zoyesayesa kukulitsa mameseji a ajuli pogwiritsira ntchito ma pulogalamu osiyanasiyana, kulola kuti pa Intaneti pakhale ma juornaice, ndi kuwonjezera malipiro ake kuti awonjezere mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu ndi kuwonjezera mbali.

Maphunziro a kukondera kwa oweruza ndi maloya akuchuluka, ndipo makhoti ena tsopano amapereka malangizo a za kupeŵetsa tsankhu ndi kulingalira bwino. Mwachitsanzo, malangizo a ajuli a California, mwachindunji amapempha ajuli kupenda malingaliro awo. Maboma angapo ayesanso “kusankha kwa ajuli akhungu, kumene amamanidwa chidziŵitso cha anthu oimira maloya kuti achepetse mphamvu ya anthu a maganizo olakwika.

Kumaliza

Jury imayesa milandu yosayerekezera ndi mfundo zongopeka; ndilo lamulo logwirizana ndi kugaŵana chilungamo. Mwa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa nzika wamba pa maziko a ntchito yofuna kukwaniritsa ufulu, ajuli amatsimikizira kuti chilungamo ndi kulingana si zolinga koma kuti zinthu zenizeni. Kusandulika kwa mbiri yakale kwa ajuli a m'zaka zapakati pa makhoti . "kuchotsapo kumenyera kopitirizabe kwa mphamvu ndi kutetezera ufulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupondereza kwa mafuko, kuchepa kwa miyeso, ndi kulinganiza kwa chuma kudakali, mphamvu yokhalitsa ya dongosolo la ajuli ya upolup kukhoza kwake. Monga makhoti ndi makhoti a malamulo amapanga masinthidwe owonjezereka oimira ndi osatsa malonda, gululo lipitiriza kutumikirabe kukhala lofunika kwambiri monga kuyang'anira ulamuliro ndi kuwongolera magalimoto.